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Structural dynamics
Seismic engineering
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Sree Narayana Gurukulam College of
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Dr. Krishna Lok Singh
Structural Technologies Division (STTD),
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(Karnataka), India
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School of Chemical Engineering and
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School of Mechanical Engineering and
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Dr. Sam Paul
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
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Bo-Wun Huang
China

7. From the Editor's Desk
Dear Readers,
We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly
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8. 1. Rolling Element Bearing Diagnosis Using Machinery Fault Simulator
Krishna Lok Singh 1
2. Finite Element Modelling and Structural 3d Static of the Mechanical Behavior of Dry Contacts Slipping
Between the Disc and the Brake Pads
Ali Belhocine, Oday Ibraheem Abdullah 24
3. Investigation on Behaviour of Cold Formed Steel in Beam Column Connections
R. Cheralathan, T. Swedha 45
4. A Brief Description on the Use of Honeycomb Structures in Aerospace Applications
Himanshu Garg 50
5. Research Insight: Earthquake Resistant Structures in Construction Sector
S. Sharmila 54
Contents

9. IJSMFE (2016) 1–23 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1
International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements
Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Rolling Element Bearing Diagnosis Using Machinery Fault
Simulator
Krishna Lok Singh*
CSIR-National Aerospace Laboratories, Structural Technologies Division, Bengaluru, KA, India
Abstract
The paper presents the diagnosis strategy for the rolling element bearing system used in
machinery fault simulator (MFS). The concept is generic and it is applicable for most of the
system involving bearing sub-system. The MFS details and its various maintenance
strategies described. The monitoring of the rolling element bearing (REB), done with the
accelerometer sensors. Acquisition of data from the sensor analog voltage to the CPU in
digital format carried out using LabVIEW’s DAQmx. After acquisition the data, transferred
through filters such as Low-pass, High-pass, Band-pass, Band-stop, and Smooth algorithms.
Further the data analyzed using FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) and CWT (Continuous
Wavelet Transform), the details along with its equations discussed in this paper. The REB
fault frequencies computed using the expressions and these compared with the MFS fault
bearings data. The paper presents Ball Pass Frequency Outer-race (BPFO), Ball Pass
Frequency Inner-race (BPFI), Ball Pass Frequency Roller (BPFR) and lastly the combined
fault. Paper demonstrates the diagnosis of a bearing through these analysis and provides a
feedback to the user.
Keywords: bearing, machinery fault simulator, vibration analysis, data acquisition, data
transformation
INTRODUCTION
The rolling bearing element bearings play
a significant role in the many of the
applications such as aerospace, motors, gas
turbines, pumps and many other machines.
Nature and pattern of machinery failures
is broadly classified into two main
categories, time based wear out and
random failures. These two categories are
further divided into six cases, viz., (i)
Random failure (Traditional view 2%) (ii)
High infant mortality, than a low-level of
random failure, and a wear out zone;
(Bathtub curve 4%), (iii) Steady increase
in failure (Slow Aging 5%), (iv) Sharp
increase in failure (Best New 7%), (v)
Constant Random Failure (14%), and (vi)
High infant mortality, than random failure
(Worst New 68%). These six cases are
qualitatively [1]
shown graphically in
Figure 1. In the rolling element bearing
often encounters metal-to-metal contacts
which consequent in a wear. An early
detection of any deterioration in the
bearing is necessary to avoid major
machine failures. So, usually the vibration
signals from the bearings collected through
accelerometer sensors. These signals
analyzed and any variations in them due to
localized faults detected to judge the state
of the rolling element bearings.
The typical faults in rolling element
bearings include corrosion or damage in
outer race, inner race and rolling elements,
fatigue pitting and case damage, either one

10. IJSMFE (2016) 24–44 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 24
International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements
Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Finite Element Modelling and Structural 3d Static of the
Mechanical Behavior of Dry Contacts Slipping Between the Disc
and the Brake Pads
Ali Belhocine1
, Oday Ibraheem Abdullah2
1
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Sciences and the Technology of Oran, USTO, El-Mnaouer,
Oran, Algeria
2
System Technology and Mechanical Design Methodology, Hamburg University of Technology, Germany
Abstract
The aim of this contribution is to present a study based on the determination of the structural
deformations due to the contact of slipping between the disc and the pads. The results of
contact described in this work relate to displacements, Von Mises stress and contact
pressures of the pad at various moments of simulation. One precedes then the influence of
some parameters on the computation results such as rotation of the disc, the smoothness of
the mesh, the material of the brake pads and the friction coefficient enter the disc and the
pads, the disc material, the pads groove.
Keywords: finite element method (FEM), ventilated disc brake, gray cast iron , total
distortion, shear stress.
INTRODUCTION
With the development of new technologies
in the automotive industry, vehicles have
become more and more efficient. Braking
systems should follow the same rhythm.
The brake, as a major security organ,
constantly arouses great interest to
engineers. In addition competition in the
automotive field is increasingly harsh,
putting pressure on efficiency, reliability,
comfort, cost and production time of all
automotive systems. For an engineer, the
goal is to find the best compromise
between the requirements of
security,technology and economic
constraints. To achieve an optimal design,
it should implement all available economic
technologies to solve the technical
problems, thus complementing
experimental studies. In the aerospace and
automotive industry, many parts are
subjected to simultaneous thermal and
mechanical loads, constant of fluctuating
The thermo-mechanical stresses cause
deformations and may even damage the
systems. For example, in friction braking
systems heat is generated in the disk and
brake pads, causing high stresses,
deformations and vibrations as cited in [1].
Reibenschuh et al. [2]
studied the thermo-
mechanical analysis of the brake disk, with
an elaborate model to determine the effects
of thermal and centrifugal loads on the
brake disc and its associated system.
Subramanian and Oza [3] studied
ventilated brake disc hub assembly
subjected to braking torque and bolt
pretension. The induced stresses due to the
bolt pretension were found to be negligible
compared to the braking torque. Shinde
and Borkar [4] carried out another analysis
of brake disc system using ANSYS
software to study the performance of two

11. IJSMFE (2016) 45–49 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 45
International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements
Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Investigation on Behaviour of Cold Formed Steel in Beam
Column Connections
R. Cheralathan*, T. Swedha
Department of Structural Engineering, Valliammai Engineering College, India
Abstract
Cold form steel structures are used for numerous purposes in construction industry. An
attempt has been made in this study to check the behavior of beam column connections by
using self-tapered screw in cold form steel section theoretical, experimentally and
analytically. Finally, the experimental results are compared with analytical results. This
study aims at the following objective by test performed on cold formed steel section to check
the behaviour connections. Studies on the structural behaviour of cold-formed steel (CFS)
beam are increasingly popular in the last decades. Instability phenomena, such a failure of
joints due to shearing and bearing their interactions are the most interesting and complex
subjects within this research field. Understanding and dealing with these phenomena has
been central focus of research efforts. The behavior of Load carrying capacity of Light gauge
beam column joints is studied. And the failure patterns of this section were extracted. A cold
formed steel beam has been adopted for a span of 600mm and column 800mm it is verified
with finite element analysis using ABAQUS software. Comparison between the theoretical
and experimental results is presented and the agreements obtained are reasonably good.
Keywords: self-drilling screws, cold form steel, shearing and bearing.
INTRODUCTION
Thin sheet steel products are extensively
used in building industry, and range from
purlins to roof sheeting and floor decking.
Generally these are available for use as
basic building elements for assembly at
site or as prefabricated frames or panels.
These thin steel sections are cold-formed,
i.e. their manufacturing process involves
forming steel sections in a cold state (i.e.
without application of heat) from steel
sheets of uniform thickness.
These are given the generic title Cold
Formed Steel Sections. Sometimes they
are also called Light Gauge Steel Sections
or Cold Rolled Steel Sections. The
thickness of steel sheet used in cold
formed construction is usually 1 to 3 mm.
Much thicker material up to 8 mm can be
formed if pre-galvanised material is not
required for the particular application. The
method of manufacturing is important as it
differentiates these products from hot
rolled steel sections. Normally, the yield
strength of steel sheets used in cold-
formed sections is at least 280 N/mm2
,
although there is a trend to use steels of
higher strengths, and sometimes as low as
230 N/mm2
.
Manufacturers of cold formed steel
sections purchase steel coils of 1.0 to 1.25
m width, slit them longitudinally to the
correct width appropriate to the section
required and then feed them into a series of
roll forms. These rolls, containing male
and female dies, are arranged in pairs,

12. IJSMFE (2016) 50–53 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 50
International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements
Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
A Brief Description on the Use of Honeycomb Structures in
Aerospace Applications
Himanshu Garg*
H.P. University, Shimla, India
INTRODUCTION
Following by the motto of manufacturing
light-weighted vehicles with low strength
to weight ratio, lower stiffness and density,
engineering sectors namely, aviation,
automobile designing, light weight
construction are largely influenced by
structural conjuration of a honeycomb.
Inspired by the notion, many organizations
are working out on improvised form of
honeycomb structural panels. Since the
adhesive property of hexagonal
honeycomb structures is of major concern
in aircraft component. The use of
Honeycomb makes it possible to eliminate
buckling of the thin skins and provide the
exact amount of shear strength required to
do the job, which is a good sign for
engineers, as they are now able to design
or "tailor" panels to suit their exact
requirements. It is clear that the
Honeycomb section is much more efficient
than standard sections. We are therefore
able to conclude that Honeycomb panels
are the answer to bonding questions, as
they are stronger, stiffer, lighter and give a
much better surface finish than standard
equivalents.
HISTORICAL DATA ABOUT
IMPROVEMENTS IN HONEYCOMB
TECHNOLOGY
The first paper honeycomb structures
might have been made by the Chinese
2000 years ago for ornaments, but no
reference for this has been found. Paper
honeycombs and the expansion production
process have been invented in Halle/Saale
in Germany by Hans Heilbrun in 1901 for
decorative applications. First honeycomb
structures from corrugated metal sheets
had been proposed for bee keeping in
1890. For the same purpose, as foundation
sheets to harvest more honey, a
honeycomb molding process using a paper
paste glue mixture had been patented in
1878. The three basic techniques for
honeycomb production that are still used
today—expansion, corrugation and
moldings—were already developed by
1901 for non-sandwich applications.
Hugo Junkers first explored the idea of a
honeycomb core within a laminate
structure. He proposed and patented the
first honeycomb cores for aircraft
application in 1915. He described in detail
his concept to replace the fabric covered
aircraft structures by metal sheets and
reasoned that a metal sheet can also be
loaded in compression if it is supported at
very small intervals by arranging side by
side a series of square or rectangular cells
or triangular or hexagonal hollow bodies.
The problem of bonding a continuous skin
to cellular cores led Junkers later to the
open corrugated structure, which could be
riveted or welded together.
The first use of honeycomb structures for
structural applications had been
independently proposed for building
application and published already in 1914.
In 1934 Edward G. Budd patented a
welded steel honeycomb sandwich panel
from corrugated metal sheets and Claude
Dornier aimed 1937 to solve the core-skin
bonding problem by rolling or pressing a

13. IJSMFE (2016) 54–57 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 54
International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements
Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Research Insight: Earthquake Resistant Structures in
Construction Sector
S. Sharmila*
University of Madras, Tamil Nadu, India
BACKGROUND
It is normally unpredictable to reckon
uncertain seismic activity, but hopefully
advanced Earthquake warning systems
have been developed that can provide
regional notification of an earthquake in
progress, that provide timely alerts to the
mass but before the ground surface has
begun to move, potentially allowing
people within the system's range to seek
shelter before the earthquake's impact is
felt. More to the plate is the attempt to
create earthquake proof structures for
buildings. Disasters are unexpected events
which have adversely affected humans
since the dawn of our existence. In
response to such events, there have been
attempts to mitigate devastating effects of
these disasters. Results of such attempts
are very encouraging in developed
countries but unfortunately and miserably
poor in developing countries including
ours. Earthquakes are one of the nature’s
greatest hazards on our planet which have
taken heavy toll on human life and
property since ancient times. The sudden
and unexpected nature of the earthquake
event makes it even worse on
psychological level and shakes the moral
of the people. Man looks upon the mother
earth for safety and stability under his feet
and when it itself trembles, the shock he
receives is indeed unnerving.
INTRODUCTION
Mitigation of the devastating damage
caused by earthquakes is of prime
requirements in many parts of the world.
Since earthquakes are so far unpreventable
and unpredictable, the only option with us
is to design and build the structures which
are earthquake resistant. Accordingly
attempts have been made in this direction
all over the world. Results of such
attempts are very encouraging in
developed countries but miserably poor in
developing countries including our country
India. This is proved by minimal damage
generally without any loss of life when
moderate to severe earthquake strikes
developed countries, whereas even a
moderate earthquake cause’s wide spread
devastation in developing countries as has
been observed in recent earthquakes. It is
not the earthquake which kills the people
but it is the unsafe buildings which is
responsible for the wide spread
devastation. Keeping in view the huge loss
of life and property in recent earthquakes,
it has become a hot topic worldwide and
lot of research is going on to understand
the reasons of such failures and learning
useful lessons to mitigate the repetition of
such devastation. If buildings are built
earthquake resistant at its first place (as is
being done in developed countries like
USA, Japan etc) the devastation caused by
earthquakes will be mitigated most
effectively. The professionals involved in
the design/construction of such structures
are structural/civil engineers, who are
responsible for building earthquake
resistant structures and keep the society at
large in a safe environment.
Earthquake-resistant structures
They are the structures designed to
withstand earthquakes. While no structure

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Finite Elements
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« International Journal of Water Resources Engineering
« International Journal of Concrete Technology
« International Journal of Structural Engineering and Analysis
« International Journal of Construction Engineering and
Planning
Electrical Engineering
« International Journal of Analog Integrated Circuits
« International Journal of Automatic Control System
« International Journal of Electrical Machines & Drives
« International Journal of Electrical Communication
Engineering
« International Journal of Integrated Electronics Systems and
Circuits
Material Sciences and Engineering
« International Journal of Energetic Materials
« International Journal of Bionics and Bio-Materials
« International Journal of Ceramics and Ceramic Technology
« International Journal of Bio-Materials and Biomedical
Engineering
Chemistry
« International Journal of Photochemistry
« International Journal of Analytical and Applied Chemistry
« International Journal of Green Chemistry
« International Journal of Chemical and Molecular
Engineering
« International Journal of Electro Mechanics and
Mechanical Behaviour
« International Journal of Machine Design and
Manufacturing
« International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics
and Analysis
« International Journal of Fracture and damage
Mechanics
« International Journal of Structural Mechanics
and Finite Elements
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Biotechnology
« International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and
Biomaterials
« International Journal of Plant Biotechnology
« International Journal of Molecular Biotechnology
« International Journal of Biochemistry and Biomolecules
« International Journal of Animal Biotechnology and
Applications
3 more...
Nursing
« International Journal of Immunological Nursing
« International Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing
« International Journal of Neurological Nursing
« International Journal of Orthopedic Nursing
« International Journal of Oncological Nursing
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