This paper examines the use of Wireless Sensor Networks interfaced with light fittings to allow for daylight
substitution techniques to reduce energy usage in existing buildings. This creates a wire free system for
existing buildings with minimal disruption and cost
The wireless sensor node can only be equipped with a
limited power source. In some application scenarios,
replenishment of power resources might be impossible. Sensor
node lifetime, therefore, shows a strong dependence on battery
lifetime. Hence, power conservation and power management take
on additional importance. The main task of a sensor node in a
sensor field is to detect events, perform quick local data
processing, and then transmit the data. Power consumption can
hence be divided into three domains: sensing, communication,
and data processing. One of the most commonly used Power
management techniques is to allow a node to follow sleep-wake
up-sample-compute-communicate cycle. Based on the amount of
the battery availability, by adopting the proper information
dissemenitation schemes, the network life time can be extended.
This process relies on hardware support for implementing sleep
states, permits the power consumption of a node to be reduced by
many orders of magnitude.
Survey on sensor protocol for information via negotiation (spin) protocoleSAT Journals
Abstract Wireless sensor network is a collection of sensor nodes which sense application specific data and send it to sink to perform some task. One of the major issues due to energy constraint in wireless sensor network is data transmission. Many routing protocols till day have been proposed to route data efficiently in order to increase network lifetime. Sensor Protocol for Information via Negotiation (SPIN) is one of the most popular data centric dissemination protocols. It efficiently disseminates data among other nodes in the network. This protocol uses meta-data for negotiation and eliminates the transmission of the outmoded data throughout the network. This paper survey issues in SPIN protocol and explain about possible enhancement of SPIN protocol. Keywords: Wireless Sensor Network, Sensor Protocol via Information Negotiation, Advertisement Message, Request Message
Prototyping a Wireless Sensor Node using FPGA for Mines Safety ApplicationIDES Editor
The sensor nodes in a wireless sensor network are
normally microcontroller based which are having limited
computational capability related to various applications. This
paper describes the selection, specification and realization of
a wireless sensor node using the field programmable gate
array (FPGA) based architecture for an early detection of
hazards (e.g fire and gas-leak ) in mines area. The FPGAs in
it’s place are more efficient for complex computations in
compare to microcontrollers, which is tested by implementing
the adaptive algorithm for removing the noise in sensor
received data in our work. Another advantage of using FPGA
is also due to it’s reconfigurable feature without changing
the hardware itself. The node is implemented using cyclone
II FPGA device present in Altera dE2 board .In this work the
network comprises of 4 nodes out of which 2 are test nodes,
one routing node and one base station node. An energy
efficient MAC protocol is tested for transmitting the data from
test node to base station node.
An Improvement to Sensor Protocol for Information via Negotiation (SPIN) Pro...IJMER
Wireless sensor network is collection of one or more homogeneous or heterogeneous sensor
nodes which sense some events and inform sink for that by sending that data towards it to perform some
action. Data transmission is the most effective factor in sensor network that directly regret energy of
sensor node but though energy of sensor node is very crucial one need to save that energy by means of
minimizing redundancy and retransmission of data. Till the day many routing protocols are introduced
to route data efficiently in order to improve network life time but all protocols have some deficiency.
One of the most popular data centric dissemination protocols is Sensor Protocol for Information via
Negotiation (SPIN). It efficiently disseminates data among other nodes in the network. This protocol
uses meta-data for negotiation and eliminates the transmission of the outmoded data throughout the
network. This paper introduced improved SPIN which is further enhancement of SPIN protocol.
Energy Conservation in Wireless Sensor Networks: A ReviewIOSR Journals
Abstract: A wireless sensor network consists of a large number of sensor nodes which are deployed over an
area to perform local computations based on information gathered from the surroundings. Each node in the
network consists of a battery, but it is very difficult to change or recharge batteries. So the question is how to
enhance the lifetime of the network to such a long time. Therefore, in order to maximize the lifetime of the
network, the consumption of energy must be minimized. This is an important challenge in sensor networks as
sensors can not be easily replaced or recharged due to their ad-hoc deployment in hazardous environment. In
this paper, the main techniques used for energy conservation in sensor networks are discussed which include
duty cycling scheme, data driven approaches, mobility-based schemes, energy efficient MAC protocols and node
self scheduling scheme. These schemes can be used to improve the energy efficiency of the wireless sensor
network so that the network can work with greater efficiency and high battery lifetime.
Keywords : Energy conservation, energy consumption, sensor nodes, wireless sensor networks
The wireless sensor node can only be equipped with a
limited power source. In some application scenarios,
replenishment of power resources might be impossible. Sensor
node lifetime, therefore, shows a strong dependence on battery
lifetime. Hence, power conservation and power management take
on additional importance. The main task of a sensor node in a
sensor field is to detect events, perform quick local data
processing, and then transmit the data. Power consumption can
hence be divided into three domains: sensing, communication,
and data processing. One of the most commonly used Power
management techniques is to allow a node to follow sleep-wake
up-sample-compute-communicate cycle. Based on the amount of
the battery availability, by adopting the proper information
dissemenitation schemes, the network life time can be extended.
This process relies on hardware support for implementing sleep
states, permits the power consumption of a node to be reduced by
many orders of magnitude.
Survey on sensor protocol for information via negotiation (spin) protocoleSAT Journals
Abstract Wireless sensor network is a collection of sensor nodes which sense application specific data and send it to sink to perform some task. One of the major issues due to energy constraint in wireless sensor network is data transmission. Many routing protocols till day have been proposed to route data efficiently in order to increase network lifetime. Sensor Protocol for Information via Negotiation (SPIN) is one of the most popular data centric dissemination protocols. It efficiently disseminates data among other nodes in the network. This protocol uses meta-data for negotiation and eliminates the transmission of the outmoded data throughout the network. This paper survey issues in SPIN protocol and explain about possible enhancement of SPIN protocol. Keywords: Wireless Sensor Network, Sensor Protocol via Information Negotiation, Advertisement Message, Request Message
Prototyping a Wireless Sensor Node using FPGA for Mines Safety ApplicationIDES Editor
The sensor nodes in a wireless sensor network are
normally microcontroller based which are having limited
computational capability related to various applications. This
paper describes the selection, specification and realization of
a wireless sensor node using the field programmable gate
array (FPGA) based architecture for an early detection of
hazards (e.g fire and gas-leak ) in mines area. The FPGAs in
it’s place are more efficient for complex computations in
compare to microcontrollers, which is tested by implementing
the adaptive algorithm for removing the noise in sensor
received data in our work. Another advantage of using FPGA
is also due to it’s reconfigurable feature without changing
the hardware itself. The node is implemented using cyclone
II FPGA device present in Altera dE2 board .In this work the
network comprises of 4 nodes out of which 2 are test nodes,
one routing node and one base station node. An energy
efficient MAC protocol is tested for transmitting the data from
test node to base station node.
An Improvement to Sensor Protocol for Information via Negotiation (SPIN) Pro...IJMER
Wireless sensor network is collection of one or more homogeneous or heterogeneous sensor
nodes which sense some events and inform sink for that by sending that data towards it to perform some
action. Data transmission is the most effective factor in sensor network that directly regret energy of
sensor node but though energy of sensor node is very crucial one need to save that energy by means of
minimizing redundancy and retransmission of data. Till the day many routing protocols are introduced
to route data efficiently in order to improve network life time but all protocols have some deficiency.
One of the most popular data centric dissemination protocols is Sensor Protocol for Information via
Negotiation (SPIN). It efficiently disseminates data among other nodes in the network. This protocol
uses meta-data for negotiation and eliminates the transmission of the outmoded data throughout the
network. This paper introduced improved SPIN which is further enhancement of SPIN protocol.
Energy Conservation in Wireless Sensor Networks: A ReviewIOSR Journals
Abstract: A wireless sensor network consists of a large number of sensor nodes which are deployed over an
area to perform local computations based on information gathered from the surroundings. Each node in the
network consists of a battery, but it is very difficult to change or recharge batteries. So the question is how to
enhance the lifetime of the network to such a long time. Therefore, in order to maximize the lifetime of the
network, the consumption of energy must be minimized. This is an important challenge in sensor networks as
sensors can not be easily replaced or recharged due to their ad-hoc deployment in hazardous environment. In
this paper, the main techniques used for energy conservation in sensor networks are discussed which include
duty cycling scheme, data driven approaches, mobility-based schemes, energy efficient MAC protocols and node
self scheduling scheme. These schemes can be used to improve the energy efficiency of the wireless sensor
network so that the network can work with greater efficiency and high battery lifetime.
Keywords : Energy conservation, energy consumption, sensor nodes, wireless sensor networks
Proactive Data Reporting of Wireless sensor Network using Wake Up Scheduling ...ijsrd.com
In Wireless Sensor Network (WSNs), gather the data by using mobile sinks has become popular. Reduce the number of messages which is used for sink location broadcasting, efficient energy data forwarding, become accustomed to unknown earthly changes are achieved by a protocol which is projected by a SinkTrail. The forecast of mobile sinks’ location are done by using logical coordinate system. When sensor nodes don’t have any data to send, at that time they switch to sleep mode to save the energy and to increase the network lifetime. And due to this reason there is a chance of the involvement of nodes that are in sleeping state between the path sources to the mobile sink which is selected by the SinkTrail protocol. Before become the fully functional and process the information, these sleeping nodes can drop the some information. Due to this reason, it is vital to wake-up the sleeping nodes on the path earlier than the sender can start transferring of sensed data. In this paper, on-demand wake-up scheduling algorithm is projected which is used to activates sleeping node on the path before data delivery. Here, in this work the multi-hop communication in WSN also considers. By incorporating wake-up scheduling algorithm to perk up the dependability and improve the performance of on-demand data forwarding extends the SinkTrail solution in our work. This projected algorithm improves the quality of service of the network by dishonesty of data or reducing the loss due to sleeping nodes. The efficiency and the effectiveness projected solution are proved by the evaluation results.
An implementation of recovery algorithm for fault nodes in a wireless sensor ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Improve a Network Life Time by Least Troublesome Topology Repair Algorithm in...IJTET Journal
In wireless sensor network, node reform and restoration is an active area for research. Each sensor node fails either when some critical event occurs at the node or when the battery of the node is completely drained. The Wireless sensor actor network (WSAN) is an enhances the wireless sensor networks by providing more power and recovering a energy consumption. In the WSAN, sensors sense the environment and sent back their data to an actor node. Actors have to coordinate their operations, keep up a firmly associated system topology at all times and achieve the predefined application mission. The Defect Node Reformation Algorithm (DNR) reform a defect node using genetic and the grade diffusion algorithms. A category of solutions for this problem is Least Troublesome Topology Repair Algorithm (LTTR). LTTR is a limited and circulated calculation that influences existing course revelation exercises in the system. LTTR algorithm is used to minimize the power consumption and reform a transmission path. Our results show that achieves performance in terms of packet delivery ratio, packet loss ratio and end to end latency suitable for real network deployments.
This presentation is all about the wireless sensor networks, how they collect data using aggregation, and how they evaluate or calculate the parameters
KURCS: Key Updating for Removing & replacement of Compromised Sensor Nodes fr...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Design of Real-time Self Establish Wireless Sensor For Dynamic NetworkIJTET Journal
Abstract— Wireless sensor network in the recent trend engaged with high speed responsive real time system. This type of real time system requires reliable and compatible sensor to work in an environment where the sensor is dynamic in nature. Sensor network is to design to perform a set of high level information processing tasks such as detection, tracking or classification. Application of sensor networks is wide ranging and can vary significantly in application requirements, modes of deployment, sensing modality, power supply. Dynamic configuring of wireless sensor involves timing constraints to configure the sensor or to switch an adaptive sensor when working node failure due to energy, data rate, packet loss and range of the sensor. So the network, with such dynamic nature needs a background sensor which is able to be switched when the active sensor has a problem and improper functioning due to the network deploy environment. The background sensor lies inactive inside the range of the active sensor; ensure that the sensor is about to die and make sure the last data transfer successful find delay time to switch. Fault tolerance is achieved by switching the background sensor with the active sensor, where the background sensor self establish themselves in the network and perform similar routing metrics and configure them self with the network as soon they are switched. Once, the actual sensor retained back to the active condition then the background sensor will go to inactive state during this switching process the sensor will not loss data packet.
Energy Efficient Routing Strategies for Large Scale Wireless Sensor in Hetero...ijtsrd
The efficiency of a wireless sensor network depends on its life time. By conserving the energy of each sensor for increase in the network life time. The basic operations of a wireless sensor network are sensing 1 the data to the energy sink term is for next transmitting node. The communication or routing 2 process operation be allowed in any operations for all nodes 3 . We propose to select a specific collection of nodes for communication with considering the importance of wireless sensor where security 4 and power usage 5 is taken as top priority. O. Sampath | . P. Suryanarayana Babu "Energy Efficient Routing Strategies for Large Scale Wireless Sensor in Heterogeneous Networks" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd20281.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/computer-network/20281/energy-efficient-routing-strategies-for-large-scale-wireless-sensor-in-heterogeneous-networks/o-sampath
Energy Efficient Zone Divided and Energy Balanced Clustering Routing Protocol...csijjournal
Wireless sensor network has proven its significance in almost every field in today’s era. Wireless sensor network consists of large number of sensor nodes distributed randomly in some areas. In WSN the main objective has been increasing the network lifetime. There is zone divisional approach which has shown sound improvement in increasing the network lifetime over the Leach and EEUC protocols. The proposed protocol Energy efficient zone divided and energy balanced clustering routing protocol (EEZECR) has not only much higher network lifetime as compare to ZECR and it also has much better load balancing in the network. In the EEZECR the concept of double cluster head in a cluster is introduced which reduces the load on cluster head and very efficiently does the task of load balancing in the network thoroughly which makes this protocol favorite for many real time applications. Simulations are performed in MATLAB.
Proactive Data Reporting of Wireless sensor Network using Wake Up Scheduling ...ijsrd.com
In Wireless Sensor Network (WSNs), gather the data by using mobile sinks has become popular. Reduce the number of messages which is used for sink location broadcasting, efficient energy data forwarding, become accustomed to unknown earthly changes are achieved by a protocol which is projected by a SinkTrail. The forecast of mobile sinks’ location are done by using logical coordinate system. When sensor nodes don’t have any data to send, at that time they switch to sleep mode to save the energy and to increase the network lifetime. And due to this reason there is a chance of the involvement of nodes that are in sleeping state between the path sources to the mobile sink which is selected by the SinkTrail protocol. Before become the fully functional and process the information, these sleeping nodes can drop the some information. Due to this reason, it is vital to wake-up the sleeping nodes on the path earlier than the sender can start transferring of sensed data. In this paper, on-demand wake-up scheduling algorithm is projected which is used to activates sleeping node on the path before data delivery. Here, in this work the multi-hop communication in WSN also considers. By incorporating wake-up scheduling algorithm to perk up the dependability and improve the performance of on-demand data forwarding extends the SinkTrail solution in our work. This projected algorithm improves the quality of service of the network by dishonesty of data or reducing the loss due to sleeping nodes. The efficiency and the effectiveness projected solution are proved by the evaluation results.
An implementation of recovery algorithm for fault nodes in a wireless sensor ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Improve a Network Life Time by Least Troublesome Topology Repair Algorithm in...IJTET Journal
In wireless sensor network, node reform and restoration is an active area for research. Each sensor node fails either when some critical event occurs at the node or when the battery of the node is completely drained. The Wireless sensor actor network (WSAN) is an enhances the wireless sensor networks by providing more power and recovering a energy consumption. In the WSAN, sensors sense the environment and sent back their data to an actor node. Actors have to coordinate their operations, keep up a firmly associated system topology at all times and achieve the predefined application mission. The Defect Node Reformation Algorithm (DNR) reform a defect node using genetic and the grade diffusion algorithms. A category of solutions for this problem is Least Troublesome Topology Repair Algorithm (LTTR). LTTR is a limited and circulated calculation that influences existing course revelation exercises in the system. LTTR algorithm is used to minimize the power consumption and reform a transmission path. Our results show that achieves performance in terms of packet delivery ratio, packet loss ratio and end to end latency suitable for real network deployments.
This presentation is all about the wireless sensor networks, how they collect data using aggregation, and how they evaluate or calculate the parameters
KURCS: Key Updating for Removing & replacement of Compromised Sensor Nodes fr...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Design of Real-time Self Establish Wireless Sensor For Dynamic NetworkIJTET Journal
Abstract— Wireless sensor network in the recent trend engaged with high speed responsive real time system. This type of real time system requires reliable and compatible sensor to work in an environment where the sensor is dynamic in nature. Sensor network is to design to perform a set of high level information processing tasks such as detection, tracking or classification. Application of sensor networks is wide ranging and can vary significantly in application requirements, modes of deployment, sensing modality, power supply. Dynamic configuring of wireless sensor involves timing constraints to configure the sensor or to switch an adaptive sensor when working node failure due to energy, data rate, packet loss and range of the sensor. So the network, with such dynamic nature needs a background sensor which is able to be switched when the active sensor has a problem and improper functioning due to the network deploy environment. The background sensor lies inactive inside the range of the active sensor; ensure that the sensor is about to die and make sure the last data transfer successful find delay time to switch. Fault tolerance is achieved by switching the background sensor with the active sensor, where the background sensor self establish themselves in the network and perform similar routing metrics and configure them self with the network as soon they are switched. Once, the actual sensor retained back to the active condition then the background sensor will go to inactive state during this switching process the sensor will not loss data packet.
Energy Efficient Routing Strategies for Large Scale Wireless Sensor in Hetero...ijtsrd
The efficiency of a wireless sensor network depends on its life time. By conserving the energy of each sensor for increase in the network life time. The basic operations of a wireless sensor network are sensing 1 the data to the energy sink term is for next transmitting node. The communication or routing 2 process operation be allowed in any operations for all nodes 3 . We propose to select a specific collection of nodes for communication with considering the importance of wireless sensor where security 4 and power usage 5 is taken as top priority. O. Sampath | . P. Suryanarayana Babu "Energy Efficient Routing Strategies for Large Scale Wireless Sensor in Heterogeneous Networks" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd20281.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/computer-network/20281/energy-efficient-routing-strategies-for-large-scale-wireless-sensor-in-heterogeneous-networks/o-sampath
Energy Efficient Zone Divided and Energy Balanced Clustering Routing Protocol...csijjournal
Wireless sensor network has proven its significance in almost every field in today’s era. Wireless sensor network consists of large number of sensor nodes distributed randomly in some areas. In WSN the main objective has been increasing the network lifetime. There is zone divisional approach which has shown sound improvement in increasing the network lifetime over the Leach and EEUC protocols. The proposed protocol Energy efficient zone divided and energy balanced clustering routing protocol (EEZECR) has not only much higher network lifetime as compare to ZECR and it also has much better load balancing in the network. In the EEZECR the concept of double cluster head in a cluster is introduced which reduces the load on cluster head and very efficiently does the task of load balancing in the network thoroughly which makes this protocol favorite for many real time applications. Simulations are performed in MATLAB.
Energy Efficient Zone Divided and Energy Balanced Clustering Routing Protocol...csijjournal
Wireless sensor network has proven its significance in almost every field in today’s era. Wireless sensor network consists of large number of sensor nodes distributed randomly in some areas. In WSN the main objective has been increasing the network lifetime. There is zone divisional approach which has shown sound improvement in increasing the network lifetime over the Leach and EEUC protocols. The proposed protocol Energy efficient zone divided and energy balanced clustering routing protocol (EEZECR) has not only much higher network lifetime as compare to ZECR and it also has much better load balancing in the network. In the EEZECR the concept of double cluster head in a cluster is introduced which reduces the load on cluster head and very efficiently does the task of load balancing in the network thoroughly which
makes this protocol favorite for many real time applications. Simulations are performed in MATLAB.
Enhancement of Improved Balanced LEACH for Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Netw...acijjournal
Wireless sensor networks consists of thousands of tiny, low cost, low power and multifunctional sensor nodes where each sensor node has very low battery life. Purpose is to conserve the transmitted energy
from various sensor nodes. Various energy efficient algorithms have been designed for this. LEACH uses
distributed cluster formation & randomized rotation of the cluster head to minimize the network energy
consumption. Our paper is proposing an algorithm which is the enhancement of existing IB-LEACH. It reduces the energy consumption by using energy bank. This energy bank stores the energy after each round in both routing and clustering phase which overall increases the life time of the network. In this
approach, ACTIVE_ROUTE_TIMEOUT is also enhanced by shamming the static parameters of HELLO_INTERVAL, RREQ_RETRIES and NET_DIAMETER. Results are compared through MATLAB and provide better approach than previous ones.
Wireless sensor network are emerging in various fields like environmental monitoring, mining, surveillance
system, medical monitoring. LEACH protocol is one of the predominantly used clustering routing protocols
in wireless sensor networks. In Leach each node has equal chance to become a cluster head which make
the energy dissipated of each node be moderately balanced. We have pioneered an improved algorithm
named as Novel Leach based on Leach protocol. The proposed algorithm shows the significant
improvement in network lifetime .Comparison of proposed algorithm is done with basic leach in terms of
network life time, cluster head selection, energy consumption, and data transmission to base station. The
simulation results shows that proposed algorithm can reduce network energy consumption and prolong
network life commendably. Simulation of our protocol is done with Matlab.
ENERGY CONSUMPTION IMPROVEMENT OF TRADITIONAL CLUSTERING METHOD IN WIRELESS S...IJCNCJournal
In the traditional clustering routing protocol of wireless sensor network, LEACH protocol (Low Energy
Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy) is considered to have many outstanding advantages in the implementation
of the hierarchy according to low energy adaptive cluster to collect and distribute the data to the base
station. The main objective of LEACH is: To prolong life time of the network, reduce the energy
consumption by each node, using the data concentration to reduce bulletins in the network. However, in the
case of large network, the distance from the nodes to the base station is very different. Therefore, the
energy consumption when becoming the host node is very different but LEACH is not based on the
remaining energy to choose the host node, which is based on the number of times to become the host node
in the previous rounds. This makes the nodes far away from the base station lose power sooner.
In this paper, we give a new routing protocol based on the LEACH protocol in order to improve operating
time of sensor network by considering energy issues and distance in selecting the cluster-head (CH), at that
time the nodes with high energy and near the base station (BS) will have a greater probability of becoming
the cluster-head than the those in far and with lower energy.
International Journal of Advanced Smart Sensor Network Systems (IJASSN)ijcseit
The placement of base stations in wireless sensor networks affect the energy consumption for
communication between sensor node and base station. In this paper we analyzed the performance of the
zone based clustering protocol [2] under varying position of base stations, different zone sizes and the
effect on network life time with multiple base stations. While evaluating the communication overhead of
various cluster sizes, we observed that the optimal cluster size for a given network is complex, depending
on a range of parameters. Simulation results show that communication overhead decreases as we increase
the number of zone in the network. We show that placing multiple base stations in place of single base
station in zone based routing protocol enhance the network life time.
This paper modifies the LAEEBA protocol to enhance the performance of the protocol. Eight sensor nodes are deployed on a human body; having equal power and computation capabilities. Sink node is placed at waist. Different nodes are used to measure various activities like Glucose level etc. In the LAEEBA protocol all the nodes are active at every time, but the total usage period of few nodes is very less depending upon the disease covered. This leads to the wastage of the energy. This work uses the Sleep state to save the energy. The sink node will remain active all the times and the other node are in the sleep state. The node which gets selected for the transmission will change its state to the active state; other nodes will remain in the sleep state. The simulation results show that the proposed technique is better than the existing technique. The comparison is done by using the PDR, E2E Delay and throughput. The delay gets decreased and the throughput gets increased. The PDR in the proposed algorithm is greater than the existing algorithm so the proposed algorithm is better than the existing algorithm.
Complete report on DATA ACQUISITION SCHEME IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKRutvik Pensionwar
With the development in data acquisition system, information-collection plays an increasingly important role in the field of Wireless Technology. There has been tremendous increase in the use of sensors in each and every field. In order to get fast response from these sensors the delay should be reduced. Also the congestion in the network should be tackled to increase the efficiency. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) consist of many tiny wireless sensors which operate in an environment in order to collect data. In a typical WSN, data is gathered from environment by sensor nodes and then transmitted to a base station. All these operations are executed by sensor nodes with keeping in mind the limitation of power. Reliable communication, power efficiency, network congestion issues are among major concerns. So in our project our main focus is to avoid the packet loss by increasing the network efficiency and handling the congestion in the network by proper buffer management. Finally visualization of processed data is done at the base station and the future enhancement could be to directly send the sensed data to cloud storage.
A review of Hierarchical energy Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networkiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
An Energy Efficient Scheme against Power Exhausting Attacks in Wireless Senso...paperpublications3
Abstract: A wireless sensor network (WSN) is an technology playing a vital role nowdays. One of the major challenges wireless sensor networks face today is security. Security and energy efficiency are critical concerns in wireless sensor network (WSN) design. The power of wireless sensor networks lies in the ability to deploy large numbers of tiny nodes that assemble and configure themselves. The denial of service attack,which tries to keep the sensor nodes awake to consume more energy of the constrained power supply.An anti-node can send fake data packets to sensor node of unprotected wireless sensor network to initiate unnecessary transmission repeatedly.This consumes more energy and reduces lifetime of sensor nodes.Using cross layer design the energy consumption is reduced. This paper aims with power exhausting attacks and energy consumption on wireless sensor networks.
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Intelligent Lighting System Using Wireless Sensor Networks
1. International Journal of Ad hoc, Sensor & Ubiquitous Computing (IJASUC) Vol.1, No.4, December 2010
DOI : 10.5121/ijasuc.2010.1402 17
Intelligent Lighting System Using Wireless Sensor
Networks
A.A.Nippun Kumaar1
, Kiran.G2
, Sudarshan TSB3
Department of Computer Science & Engineering,
Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, School Of Engineering,
Bangalore Campus, India.
1
nippun05@gmail.com 2
kiran.per.sempre@gmail.com 3
sudarshan.tsb@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
This paper examines the use of Wireless Sensor Networks interfaced with light fittings to allow for daylight
substitution techniques to reduce energy usage in existing buildings. This creates a wire free system for
existing buildings with minimal disruption and cost.
KEYWORDS
Wireless sensor networks, daylight substitution.
1. Introduction
Power conservation is no longer just a fashionable expression. It has now become a necessity. Static
method of conservation like usage of electrical devices with lower power consumption or scheduled
power cuts are not very efficient. This paper proposes a dynamic automated power conservation
system which uses wireless sensor networks(WSN). The advantage of using WSN is that this
system can be easily installed in already existing buildings where as a wired system will be
expensive and difficult to install in the same scenario.
The use of wireless sensor network greatly reduces the size and cost of the system and is suitable
for a lighting system.
In the proposed system, there is an array of light sensor nodes which can communicate with a
master node(MN), providing information about the light conditions at each sensor node. Based on
the feedback information the MN decides which all light sources to control. Once this is decided the
MN transmits the data frame to a particular light control node to control the light, which is
electrically connected to it.
2. Literature Survey
Examined the use of Wireless Sensor Networks interfaced with Dimmable Fluorescent light
fittings[1]. Dimmable fluorescent fittings, using modern electronic ballast dimmers are widely fitted
to new buildings, to allow for the accurate dimming and control of building lighting[2] F.O’Reilly
& J.Buckley. Factoring in natural incident daylight, allows a reduction in the artificial light
(daylight substitution), which amounts to savings between 10% and 40%.The DALI light control
2. International Journal of Ad hoc, Sensor & Ubiquitous Computing (IJASUC) Vol.1, No.4, December 2010
18
interface provides a two wire low voltage control bus to allow the addressing and control of
individual light fittings[3].
Figure1 shows a Wireless Sensor Network system which can provide work plane light
measurements, and is integrated with a standard building monitoring system, the wireless network
controls the dimmable ballast elements, allowing the retrofitting of existing installations without the
need to re-cable and with minimal disruption.
The specifications and variations required for work plane lighting, for some sample areas are shown
in Table 1, full specifications are available in the CIBSE Lighting Guides[4]. Individual work plane
light levels are typically read and forwarded to a facilities management system which can issue
control signals to the lighting elements.
Even though in some systems human behavior has been considered as a factor and system behavior
is based on predictions based on these factors[6][7]. But this paper is directed towards the efficient
algorithm design for intelligent lightening system using wireless sensor networks with day light as
a important factor.
3. Proposed Implementation
In the proposed system, there is no separate base station. One of the nodes will act as the base
station. Base station’s power is replenishable. Dynamic topology control is done by base station,
by periodically ensuring the presence of all nodes and accepting new nodes on the run.
Figure 1: Wireless Daylight Substitution
Table 1: Light intensity value for various
environment
3. International Journal of Ad hoc, Sensor & Ubiquitous Computing (IJASUC) Vol.1, No.4, December 2010
19
As shown in Figure2 there are three kinds of nodes in the network, master node (MN), sensor node
(SN), and light control node (LCN). Master node is the one acts as a base station as well as sensor
node. Sensor node senses the environment and instructs the light level to the master node. Light
control node will respond to the master node by dimming or brightening the light according to the
data received. The sensor nodes are placed such that each sensor node ranges to two light ballast.
This arrangement will make the light control precise.
4. Hardware
Basically the hardware level of this system is classified in two forms, one is in sensor nodes another
is in light control node. One of the SN is chosen to be a MN which is loaded with additional control
software. Both SN and LCN is controlled by PIC 16F877A controller as shown in Figure4 and
Figure5 [5].
4.1. Sensor Node
Main task of sensor node is to sense the surrounding light level and report to master node. For
sensing the light level light dependent resistor (LDR) is interfaced to the controller. As the name
suggest resistance of LDR changes when light falls on it. When light increases resistance decreases
and vice versa.
Figure 2: Infrastructure Under Test
Figure 3: Block Diagram-Sensor Node
4. International Journal of Ad hoc, Sensor & Ubiquitous Computing (IJASUC) Vol.1, No.4, December 2010
20
The resistance of the Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) varies according to the amount of light that
falls on it. The relationship between the resistance RL and light intensity Lux for a typical LDR is
With the LDR connected to 5V through a R1 K resistor, the output voltage of the LDR is
Reworking the equation, we obtain the light intensity
LUX -Intensity of light.
Vo -Output voltage from LDR.
R1 -Series resistance connected to LDR
System has a RF transmitter (FS 1000A) and receiver (PCR 2) for wireless transmission and
reception. Each node has a pair of Tx and Rx, through this arrangement point to point and broadcast
arrangement is possible. Some features of Tx anr Rx is listed below:
Operating frequency - 315/433 MHz
Range - 80m
Data rate - 4KB/s
Working mode - AM
Power - 10mW
Transmitter consists of encoder HT 640L. This helps in addressing individual nodes in point to
point communication. This allows a maximum of 8bit address and 8bit data frames. This converts
parallel transmission of data into serial transmission
4.2. Light Control Node
LCN is used to control light intensity according to the received signal. Light controller is nothing
but a D/A convertor which will give analog voltage with respect to digital signal. RF Tx and Rx are
same as that used in SN.
PIC is used as a controller in both the nodes and plays different role in all the nodes. In sensor
nodes A/D convertor of PIC is used to convert LDR voltage into digital voltage, and according to
voltage level that has been sensed a data frame is formed and transmitted to MN. In MN the
received data is analyzed and data signal is sent to corresponding LCN to control light. MN also
maintains three tables MN, LCN and SN table, LCN address table and SN table. In LCN the
received signal is analyzed and action is taken accordingly, through light controller.
5. International Journal of Ad hoc, Sensor & Ubiquitous Computing (IJASUC) Vol.1, No.4, December 2010
21
In all the three nodes receiver stack is maintained with received data frames. Topology control
process is carried out in all the nodes periodically at fixed interval of time.
5. Software
The software level of the network is in three forms each in MN, SN and LCN. There is specially
designed frame format for control and data frame transmission.
5.1. Frame Format
The frame is designed to be 8bit. Addressing of nodes is carried out both in hardware and software.
An address of the node is assigned by the hardware and ID to each node is assigned by software
running on MN. The frame is as shown in Figure5, which consists of 2 control bits C1,C2, a
topology control bit, a data and acknowledgement bit and 4-bits for assigning address and ID.
Figure 4: Block Diagram-Light Control Node
Figure 5: Frame Format
6. International Journal of Ad hoc, Sensor & Ubiquitous Computing (IJASUC) Vol.1, No.4, December 2010
22
5.2. Algorithm
To enable communication between SN and LCN there are three algorithms in the system running in
parallel:
• MN Algorithm.
• SN Algorithm.
• LCN Algorithm.
5.2.1. MN Algorithm
LISTEN any data from LCN
VERIFY IF the data is
Invalid frame
or
Address present in LCN table
END goto LISTEN
RECEIVE the data
Send acknowledgement to LCN
Assign address to LCN
Update LCN table
Send LCN address
END
CHECK IF LCN table
Is full
or
Timer expires
END goto PHASE2
ELSE goto LISTEN
PHASE2: BROADCAST MN address to all SN
LISTEN2: any acknowledgement from SN
VERIFY IF the data is
Invalid frame
or
Address present in LCN table
END goto LISTEN2
7. International Journal of Ad hoc, Sensor & Ubiquitous Computing (IJASUC) Vol.1, No.4, December 2010
23
RECEIVE the data
Update SN table
END
CHECK IF SN table
Is full
Or
Timer expires
END goto PHASE3
ELSE goto LISTEN2
END
PHASE3: SEND increment data to LCN
LISTEN request
For decrease light from SN
Check for five request from same SN
END
UPDATE SN table with LCN
address
CHANGE LCN address
GOTO SEND
END repeat for all LCN
CHECK IF for
For all LCN mapped
Or
Timer expires
END goto NORMAL
ELSE goto PHASE3
NORMAL: LISTEN any data from SN
VERIFY the data for
Invalid frame
END goto LISTEN
READ data
For SN ID
Check ti INC or DEC light
8. International Journal of Ad hoc, Sensor & Ubiquitous Computing (IJASUC) Vol.1, No.4, December 2010
24
Get the LCN address from SN table
END
SEND the control signal to that LCN
END goto NORMAL
This has 4 phases. In the first phase address are assigned for LCN’s. Whenever a frame from LCN
is released it is updated in the LCN table. In the second phase MN broadcasts its own address and
wait for the SN to reply. Replies from SN are used to update the SN table. In the third phase a
mapping is done between LCN and SN i.e. a table is updated that maps the SN, controlled by a
particular LCN. This is done by selectively brightening the lighting source controlled by a SN to the
maximum value of the LCN. In the fourth phase, which signifies a normal operation SN frames are
received by MN and “increase or decrease light” frames are sent to the LCN for finer control of
luminance.
5.2.2. SN Algorithm
LISTEN any broadcast data is received
VERIFY IF the data
Is invalid
END goto LISTEN
READ the frame
Take the MN address
Set it as its TX address
Send ACK as its ID
END
LDR SENSE: check the light intensity level
VERIFY IF the value
Is higher or lesser than threshold
Send the data to MN accordingly
END goto LDR SENSE
END goto LDR SENSE
Here, SN waits for the MN broadcast. Once it receives the address, it configures its transmitter to a
permanent address. As acknowledgement it sends its own ID. During normal operation it constantly
senses the light and whenever the light goes below or above the threshold, it will send “increase os
decrease light” frame.
9. International Journal of Ad hoc, Sensor & Ubiquitous Computing (IJASUC) Vol.1, No.4, December 2010
25
5.2.3 LCN Algorithm
SEND its ID to MN
LISTEN to any data from MN
VERIFY IF the data
Is invalid
END goto LISTEN
READ the frame
Extract ID
Check with its ID
Goto LISTEN2 if ID is same
Or discard data
END
END
LISTEN2 to any data from MN
VERIFY IF the data
Is invalid
END goto LISTEN2
READ the frame
Extract the address
Set the address as its RX address
END
END
NORMAL: any data from MN
VERIFY IF the data
Is invalid
END goto NORMAL
READ the received data
Check for INR or DCR light
Control the light accordingly
END goto NORMAL
END
10. International Journal of Ad hoc, Sensor & Ubiquitous Computing (IJASUC) Vol.1, No.4, December 2010
26
Initially LCN will send its own ID to MN. MN will reply receiver’s address allotted to it through
three way handshaking. LCN will configure its receiver with this address. During normal operation,
it listens for MN frame. When it receives “increase or decrease light” MN frames, it controls the
luminance accordingly.
6. Results
Experimental Setup:
1. A room with five lights, four at corners and one at the middle.
2. Consider the intensity required in the room should be 400Lux and the light should be lit up
for 12 Hrs/day (6Hrs day & 6Hrs night).
3. The tube light used will consume 40W of power.
4. In normal system all light should glow in full intensity therefore consumes 40W each.
5. In the proposed system all lights in corner needs only 50% of the power in day time.
Table 2 shows the comparison for the given setup between normal system and the proposed system.
The savings in energy consumed for the given setup is observed to be 14400 Wh/Month.
7. FUTURE IMPLEMENTATION
So by adding PIR sensor which will detect human presence alone will add more intelligence to
the system and further helps in reduction of power by selectively dimming or switching off some
light sources and thus keeping average power consumption constant.
8. CONCLUSION
Through this system we introduce one more way of “Going Green”. Installing wired
devices for the same purpose may not be cost efficient and can even be counter productive. Our
device is easy to install and manage and thus more appealing.
Normal Power Hrs
Used
No.
Of.
Light
Energy
Consumed
Per day
Total
Energy
Consumption
System Day
40W 6 5 1200Wh
2400 Wh/
Day
72000 Wh/
Month
Night
40W 6 5 1200Wh
Proposed
system
Day 20W 6 4 480Wh 1920 Wh/
Day
57600 Wh/
Month
40W 6 1 240Wh
Night
40W 6 5
1200Wh
Table 2: Result analysis
11. International Journal of Ad hoc, Sensor & Ubiquitous Computing (IJASUC) Vol.1, No.4, December 2010
27
Compared to the original paper our system is more scalable and flexible. Runtime addition of nodes
is possible and better power efficiency can be obtained. Usage of custom control equipment reduces
the cost as well. Thus adding to the appeal.
9. REFERENCE
[1] F.O’Reilly & J.Buckley, “Wireless Sensor Network Control of Fluorescent Lighting using Dimmable
Ballasts and Daylight Substitution”, 40th International Universities Power Engineering Conference,
Cork, Ireland, 7-9 September 2005.
[2] T. Ribbarich, J. Ribarich, “A New Control Method for Dimmable High Frequency Electronic
Ballast,”IEEEIAS Con. Rec 1998.
[3] Digital Addressable Lighting Interface, http://www.dali-ag.org.
[4] 2004 Buildings Energy Data book, http://buildingsdatabook.eren.doe.gov/
[5] Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16F877A Datasheet,RevisionC,2000.
[6] Vipul Singhvi, Andreas Krause, Carlos Guestrin, James H. Garrett, Jr., H. Scott Matthews
“Intelligent light control using sensor networks”, Conference On Embedded Networked Sensor
Systems, Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems,
San Diego, California, USA.
[7] Antimo Barbato, Luca Borsani, Antonio Capone: "A Wireless Sensor Network based System for
Reducing Home Energy Consumption" (IEEE SECON 2010 Boston, USA, June 21-25, 2010).
Authors
A.A. Nippun Kumaar is currently a graduate student pursuing Masters in Embedded
Systems from Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, School Of Engineering, Bangalore
Campus. He completed his Diploma in Electronics and Communication Engineering
with First Class Honors in Thiyagarajar Polytechnic College, Salem, Tamilnadu,
India in 2003. He completed his Bachelors degree, B.E. in Electronics and
Communication Engineering with First Class Honors in Sona College of Technology,
Salem, Tamilnadu, India in 2006. His areas of interest are Wireless Sensor Networks
and Robotics.
Kiran. G is currently a graduate student pursuing Masters in Embedded Systems
from Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, School Of Engineering, Bangalore Campus. He
completed his graduation in Electronics and communication from Institute of science
and Technology, ErnaKulam, Kerala, India in 2007, followed by a PG Diploma in
Embedded System Design. He started developing interest in embedded systems
during his graduation and his other areas of interest are unix system programming,
digital signal processing.
Dr. Sudarshan TSB is a Professor, Amrita Viwa Vidyapeetham, School of
Engineering, Bangalore Campus., India. Earlier he served as Assistant Professor and
then Head of the department of Computer Science & Engineering, BITS, Pilani for 13
years. He completed his Doctrate from BITS, Pilani, India in the area of computer
networks. His research Interests are Multicore Computing and Wireless Networks.