This document discusses different methods for computing average rainfall over a basin including arithmetic average, Thiessen polygon, and isohyetal methods. It provides examples of calculating average rainfall using each method. It also discusses presenting rainfall data through mass curves and hyetographs. The arithmetic average method simply takes the mean of recorded rainfall values at stations. Thiessen polygon method weights values based on each station's representative area. Isohyetal mapping involves contouring equal rainfall and calculating weighted averages between contours.
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
Hydrology means science of water.
It is the science that deals with the occurance, circulation and distribution of water on the earth.
Hydrology is a broad subject of an inter-disciplinary nature drawing support from allied sciences.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
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Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
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This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
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Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
3. Topics
Computation of average rainfall over a
basin.
Discussion on various methods of
average rainfall computation with
examples
Presentation of Rainfall data.
5. Computation of average rainfall over a
basin.
In order to compute the average rainfall over a basin or
catchment area, the rainfall is measured at a number of rain-
gauge stations suitably located in the area.
The no. of rain-gauge stations depends upon the area and
distribution of rainfall.
If a basin or catchment area contains more than one rain-gauge
station, the computation of average rainfall may be done by the
following methods:
Arithmetic average method.
Thiessen polygon method.
Isohytel method.
6. 1.Arithmetic average method.
Simplest method of estimating average rain fall.
Average rainfall is calculated by arithmetic average of
recorded rainfall @ various stations.
If P1, P2, P3…..Pn are the rainfall values measured@ n
gauge stations, we have
Advantages: suitable method when rainfall is uniform.
1 2 3 1......
n
i
n i
av
P
P P P P
P
n n
=+ + + +
= =
∑
7. Example: Using Arithmetic Average Method, find average rainfall
over a catchment. The rain gage data is: 12.6, 18.8, 14.8, 10.4 and
16.2 mm.
1 2 3 1......
n
i
n i
av
P
P P P P
P
n n
=+ + + +
= =
∑
mm56.14
5
8.72
5
2.164.108.148.186.12
==
++++
=avP
Solution:
8. 2.Thiessen polygon method.
This method is a more common method of weighing the rain-
gauge observation according to the area.
Also called Weighted Mean Method.
Accurate than arithmetic average method.
Average rainfall can be computed by the following expression.
Advantages: This method is based on assumption that a rain-
gauge station best represents the area which is close to it.
1 1 2 2 3 3 1
1 2 3
1
( )
......
....
n
i i
n n i
av n
n
i
i
PA
P A P A P A P A
P
A A A A
A
=
=
+ + + +
= =
+ + + +
∑
∑
9. Procedure: 1. Join the adjacent rain-gauge
stations.
2. Construct the perpendicular
bisectors of each of these lines.
3. The polygon formed by the
perpendicular bisectors around a
station encloses an area
encloses an area which is every
where closer to that station than
to any other station.
4. Find the area of each of these
polygons, shown hatched in the
figure.
5. Compute the average
precipitation using the given
formula.
10. Example: Using Thiesen Polygon Method, find average rainfall
over a catchment. The data is:
Rain Gauge Station A B C D E
Polygon Area (km2
) 40 45 38 30 43
Precipitation (mm) 30.8 33.4 34.6 32.6 24.6
Solution:
( )
mm53.31
193
6.6085
==
×
=
∑
∑
A
PA
Pav
11. 3.Isohytel method.
An isohyet is a line, on a rainfall map of the basin, joining
places of equal rainfall readings.
An isohyetal map showing contours of equal rainfall
presents a more accurate picture of the rainfall distribution
over the basin.
Average rainfall can be computed by the following
expression.
Advantages: The isohytel method is the most elaborate
and accurate than other methods.
1 2
2
av
P P
A
P
A
+
÷
=
∑
∑
12. 1. From the rainfall values
recorded at various rain-
gauge stations, prepare the
isohyetal map.
2. Measure the areas enclosed
between successive isohyets
with the help of planimeter.
3. Multiply each of these areas
by the average rainfall
between the isohyets.
4. Compute the average rainfall
applying the given formula.
Procedure:
13. Example: Using Isohyetal Method, find average rainfall over a
catchment. The data is:
Isohyetes (cm) 12 13 14 15 16 17
Area b/w Isohyetes (km2
) 22 80 110 89 70
Average Precipitation (cm) 12.5 13.5 14.5 15.5 16.5
cm78.14
371
5.5484
A
2
PP
A
P
21
av
==
+
=
∑
∑
14. Problem:
Find the mean precipitation for the area sketched in figure by
Thiessen’s method. The area is composed of a square plus an
equilateral triangular plot of side 4 kms. Rainfall readings in cms at
the various stations are also given in figure.
15. Presentation of rainfall data
A few commonly used methods of presentation of
rainfall data which have been found to be useful in
interpretation and analysis of such data are:
1.Mass curve of Rainfall
2.Hyetograph
16. 1.Mass curve of Rainfall
If the total accumulated precipitation is plotted
against time, the curve obtained is known as Mass
curve of Rainfall/Storm.
The curve rises steeply in the beginning and then
tends to become constant.
Mass curve of rainfall are very useful in extracting the
information on the duration and the magnitude of
storm.
Also, intensities at various time intervals in a storm
can be obtained.
17. 2.Hyetograph.
It can be defined as a plot of intensity of rainfall (cm/hr) against
the time interval, represented as a bar chart.
The area under hyetograph represents the total precipitation
received in that period.
This chart is very useful in representing the characteristics of
storm, and is particularly important in developing the design
storms to predict extreme floods.
The time interval used depends on the purpose; in urban-
drainage problems, small durations are used, while in flood flow
computations in larger catchments, the intervals are of about 6
hr.