Wireless sensor networks consist of distributed autonomous devices that cooperatively monitor environmental conditions. They were originally developed for military surveillance but are now used in many civilian applications like environmental monitoring and healthcare. Each sensor node contains sensors, microcontrollers, memory, transceivers and power sources. They self-organize and route data to base stations. Key challenges are limited energy, processing and memory. Applications include habitat monitoring, object tracking, fire detection and traffic monitoring.
This document summarizes a review of sensor nodes in basic wireless sensor networks, with an emphasis on selecting an appropriate processor. It discusses key factors in sensor network design like fault tolerance, scalability, and power consumption. Sensor nodes typically consist of sensing, processing, transceiver, and power units. Processors must have low power usage, fast wake-up times, clock scaling abilities, and memory architectures suited for interrupts. Common microcontrollers and microprocessors are evaluated based on these criteria to determine the best fit for sensor network applications.
Wireless sensor networks consist of distributed nodes that use sensors to monitor environmental conditions. The nodes communicate wirelessly and include components like processors, transceivers, memory, power sources, and sensors. Wireless sensor networks have many applications including environmental monitoring, military surveillance, and security monitoring. They allow collecting sensor data over large areas.
This document discusses implementing agricultural applications using wireless sensor networks and securing the data transmission with AES encryption. It describes how sensor nodes can monitor parameters like temperature and water levels to provide useful data for irrigation management. The network uses Zigbee technology for low power wireless communication between nodes that transmit data to a base station. The document outlines various attacks on wireless sensor networks and emphasizes the importance of security. It proposes using AES encryption and unique PAN IDs for each node to secure the wireless transmission of sensed data in the agricultural applications. Experimental results from temperature and water level sensors are shown to demonstrate the feasibility of monitoring fields wirelessly for irrigation scheduling.
Abstract A wireless sensor network (WSN) consists of sensors which are densely distributed to monitor physical or environmental conditions, such as temperature, sound, pressure, etc. The sensor data is transmitted to network coordinator which is heart of the wireless personal area network. In the modern scenario wireless networks contains sensors as well as actuators. ZigBee is newly developed technology that works on IEEE standard 802.15.4, which can be used in the wireless sensor network (WSN). The low data rates, low power consumption, low cost are main features of ZigBee. WSN is composed of ZigBee coordinator (network coordinator), ZigBee router and ZigBee end device. The sensor nodes information in the network will be sent to the coordinator, the coordinator collects sensor data, stores the data in memory, process the data, and route the data to appropriate node. Index Terms: WSN, ZigBee.
A wireless sensor network consists of spatially distributed sensor nodes that monitor physical conditions and communicate wirelessly. Nodes sense data, process it, and transmit it to other nodes or a central gateway. The gateway provides a connection to the wired world to collect, process, analyze and present measurement data. Routers can extend the communication range between nodes and the gateway. Sensor nodes are small, require little power, are programmable and cost-effective to purchase and maintain.
Wireless Sensor Networks lecture presented in the Fall of 2005. Covering the following: data-dissemination schemes, media access control schemes, distributed algorithms for collaborative processing, and architecture for a wireless sensor network.
1. A wireless sensor network consists of hundreds of thousands of sensor nodes that communicate wirelessly. Each node contains sensors, computing devices, radio transceivers, and power components.
2. The nodes self-organize into a network infrastructure using multi-hop communication. They measure environmental conditions like temperature and transmit the data back to a base station.
3. The main challenges for wireless sensor networks include limited resources of each node, fault tolerance, long network lifetime, scalability, and adaptability to changing conditions and tasks. Energy-efficient communication protocols and in-network processing are required to address these challenges.
This document summarizes a review of sensor nodes in basic wireless sensor networks, with an emphasis on selecting an appropriate processor. It discusses key factors in sensor network design like fault tolerance, scalability, and power consumption. Sensor nodes typically consist of sensing, processing, transceiver, and power units. Processors must have low power usage, fast wake-up times, clock scaling abilities, and memory architectures suited for interrupts. Common microcontrollers and microprocessors are evaluated based on these criteria to determine the best fit for sensor network applications.
Wireless sensor networks consist of distributed nodes that use sensors to monitor environmental conditions. The nodes communicate wirelessly and include components like processors, transceivers, memory, power sources, and sensors. Wireless sensor networks have many applications including environmental monitoring, military surveillance, and security monitoring. They allow collecting sensor data over large areas.
This document discusses implementing agricultural applications using wireless sensor networks and securing the data transmission with AES encryption. It describes how sensor nodes can monitor parameters like temperature and water levels to provide useful data for irrigation management. The network uses Zigbee technology for low power wireless communication between nodes that transmit data to a base station. The document outlines various attacks on wireless sensor networks and emphasizes the importance of security. It proposes using AES encryption and unique PAN IDs for each node to secure the wireless transmission of sensed data in the agricultural applications. Experimental results from temperature and water level sensors are shown to demonstrate the feasibility of monitoring fields wirelessly for irrigation scheduling.
Abstract A wireless sensor network (WSN) consists of sensors which are densely distributed to monitor physical or environmental conditions, such as temperature, sound, pressure, etc. The sensor data is transmitted to network coordinator which is heart of the wireless personal area network. In the modern scenario wireless networks contains sensors as well as actuators. ZigBee is newly developed technology that works on IEEE standard 802.15.4, which can be used in the wireless sensor network (WSN). The low data rates, low power consumption, low cost are main features of ZigBee. WSN is composed of ZigBee coordinator (network coordinator), ZigBee router and ZigBee end device. The sensor nodes information in the network will be sent to the coordinator, the coordinator collects sensor data, stores the data in memory, process the data, and route the data to appropriate node. Index Terms: WSN, ZigBee.
A wireless sensor network consists of spatially distributed sensor nodes that monitor physical conditions and communicate wirelessly. Nodes sense data, process it, and transmit it to other nodes or a central gateway. The gateway provides a connection to the wired world to collect, process, analyze and present measurement data. Routers can extend the communication range between nodes and the gateway. Sensor nodes are small, require little power, are programmable and cost-effective to purchase and maintain.
Wireless Sensor Networks lecture presented in the Fall of 2005. Covering the following: data-dissemination schemes, media access control schemes, distributed algorithms for collaborative processing, and architecture for a wireless sensor network.
1. A wireless sensor network consists of hundreds of thousands of sensor nodes that communicate wirelessly. Each node contains sensors, computing devices, radio transceivers, and power components.
2. The nodes self-organize into a network infrastructure using multi-hop communication. They measure environmental conditions like temperature and transmit the data back to a base station.
3. The main challenges for wireless sensor networks include limited resources of each node, fault tolerance, long network lifetime, scalability, and adaptability to changing conditions and tasks. Energy-efficient communication protocols and in-network processing are required to address these challenges.
The document discusses the architecture of wireless sensor networks (WSNs). It describes the key characteristics of WSNs, such as low cost, energy efficiency, limited computational power, short-range wireless communications, distributed sensing and processing, dynamic network topology, and self-organization capabilities. The objectives of WSN architecture design are then outlined, including identifying application requirements and relevant technological trends, optimizing design for resource-constrained sensor nodes, and performing qualitative and quantitative analysis. Finally, the document presents the typical architecture of a sensor node, including sensing, processing, communication, and power units. It also briefly discusses the layered communication architecture used in WSNs.
INTRODUCTION TO WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS.
This powerpoint generally defines Wireless Sensor Networks, the advantages, disadvantages and the general types.
This document summarizes various techniques for saving energy in wireless sensor networks. It discusses how sensor nodes consume power through transmission, reception, processing and idle listening. It then describes approaches like sleep-wake scheduling, MAC protocols like S-MAC and T-MAC, in-network processing, network coding and scheduled/contention-based communication protocols to minimize energy usage. The goal is to reduce unnecessary listening and maximize the time sensors spend in sleep mode to improve battery life for sensor network applications.
- A wireless sensor network consists of spatially distributed autonomous sensors that monitor conditions like temperature and sound and transmit data to a central location. The networks are bidirectional, enabling control of sensor activity.
- Sensor networks are built from a few to thousands of nodes. Each node contains a sensor connected to a small computer called a mote or sensor node that has limited processing power, memory, radio transceivers, and a battery power source.
- Sensor nodes consume the most power when communicating data over radio frequencies. Batteries are the main power source but energy harvesting is also used. Power constraints is one of the main challenges for wireless sensor networks.
This document provides an overview of wireless sensor networks (WSNs), including their technologies, applications, standards, design features, and evolutions. WSNs enable new applications through spatially distributed sensors that monitor physical conditions and wirelessly transmit data to a central location. They require a balance between communication and processing capabilities given constraints like low power and complexity. The IEEE 802.15.4 standard enables many WSN applications. Performance depends on network size and data type. Sensors are key network components that detect physical properties and convert them to signals. Common sensor types include thermal, electromagnetic, mechanical, and motion sensors. WSNs face unique challenges from ad hoc deployment and constrained node resources.
This document provides an introduction to wireless sensor networks. It discusses how sensor networks are composed of spatially distributed sensor nodes that monitor physical conditions and work cooperatively to gather and transmit sensor data via wireless communication. Each sensor node contains basic computing and communication capabilities. The document outlines common network topologies used in sensor networks and compares the capabilities of modern sensor nodes to early personal computers. Finally, it lists several example application domains for wireless sensor networks, including environmental/infrastructure monitoring, smart homes/offices, traffic control, medical care, industrial processes, and military surveillance.
paper presentation _ survey of wireless sensor netwrokejbyun77
The document discusses recent trends in wireless sensor network research, including an overview of different wireless sensor network technologies and applications. It also examines the role of middleware in supporting wireless sensor networks by providing common communication mechanisms and processing sensed data to abstract high-level information. Several existing middleware platforms and programming models are described that aim to achieve scalability, low power consumption, and efficient data aggregation and querying in wireless sensor networks.
Energy Conservation in Wireless Sensor Networks: A ReviewIOSR Journals
Abstract: A wireless sensor network consists of a large number of sensor nodes which are deployed over an
area to perform local computations based on information gathered from the surroundings. Each node in the
network consists of a battery, but it is very difficult to change or recharge batteries. So the question is how to
enhance the lifetime of the network to such a long time. Therefore, in order to maximize the lifetime of the
network, the consumption of energy must be minimized. This is an important challenge in sensor networks as
sensors can not be easily replaced or recharged due to their ad-hoc deployment in hazardous environment. In
this paper, the main techniques used for energy conservation in sensor networks are discussed which include
duty cycling scheme, data driven approaches, mobility-based schemes, energy efficient MAC protocols and node
self scheduling scheme. These schemes can be used to improve the energy efficiency of the wireless sensor
network so that the network can work with greater efficiency and high battery lifetime.
Keywords : Energy conservation, energy consumption, sensor nodes, wireless sensor networks
1. Wireless sensor networks consist of distributed sensor nodes that communicate wirelessly to monitor physical or environmental conditions, such as temperature, sound, or pollution levels.
2. The sensor nodes gather and route data back to a central sink/gateway node where the information can be analyzed.
3. Communication protocols and algorithms are required for efficient multi-hop routing of data between sensor nodes and the sink node.
seminar report on wireless Sensor networkJawhar Ali
This document provides an overview of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) including their technologies, applications, architectures, and trends. It discusses how WSNs enable new applications through low-cost, low-power sensor nodes that can monitor environments. The document outlines several key applications of WSNs such as environmental monitoring, health monitoring, traffic control, and smart buildings. It also describes common WSN architectures including clustered and layered architectures.
This document provides an overview of wireless sensor networks. It discusses wireless communication technologies, the need for wireless communication, and defines wireless sensor networks. It describes the characteristics, architecture, operating systems, applications, and technical challenges of wireless sensor networks. Finally, it discusses some companies that manufacture wireless sensor network products, including Cisco, IBM, and Libelium.
An overview of a wireless sensor network communication pptphbhagwat
This document provides an overview of wireless sensor network communication architectures and their design challenges. It describes that wireless sensor networks consist of spatially distributed sensors that cooperatively monitor physical conditions. The key components of sensor nodes are described as well as common communication architectures and protocols used. Some examples of wireless sensor network applications are also mentioned such as environmental monitoring, precision agriculture, and health monitoring. Design challenges for wireless sensor networks include energy efficiency, distributed processing, and operating in harsh environments.
This document discusses wireless sensor networks and middleware approaches for them. It describes wireless sensor networks as consisting of distributed autonomous sensor nodes that monitor physical environments cooperatively. It outlines common sensor node components and network architectures. It then defines middleware as a software layer that manages complexity and heterogeneity. Key middleware design principles for wireless sensor networks include supporting limited resources, scalability, and data aggregation. The document outlines several middleware approaches, including those based on global behavior, local behavior, virtual machines, databases, and modular programming.
EFFECT OF HASH FUNCTION ON PERFORMANCE OF LOW POWER WAKE UP RECEIVER FOR WIRE...IJNSA Journal
Next generation network will consist of different types of wireless networks like WSN, Wi-Fi, WiMAX, UMTS, LTE and etc. Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) finds unique and special application as compared to the said networks because sensors are deployed in a very secret, awkward and hostile environment like battle field etc. Various wireless sensor nodes are interconnected and form a Wireless Sensor Network. Sensor nodes once deployed in a region, can’t be repaired thus the power system deployed in the nodes becomes a major key issue i.e. how long its battery life can be utilised. Another major issue of WSN is to have a more secured network which is a function of hash keys. Increase usage of hash key means enhanced security but at the cost of power and area. Sensor systems must utilize the minimal possible energy while operating over secured and wide range of operating scenarios. In this paper, we have proposed a novel ID matching mechanism that uses a Bloom filter to realize wake-up wireless communication. Paper uses hash function for uniquely recognizing particular sensor- node- cluster among all clusters. Paper also shows the effect of number of hash functions on performance of wireless sensor node. The design and implementation of a wireless wake-up receiver module simulation reveals
that proposed model consume 724nW dynamic power and with bloom filter, the proposed model consumes dynamic power 85% less than the consumption cited in “Takiguchi” model[1]. Dynamic power is further reduced by 10% when parallel processing is implemented. Finally paper provides a novel approach to save the dynamic power and subsequently increases the battery life of wireless sensor node and network as a whole.
IRJET- Energy Efficient Protocol in Wireless Sensor NetworkIRJET Journal
This document summarizes an academic paper that proposes an energy efficient protocol for wireless sensor networks. It begins with an introduction to wireless sensor networks and some of the key challenges, particularly limited energy. It then reviews an existing protocol called LEACH (Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy) that aims to distribute energy use among sensor nodes. However, LEACH may not distribute energy optimally if nodes have different starting energy levels. The paper proposes using DEEC (Distributed Energy-Efficient Clustering), which aims to improve network lifetime by more evenly distributing energy use among nodes, regardless of their initial energy levels.
Multiple Sink Positioning and Relocation for Improving Lifetime in Wireless S...IRJET Journal
The document summarizes research on improving network lifetime in wireless sensor networks through techniques like multiple sink positioning and relocation. It first provides background on wireless sensor networks and their components. It then discusses how clustering sensor nodes and using multiple mobile sink nodes can help balance energy load and prolong network lifetime. Several existing studies that propose algorithms and schemes for optimally positioning and moving sink nodes are reviewed. The document concludes by introducing two new coordinated multiple mobile sink algorithms, MSMA and PMA, that aim to further improve network lifetime performance.
Advanced Software Engineering course - Guest Lecture
A4WSN- Architecture 4 Wireless Sensor Networks
Here you can find the research paper presenting the concepts described in this lecture: http://goo.gl/XBB4k
This presentation has been developed in the context of the Advanced Software Engineering course at the DISIM Department of the University of L’Aquila (Italy).
http://www.di.univaq.it/malavolta
The document provides an introduction to wireless sensor networks. It discusses how wireless sensor networks consist of small sensor nodes that can monitor environmental conditions like temperature, pressure, and motion. These networks are used in applications such as surveillance, vehicle tracking, habitat monitoring, and more. The key challenges for wireless sensor networks are limited power, storage, and processing capabilities. Effective routing protocols and security measures are needed to address these constraints. The document then discusses routing protocols and security issues in wireless sensor networks in more detail over several chapters.
An overview of how Wireless Sensor Networks are being extended to a system which has tremendous capabilities. The future is all about Smart Dust. Trillions of sensors may be planted across the world to improve the ecosystem as well as the lives of human beings. Although the aim of reducing the volume to orders of micrometer has not yet been fulfilled, considerable developments have been made to build motes that combine sensing, computing, wireless communication capabilities and autonomous power supply within volume of only few millimeters and that too at low cost.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
The document discusses the architecture of wireless sensor networks (WSNs). It describes the key characteristics of WSNs, such as low cost, energy efficiency, limited computational power, short-range wireless communications, distributed sensing and processing, dynamic network topology, and self-organization capabilities. The objectives of WSN architecture design are then outlined, including identifying application requirements and relevant technological trends, optimizing design for resource-constrained sensor nodes, and performing qualitative and quantitative analysis. Finally, the document presents the typical architecture of a sensor node, including sensing, processing, communication, and power units. It also briefly discusses the layered communication architecture used in WSNs.
INTRODUCTION TO WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS.
This powerpoint generally defines Wireless Sensor Networks, the advantages, disadvantages and the general types.
This document summarizes various techniques for saving energy in wireless sensor networks. It discusses how sensor nodes consume power through transmission, reception, processing and idle listening. It then describes approaches like sleep-wake scheduling, MAC protocols like S-MAC and T-MAC, in-network processing, network coding and scheduled/contention-based communication protocols to minimize energy usage. The goal is to reduce unnecessary listening and maximize the time sensors spend in sleep mode to improve battery life for sensor network applications.
- A wireless sensor network consists of spatially distributed autonomous sensors that monitor conditions like temperature and sound and transmit data to a central location. The networks are bidirectional, enabling control of sensor activity.
- Sensor networks are built from a few to thousands of nodes. Each node contains a sensor connected to a small computer called a mote or sensor node that has limited processing power, memory, radio transceivers, and a battery power source.
- Sensor nodes consume the most power when communicating data over radio frequencies. Batteries are the main power source but energy harvesting is also used. Power constraints is one of the main challenges for wireless sensor networks.
This document provides an overview of wireless sensor networks (WSNs), including their technologies, applications, standards, design features, and evolutions. WSNs enable new applications through spatially distributed sensors that monitor physical conditions and wirelessly transmit data to a central location. They require a balance between communication and processing capabilities given constraints like low power and complexity. The IEEE 802.15.4 standard enables many WSN applications. Performance depends on network size and data type. Sensors are key network components that detect physical properties and convert them to signals. Common sensor types include thermal, electromagnetic, mechanical, and motion sensors. WSNs face unique challenges from ad hoc deployment and constrained node resources.
This document provides an introduction to wireless sensor networks. It discusses how sensor networks are composed of spatially distributed sensor nodes that monitor physical conditions and work cooperatively to gather and transmit sensor data via wireless communication. Each sensor node contains basic computing and communication capabilities. The document outlines common network topologies used in sensor networks and compares the capabilities of modern sensor nodes to early personal computers. Finally, it lists several example application domains for wireless sensor networks, including environmental/infrastructure monitoring, smart homes/offices, traffic control, medical care, industrial processes, and military surveillance.
paper presentation _ survey of wireless sensor netwrokejbyun77
The document discusses recent trends in wireless sensor network research, including an overview of different wireless sensor network technologies and applications. It also examines the role of middleware in supporting wireless sensor networks by providing common communication mechanisms and processing sensed data to abstract high-level information. Several existing middleware platforms and programming models are described that aim to achieve scalability, low power consumption, and efficient data aggregation and querying in wireless sensor networks.
Energy Conservation in Wireless Sensor Networks: A ReviewIOSR Journals
Abstract: A wireless sensor network consists of a large number of sensor nodes which are deployed over an
area to perform local computations based on information gathered from the surroundings. Each node in the
network consists of a battery, but it is very difficult to change or recharge batteries. So the question is how to
enhance the lifetime of the network to such a long time. Therefore, in order to maximize the lifetime of the
network, the consumption of energy must be minimized. This is an important challenge in sensor networks as
sensors can not be easily replaced or recharged due to their ad-hoc deployment in hazardous environment. In
this paper, the main techniques used for energy conservation in sensor networks are discussed which include
duty cycling scheme, data driven approaches, mobility-based schemes, energy efficient MAC protocols and node
self scheduling scheme. These schemes can be used to improve the energy efficiency of the wireless sensor
network so that the network can work with greater efficiency and high battery lifetime.
Keywords : Energy conservation, energy consumption, sensor nodes, wireless sensor networks
1. Wireless sensor networks consist of distributed sensor nodes that communicate wirelessly to monitor physical or environmental conditions, such as temperature, sound, or pollution levels.
2. The sensor nodes gather and route data back to a central sink/gateway node where the information can be analyzed.
3. Communication protocols and algorithms are required for efficient multi-hop routing of data between sensor nodes and the sink node.
seminar report on wireless Sensor networkJawhar Ali
This document provides an overview of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) including their technologies, applications, architectures, and trends. It discusses how WSNs enable new applications through low-cost, low-power sensor nodes that can monitor environments. The document outlines several key applications of WSNs such as environmental monitoring, health monitoring, traffic control, and smart buildings. It also describes common WSN architectures including clustered and layered architectures.
This document provides an overview of wireless sensor networks. It discusses wireless communication technologies, the need for wireless communication, and defines wireless sensor networks. It describes the characteristics, architecture, operating systems, applications, and technical challenges of wireless sensor networks. Finally, it discusses some companies that manufacture wireless sensor network products, including Cisco, IBM, and Libelium.
An overview of a wireless sensor network communication pptphbhagwat
This document provides an overview of wireless sensor network communication architectures and their design challenges. It describes that wireless sensor networks consist of spatially distributed sensors that cooperatively monitor physical conditions. The key components of sensor nodes are described as well as common communication architectures and protocols used. Some examples of wireless sensor network applications are also mentioned such as environmental monitoring, precision agriculture, and health monitoring. Design challenges for wireless sensor networks include energy efficiency, distributed processing, and operating in harsh environments.
This document discusses wireless sensor networks and middleware approaches for them. It describes wireless sensor networks as consisting of distributed autonomous sensor nodes that monitor physical environments cooperatively. It outlines common sensor node components and network architectures. It then defines middleware as a software layer that manages complexity and heterogeneity. Key middleware design principles for wireless sensor networks include supporting limited resources, scalability, and data aggregation. The document outlines several middleware approaches, including those based on global behavior, local behavior, virtual machines, databases, and modular programming.
EFFECT OF HASH FUNCTION ON PERFORMANCE OF LOW POWER WAKE UP RECEIVER FOR WIRE...IJNSA Journal
Next generation network will consist of different types of wireless networks like WSN, Wi-Fi, WiMAX, UMTS, LTE and etc. Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) finds unique and special application as compared to the said networks because sensors are deployed in a very secret, awkward and hostile environment like battle field etc. Various wireless sensor nodes are interconnected and form a Wireless Sensor Network. Sensor nodes once deployed in a region, can’t be repaired thus the power system deployed in the nodes becomes a major key issue i.e. how long its battery life can be utilised. Another major issue of WSN is to have a more secured network which is a function of hash keys. Increase usage of hash key means enhanced security but at the cost of power and area. Sensor systems must utilize the minimal possible energy while operating over secured and wide range of operating scenarios. In this paper, we have proposed a novel ID matching mechanism that uses a Bloom filter to realize wake-up wireless communication. Paper uses hash function for uniquely recognizing particular sensor- node- cluster among all clusters. Paper also shows the effect of number of hash functions on performance of wireless sensor node. The design and implementation of a wireless wake-up receiver module simulation reveals
that proposed model consume 724nW dynamic power and with bloom filter, the proposed model consumes dynamic power 85% less than the consumption cited in “Takiguchi” model[1]. Dynamic power is further reduced by 10% when parallel processing is implemented. Finally paper provides a novel approach to save the dynamic power and subsequently increases the battery life of wireless sensor node and network as a whole.
IRJET- Energy Efficient Protocol in Wireless Sensor NetworkIRJET Journal
This document summarizes an academic paper that proposes an energy efficient protocol for wireless sensor networks. It begins with an introduction to wireless sensor networks and some of the key challenges, particularly limited energy. It then reviews an existing protocol called LEACH (Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy) that aims to distribute energy use among sensor nodes. However, LEACH may not distribute energy optimally if nodes have different starting energy levels. The paper proposes using DEEC (Distributed Energy-Efficient Clustering), which aims to improve network lifetime by more evenly distributing energy use among nodes, regardless of their initial energy levels.
Multiple Sink Positioning and Relocation for Improving Lifetime in Wireless S...IRJET Journal
The document summarizes research on improving network lifetime in wireless sensor networks through techniques like multiple sink positioning and relocation. It first provides background on wireless sensor networks and their components. It then discusses how clustering sensor nodes and using multiple mobile sink nodes can help balance energy load and prolong network lifetime. Several existing studies that propose algorithms and schemes for optimally positioning and moving sink nodes are reviewed. The document concludes by introducing two new coordinated multiple mobile sink algorithms, MSMA and PMA, that aim to further improve network lifetime performance.
Advanced Software Engineering course - Guest Lecture
A4WSN- Architecture 4 Wireless Sensor Networks
Here you can find the research paper presenting the concepts described in this lecture: http://goo.gl/XBB4k
This presentation has been developed in the context of the Advanced Software Engineering course at the DISIM Department of the University of L’Aquila (Italy).
http://www.di.univaq.it/malavolta
The document provides an introduction to wireless sensor networks. It discusses how wireless sensor networks consist of small sensor nodes that can monitor environmental conditions like temperature, pressure, and motion. These networks are used in applications such as surveillance, vehicle tracking, habitat monitoring, and more. The key challenges for wireless sensor networks are limited power, storage, and processing capabilities. Effective routing protocols and security measures are needed to address these constraints. The document then discusses routing protocols and security issues in wireless sensor networks in more detail over several chapters.
An overview of how Wireless Sensor Networks are being extended to a system which has tremendous capabilities. The future is all about Smart Dust. Trillions of sensors may be planted across the world to improve the ecosystem as well as the lives of human beings. Although the aim of reducing the volume to orders of micrometer has not yet been fulfilled, considerable developments have been made to build motes that combine sensing, computing, wireless communication capabilities and autonomous power supply within volume of only few millimeters and that too at low cost.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Issues in optimizing the performance of wireless sensor networkseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Comparison of Routing protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Detailed Surveytheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
This document discusses energy efficiency in wireless sensor networks. It begins by introducing wireless sensor networks and some of their key applications. It then discusses several clustering-based energy efficiency protocols, including LEACH, HEED, TEEN, and EBC. These protocols aim to reduce energy consumption by organizing sensor nodes into clusters, with cluster heads responsible for aggregating and transmitting data from cluster members. The document also reviews related work on clustering algorithms and energy efficiency in wireless sensor networks. It discusses the goals of maximizing network lifetime while minimizing energy consumption.
Wireless sensor networks are composed of nodes that communicate wirelessly and self-organize after deployment. Each node contains processing capability, memory, an RF transceiver and antenna, a power source, and sensors. Systems can include thousands or tens of thousands of nodes communicating to monitor environments. It is expected that within 10-15 years, wireless sensor networks will cover the world and connect to the Internet, making the Internet a physical network. Research in this area includes workshops and conferences each year focused on algorithms and protocols to maximize network lifetime while ensuring robustness, fault tolerance, and self-configuration.
This document provides an overview of wireless sensor networks, including their architecture, requirements, and differences from conventional networks. Wireless sensor networks consist of dense deployments of sensor nodes that self-organize into a collaborative network. The nodes have stringent limitations on energy, computing power, and bandwidth. They monitor physical conditions and transmit aggregated sensor data in a multi-hop fashion to sink nodes for collection and analysis. Routing protocols are critical given the constraints of wireless sensor networks.
Features of wsn and various routing techniques for wsn a surveyeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Features of wsn and various routing techniques for wsn a surveyeSAT Journals
Abstract A Wireless Sensor Network is the collection of large number of sensor nodes, which are technically or economically feasible and measure the ambient condition in the environment surrounding them. The difference between usual wireless networks and WSNs is that sensors are sensitive to energy consumption. Most of the attention is given to routing protocols, for energy awareness, since they might differ depending on the application and network architecture. Routing techniques for WSN are classified into three categories based on network structure: Flat, hierarchical and location-based routing. Furthermore, these protocols can be classified into multi-path based, query based, negotiation-based, QoS-based, and coherent–based, depending on the protocol operation. In this paper the survey of routing techniques in WSNs is shown. It is also outlined the design challenges and performance metrics for routing protocols in WSNs. Finally We also highlight the advantages and performance issues of different routing techniques by it’s comparative analysis. Future-directions for routing in sensor network is also described. Index Terms: Wireless sensor network, Routing techniques, Routing challenges and future directions.
Wireless Sensor Network – Theoretical Findings and ApplicationsAshishDPatel1
Wireless sensor networks (WSN) consist of tiny sensor nodes scattered on a relatively large geographical area. The nodes are cooperative in nature, that is, they can communication with one another or to a central control unit. The work of each such node is to collect the information from surrounding like pressure, temperature, humidity, magnetic fields, optical fields etc [2]. Actually they are ad hoc network with some additional constraints. The node should be capable enough for power consumption, collection of data, self healing, mobility, self configuration to name a few. These features of WSN node differentiate it from conventional ad hoc networks [14]. This survey paper aims at reporting wireless sensor network, its design, networking of nodes, and security in system. In this paper, fundamentals of wireless sensor network are discussed. Different component like sensor, microcontroller, battery require for sensor networks are explained in detail. We have tried to include all the aspects of WSN. The Protocols, Operating Systems, tools require for WSN node programming and some security issues are also discussed.
A review of Hierarchical energy Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networkiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
This document provides an overview of hierarchical energy protocols in wireless sensor networks. It discusses several key protocols including LEACH, PEGASIS, TEEN, and APTEEN. LEACH is described as a clustered-based protocol that randomly selects cluster heads to help distribute the energy load. PEGASIS is presented as an improvement on LEACH that forms chains between sensor nodes to help reduce energy usage. TEEN is a reactive protocol designed for time-critical applications, using hard and soft thresholds to reduce transmissions. Finally, APTEEN is summarized as an extension of TEEN that aims to support both periodic data collection and responding to important events.
in this paper authors made the study of basic clustering algorithm Leach. A comparison is made between Leach and Leach.wireless sensor network advantages, and wireless sensor network dataset
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
The development of the wireless sensor networks (WSNs) in various applications like Defense, Health,
Environment monitoring, Industry etc. always attract many researchers in this field. WSN is the network
which consists of collection of tiny devices called sensor nodes. Sensor node typically combines wireless
radio transmitter-receiver and limited energy, restricted computational processing capacity and
communication band width. These sensor node sense some physical phenomenon using different
transduces. The current improvement in sensor technology has made possible WSNs that have wide and
varied applications. While selecting the right sensor for application a number of characteristics are
important. This paper provides the basics of WSNs including the node characteristics. It also throws light
on the different routing protocols.
A Review Paper On Communication Protocols For Wireless Sensor NetworksBria Davis
This document reviews communication protocols for wireless sensor networks. It begins by describing the basic components and applications of wireless sensor networks. It then discusses three main classifications of routing protocols for wireless sensor networks: hierarchical, flat, and location-based. Under each classification, several example protocols are described. Factors affecting the design of routing protocols, such as node deployment, energy efficiency, and quality of service, are also discussed. Finally, the document reviews several past studies that have analyzed and compared different routing protocols for wireless sensor networks.
Spread Spectrum Based Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor NetworksIDES Editor
The Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) is
considered to be one of the most promising emerging
technologies. However one of the main constraints which
is holding back its wide range of applications is the
battery life of the sensor node and thus effecting the
network life. A new approach to this problem has been
presented in this paper. The proposed method is suitable
for event driven applications where the event occurrence
is very rare. The system uses spread spectrum as a means
of communication.
This document discusses wireless sensor network applications and energy consumption. It provides examples of WSN applications including disaster relief, environment monitoring, healthcare, and more. It then discusses various factors that influence energy consumption in sensor nodes, including operation states, microcontroller usage, radio transceivers, memory, and the relationship between computation and communication. Specific power consumption numbers are given for different components like radios, sensors, and microprocessors. The goals of optimization for WSNs are discussed as quality of service, energy efficiency, scalability, and robustness.
Reliable Data Aggregation Protocol (RDAT) uses functional reputation to improve data reliability in wireless sensor networks. It assigns separate reputation values for sensing, routing, and aggregation actions. Nodes monitor neighbors and exchange reputation tables. Before transmitting data, nodes evaluate aggregators' aggregation reputation to detect compromised ones. Aggregators run the Reliable Data Aggregation algorithm to further ensure integrity by using routing and sensing reputation to identify false reports. Simulation results show RDAT significantly improves data reliability over attacked networks compared to existing trust systems.
Similar to A review on wireless sensor networks (20)
Abnormalities of hormones and inflammatory cytokines in women affected with p...Alexander Decker
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have elevated levels of hormones like luteinizing hormone and testosterone, as well as higher levels of insulin and insulin resistance compared to healthy women. They also have increased levels of inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and leptin. This study found these abnormalities in the hormones and inflammatory cytokines of women with PCOS ages 23-40, indicating that hormone imbalances associated with insulin resistance and elevated inflammatory markers may worsen infertility in women with PCOS.
A usability evaluation framework for b2 c e commerce websitesAlexander Decker
This document presents a framework for evaluating the usability of B2C e-commerce websites. It involves user testing methods like usability testing and interviews to identify usability problems in areas like navigation, design, purchasing processes, and customer service. The framework specifies goals for the evaluation, determines which website aspects to evaluate, and identifies target users. It then describes collecting data through user testing and analyzing the results to identify usability problems and suggest improvements.
A universal model for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study that aimed to synthesize motivation theories into a universal model for managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was guided by Maslow and McGregor's theories. A sample of 303 marketing executives was used. The results showed that managers will be most effective at motivating marketing executives if they consider individual needs and create challenging but attainable goals. The emerged model suggests managers should provide job satisfaction by tailoring assignments to abilities and monitoring performance with feedback. This addresses confusion faced by Nigerian bank managers in determining effective motivation strategies.
A unique common fixed point theorems in generalized dAlexander Decker
This document presents definitions and properties related to generalized D*-metric spaces and establishes some common fixed point theorems for contractive type mappings in these spaces. It begins by introducing D*-metric spaces and generalized D*-metric spaces, defines concepts like convergence and Cauchy sequences. It presents lemmas showing the uniqueness of limits in these spaces and the equivalence of different definitions of convergence. The goal of the paper is then stated as obtaining a unique common fixed point theorem for generalized D*-metric spaces.
A trends of salmonella and antibiotic resistanceAlexander Decker
This document provides a review of trends in Salmonella and antibiotic resistance. It begins with an introduction to Salmonella as a facultative anaerobe that causes nontyphoidal salmonellosis. The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella is then discussed. The document proceeds to cover the historical perspective and classification of Salmonella, definitions of antimicrobials and antibiotic resistance, and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella including modification or destruction of antimicrobial agents, efflux pumps, modification of antibiotic targets, and decreased membrane permeability. Specific resistance mechanisms are discussed for several classes of antimicrobials.
A transformational generative approach towards understanding al-istifhamAlexander Decker
This document discusses a transformational-generative approach to understanding Al-Istifham, which refers to interrogative sentences in Arabic. It begins with an introduction to the origin and development of Arabic grammar. The paper then explains the theoretical framework of transformational-generative grammar that is used. Basic linguistic concepts and terms related to Arabic grammar are defined. The document analyzes how interrogative sentences in Arabic can be derived and transformed via tools from transformational-generative grammar, categorizing Al-Istifham into linguistic and literary questions.
A time series analysis of the determinants of savings in namibiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the determinants of savings in Namibia from 1991 to 2012. It reviews previous literature on savings determinants in developing countries. The study uses time series analysis including unit root tests, cointegration, and error correction models to analyze the relationship between savings and variables like income, inflation, population growth, deposit rates, and financial deepening in Namibia. The results found inflation and income have a positive impact on savings, while population growth negatively impacts savings. Deposit rates and financial deepening were found to have no significant impact. The study reinforces previous work and emphasizes the importance of improving income levels to achieve higher savings rates in Namibia.
A therapy for physical and mental fitness of school childrenAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the importance of exercise in maintaining physical and mental fitness for school children. It discusses how physical and mental fitness are developed through participation in regular physical exercises and cannot be achieved solely through classroom learning. The document outlines different types and components of fitness and argues that developing fitness should be a key objective of education systems. It recommends that schools ensure pupils engage in graded physical activities and exercises to support their overall development.
A theory of efficiency for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study examining efficiency in managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was examined through the lenses of Kaizen theory (continuous improvement) and efficiency theory. A survey of 303 marketing executives from Nigerian banks found that management plays a key role in identifying and implementing efficiency improvements. The document recommends adopting a "3H grand strategy" to improve the heads, hearts, and hands of management and marketing executives by enhancing their knowledge, attitudes, and tools.
This document discusses evaluating the link budget for effective 900MHz GSM communication. It describes the basic parameters needed for a high-level link budget calculation, including transmitter power, antenna gains, path loss, and propagation models. Common propagation models for 900MHz that are described include Okumura model for urban areas and Hata model for urban, suburban, and open areas. Rain attenuation is also incorporated using the updated ITU model to improve communication during rainfall.
A synthetic review of contraceptive supplies in punjabAlexander Decker
This document discusses contraceptive use in Punjab, Pakistan. It begins by providing background on the benefits of family planning and contraceptive use for maternal and child health. It then analyzes contraceptive commodity data from Punjab, finding that use is still low despite efforts to improve access. The document concludes by emphasizing the need for strategies to bridge gaps and meet the unmet need for effective and affordable contraceptive methods and supplies in Punjab in order to improve health outcomes.
A synthesis of taylor’s and fayol’s management approaches for managing market...Alexander Decker
1) The document discusses synthesizing Taylor's scientific management approach and Fayol's process management approach to identify an effective way to manage marketing executives in Nigerian banks.
2) It reviews Taylor's emphasis on efficiency and breaking tasks into small parts, and Fayol's focus on developing general management principles.
3) The study administered a survey to 303 marketing executives in Nigerian banks to test if combining elements of Taylor and Fayol's approaches would help manage their performance through clear roles, accountability, and motivation. Statistical analysis supported combining the two approaches.
A survey paper on sequence pattern mining with incrementalAlexander Decker
This document summarizes four algorithms for sequential pattern mining: GSP, ISM, FreeSpan, and PrefixSpan. GSP is an Apriori-based algorithm that incorporates time constraints. ISM extends SPADE to incrementally update patterns after database changes. FreeSpan uses frequent items to recursively project databases and grow subsequences. PrefixSpan also uses projection but claims to not require candidate generation. It recursively projects databases based on short prefix patterns. The document concludes by stating the goal was to find an efficient scheme for extracting sequential patterns from transactional datasets.
A survey on live virtual machine migrations and its techniquesAlexander Decker
This document summarizes several techniques for live virtual machine migration in cloud computing. It discusses works that have proposed affinity-aware migration models to improve resource utilization, energy efficient migration approaches using storage migration and live VM migration, and a dynamic consolidation technique using migration control to avoid unnecessary migrations. The document also summarizes works that have designed methods to minimize migration downtime and network traffic, proposed a resource reservation framework for efficient migration of multiple VMs, and addressed real-time issues in live migration. Finally, it provides a table summarizing the techniques, tools used, and potential future work or gaps identified for each discussed work.
A survey on data mining and analysis in hadoop and mongo dbAlexander Decker
This document discusses data mining of big data using Hadoop and MongoDB. It provides an overview of Hadoop and MongoDB and their uses in big data analysis. Specifically, it proposes using Hadoop for distributed processing and MongoDB for data storage and input. The document reviews several related works that discuss big data analysis using these tools, as well as their capabilities for scalable data storage and mining. It aims to improve computational time and fault tolerance for big data analysis by mining data stored in Hadoop using MongoDB and MapReduce.
1. The document discusses several challenges for integrating media with cloud computing including media content convergence, scalability and expandability, finding appropriate applications, and reliability.
2. Media content convergence challenges include dealing with the heterogeneity of media types, services, networks, devices, and quality of service requirements as well as integrating technologies used by media providers and consumers.
3. Scalability and expandability challenges involve adapting to the increasing volume of media content and being able to support new media formats and outlets over time.
This document surveys trust architectures that leverage provenance in wireless sensor networks. It begins with background on provenance, which refers to the documented history or derivation of data. Provenance can be used to assess trust by providing metadata about how data was processed. The document then discusses challenges for using provenance to establish trust in wireless sensor networks, which have constraints on energy and computation. Finally, it provides background on trust, which is the subjective probability that a node will behave dependably. Trust architectures need to be lightweight to account for the constraints of wireless sensor networks.
This document discusses private equity investments in Kenya. It provides background on private equity and discusses trends in various regions. The objectives of the study discussed are to establish the extent of private equity adoption in Kenya, identify common forms of private equity utilized, and determine typical exit strategies. Private equity can involve venture capital, leveraged buyouts, or mezzanine financing. Exits allow recycling of capital into new opportunities. The document provides context on private equity globally and in developing markets like Africa to frame the goals of the study.
This document discusses a study that analyzes the financial health of the Indian logistics industry from 2005-2012 using Altman's Z-score model. The study finds that the average Z-score for selected logistics firms was in the healthy to very healthy range during the study period. The average Z-score increased from 2006 to 2010 when the Indian economy was hit by the global recession, indicating the overall performance of the Indian logistics industry was good. The document reviews previous literature on measuring financial performance and distress using ratios and Z-scores, and outlines the objectives and methodology used in the current study.
GraphRAG for Life Science to increase LLM accuracyTomaz Bratanic
GraphRAG for life science domain, where you retriever information from biomedical knowledge graphs using LLMs to increase the accuracy and performance of generated answers
How to Interpret Trends in the Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart.pdfChart Kalyan
A Mix Chart displays historical data of numbers in a graphical or tabular form. The Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart specifically shows the results of a sequence of numbers over different periods.
Building Production Ready Search Pipelines with Spark and MilvusZilliz
Spark is the widely used ETL tool for processing, indexing and ingesting data to serving stack for search. Milvus is the production-ready open-source vector database. In this talk we will show how to use Spark to process unstructured data to extract vector representations, and push the vectors to Milvus vector database for search serving.
Salesforce Integration for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions A...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on integration of Salesforce with Bonterra Impact Management.
Interested in deploying an integration with Salesforce for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Skybuffer SAM4U tool for SAP license adoptionTatiana Kojar
Manage and optimize your license adoption and consumption with SAM4U, an SAP free customer software asset management tool.
SAM4U, an SAP complimentary software asset management tool for customers, delivers a detailed and well-structured overview of license inventory and usage with a user-friendly interface. We offer a hosted, cost-effective, and performance-optimized SAM4U setup in the Skybuffer Cloud environment. You retain ownership of the system and data, while we manage the ABAP 7.58 infrastructure, ensuring fixed Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) and exceptional services through the SAP Fiori interface.
Skybuffer AI: Advanced Conversational and Generative AI Solution on SAP Busin...Tatiana Kojar
Skybuffer AI, built on the robust SAP Business Technology Platform (SAP BTP), is the latest and most advanced version of our AI development, reaffirming our commitment to delivering top-tier AI solutions. Skybuffer AI harnesses all the innovative capabilities of the SAP BTP in the AI domain, from Conversational AI to cutting-edge Generative AI and Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG). It also helps SAP customers safeguard their investments into SAP Conversational AI and ensure a seamless, one-click transition to SAP Business AI.
With Skybuffer AI, various AI models can be integrated into a single communication channel such as Microsoft Teams. This integration empowers business users with insights drawn from SAP backend systems, enterprise documents, and the expansive knowledge of Generative AI. And the best part of it is that it is all managed through our intuitive no-code Action Server interface, requiring no extensive coding knowledge and making the advanced AI accessible to more users.
leewayhertz.com-AI in predictive maintenance Use cases technologies benefits ...alexjohnson7307
Predictive maintenance is a proactive approach that anticipates equipment failures before they happen. At the forefront of this innovative strategy is Artificial Intelligence (AI), which brings unprecedented precision and efficiency. AI in predictive maintenance is transforming industries by reducing downtime, minimizing costs, and enhancing productivity.
Your One-Stop Shop for Python Success: Top 10 US Python Development Providersakankshawande
Simplify your search for a reliable Python development partner! This list presents the top 10 trusted US providers offering comprehensive Python development services, ensuring your project's success from conception to completion.
Let's Integrate MuleSoft RPA, COMPOSER, APM with AWS IDP along with Slackshyamraj55
Discover the seamless integration of RPA (Robotic Process Automation), COMPOSER, and APM with AWS IDP enhanced with Slack notifications. Explore how these technologies converge to streamline workflows, optimize performance, and ensure secure access, all while leveraging the power of AWS IDP and real-time communication via Slack notifications.
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
- Reducing license cost by finding and fixing misconfigurations and superfluous accounts
- How do CCB and CCX licenses really work?
- Understanding the DLAU tool and how to best utilize it
- Tips for common problem areas, like team mailboxes, functional/test users, etc
- Practical examples and best practices to implement right away
Programming Foundation Models with DSPy - Meetup SlidesZilliz
Prompting language models is hard, while programming language models is easy. In this talk, I will discuss the state-of-the-art framework DSPy for programming foundation models with its powerful optimizers and runtime constraint system.
Ivanti’s Patch Tuesday breakdown goes beyond patching your applications and brings you the intelligence and guidance needed to prioritize where to focus your attention first. Catch early analysis on our Ivanti blog, then join industry expert Chris Goettl for the Patch Tuesday Webinar Event. There we’ll do a deep dive into each of the bulletins and give guidance on the risks associated with the newly-identified vulnerabilities.
Have you ever been confused by the myriad of choices offered by AWS for hosting a website or an API?
Lambda, Elastic Beanstalk, Lightsail, Amplify, S3 (and more!) can each host websites + APIs. But which one should we choose?
Which one is cheapest? Which one is fastest? Which one will scale to meet our needs?
Join me in this session as we dive into each AWS hosting service to determine which one is best for your scenario and explain why!
This presentation provides valuable insights into effective cost-saving techniques on AWS. Learn how to optimize your AWS resources by rightsizing, increasing elasticity, picking the right storage class, and choosing the best pricing model. Additionally, discover essential governance mechanisms to ensure continuous cost efficiency. Whether you are new to AWS or an experienced user, this presentation provides clear and practical tips to help you reduce your cloud costs and get the most out of your budget.
1. Network and Complex Systems www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-610X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0603 (Online)
Vol.3, No.1, 2013-Selected from Inter national Conference on Recent Trends in Applied Sciences with Engineering Applications
18
A Review on Wireless Sensor Networks
Dinesh Kumar Gupta
Karnataka State Open University, Mysore
E-mail:dineshgupta1111@gmail.com
Abstract
The study of wireless sensor networks is challenging in that it requires an enormous breadth of knowledge. A
wireless sensor network (WSN) is a computer network consisting of spatially distributed autonomous devices
using sensors to cooperatively monitor physical or environmental conditions, such as temperature, sound,
vibration, pressure, motion or pollutants at different locations. The development of wireless sensor networks was
originally motivated by military applications such as battlefield surveillance. However, wireless sensor networks
are now used in many civilian application areas, including environment and habitat monitoring, healthcare
applications, home automation and traffic control.
Keywords: WSN, Sensor
1. Wireless Sensor Network (WSN)
A Wireless Sensor Network is a special kind of wireless network consisting of small and spatially distributed
autonomous devices (nodes) which can cooperatively sense physical phenomena around them [5].
Figure 1.1 Wireless Sensor Network
It also processes the collected data and effectively route them to the nearest sinks or gateway node. It consists of
a large number of densely deployed sensor nodes [1]. Each node in the sensor network may consist of one or
more sensors, a low power radio, portable power supply, and possibly localization hardware, such as a GPS
(Global Positioning System) unit or a ranging device. These nodes incorporate wireless transceivers so that
communication and networking are enabled. Additionally, the network possesses self-organizing capability.
Ideally, individual nodes should be battery powered with a long lifetime and should cost very little. A key
feature of such networks is that their nodes are untethered and unattended. Consequently, they have limited and
non-replenishable energy resources. Therefore, energy efficiency is an important design consideration for these
networks.
In addition to one or more sensors, each node in a wireless sensor network is typically equipped with a radio
transceiver or other wireless communications device, a small microcontroller, and an energy source, usually a
battery. The size a single sensor node can vary from shoebox-sized nodes down to devices the size of grain of
dust. The cost of sensor nodes is similarly variable, ranging from hundreds of dollars to a few cents, depending
on the size of the sensor network and the complexity required of individual sensor nodes. Size and cost
constraints on sensor nodes result in corresponding constraints on resources such as energy, memory,
computational speed and bandwidth.
1.1 Classification of Sensors
The sensors are classified into three categories.
1.1.1 Passive, Omni Directional Sensors: Passive sensors sense the data without actually manipulating the
environment by active probing. They are self powered i.e. energy is needed only to amplify their analog signal.
There is no notion of “direction” involved in these measurements.
1.1.2 Passive, narrow-beam sensors: These sensors are passive but they have well-defined notion of direction of
measurement. Typical example is ‘camera’.
1.1.3 Active Sensors: These group of sensors actively probe the environment, for example, a solar or radar
sensor or some type of seismic sensor, which generate shock waves by small explosions.
2. Network and Complex Systems www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-610X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0603 (Online)
Vol.3, No.1, 2013-Selected from Inter national Conference on Recent Trends in Applied Sciences with Engineering Applications
19
2. Architecture of sensor node
One of the most important features is the hardware, namely the node itself. A node is a resource-constrained
device capable of radio communication, sensing and limited data-processing. It is optionally also capable of
actuating the environment. It is low on processing power, energy as well as memory. A sensor node is usually
composed of four components: a Processing Unit, a Power Unit, one or more Sensing Units and/or Actuating
Units, and a Transceiver. The Processing Unit is typically an 8-16 bit, 1-24 MHz microcontroller with 1KB –
4MB onboard memory. These figures vary within different families of microcontrollers, and with different
vendors.
The Power Unit usually consists of one or more batteries, providing 3V - 4.5V, generally with a capacity ranging
between 1700mAh – 2700mAh. The node can be fitted with various sensors for acoustic, photo, temperature,
pressure etc based applications. Each node may also optionally be fitted with an interface for plugging-in an
actuator for performing any mechanical actions on a application-specific basis. Figure 1.2 shows the structure of
a sensor node
Figure 1.2 Architecture of Sensor Node
3. Components of a Sensor Node
The main components of a sensor node are microcontroller, transceiver, external memory, power source and one
or more sensors [1].
3.1 Microcontroller
Microcontroller performs tasks, processes data and controls the functionality of other components in the sensor
node. Other alternatives that can be used as a controller are: General purpose desktop microprocessor, Digital
signal processors, Field Programmable Gate Array and Application-specific integrated circuit. Microcontrollers
are most suitable choice for sensor node. Each of the four choices has their own advantages and disadvantages.
Microcontrollers are the best choices for embedded systems. Because of their flexibility to connect to other
devices, programmable, power consumption is less, as these devices can go to sleep state and part of controller
can be active. In general purpose microprocessor the power consumption is more than the microcontroller;
therefore it is not a suitable choice for sensor node. Digital Signal Processors are appropriate for broadband
wireless communication. But in Wireless Sensor Networks, the wireless communication should be modest i.e.,
simpler, easier to process modulation and signal processing tasks of actual sensing of data is less complicated.
3.2 Transceiver
Sensor nodes make use of ISM (Industrial Science and Medical) band which gives free radio, huge spectrum
allocation and global availability. The various choices of wireless transmission media are Radio frequency,
Optical communication (Laser) and Infrared. Laser requires less energy, but needs line-of-sight for
communication and also sensitive to atmospheric conditions. Infrared like laser, needs no antenna but is limited
in its broadcasting capacity. Radio Frequency (RF) based communication is the most relevant that fits to most of
the WSN applications. WSN’s use the communication frequencies between about 433 MHz and 2.4 GHz. The
functionality of both transmitter and receiver are combined into a single device know as transceivers are used in
sensor nodes. Transceivers lack unique identifier. The operational states are Transmit, Receive, Idle and Sleep.
Current generation radios have a built-in state machines that perform this operation automatically. Radios used
in transceivers operate in four different modes: Transmit Receive, Idle, and Sleep. Radios operating in Idle mode
results in power consumption, almost equal to power consumed in Receive mode. Thus it is better to completely
shutdown the radios rather than in the Idle mode when it is not Transmitting or Receiving. And also significant
amount of power is consumed when switching from Sleep mode to Transmit mode to transmit a packet.
3.3 Sensing Unit
It senses the environment through transceiver.
3.4 External Memory
From an energy perspective, the most relevant kinds of memory are on-chip memory of a microcontroller and
FLASH memory - off-chip RAM is rarely if ever used. Flash memories are used due to its cost and storage
capacity. Memory requirements are very much application dependent. Two categories of memory based on the
3. Network and Complex Systems www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-610X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0603 (Online)
Vol.3, No.1, 2013-Selected from Inter national Conference on Recent Trends in Applied Sciences with Engineering Applications
20
purpose of storage
a. User memory used for storing application related or personal data.
b. Program memory used for programming the device.
3.5 Power Source
Power consumption in the sensor node is for Sensing, Communication and Data Processing. More energy is
required for data communication in sensor node [3,4]. Energy expenditure is less for sensing and data processing.
The energy cost of transmitting 1 Kb for distance of 100 m is approximately the same as that for the executing 3
million instructions by 100 million instructions per second/W processor. Power is stored either in Batteries or
Capacitors. Batteries are the main source of power supply for sensor nodes. Namely two types of batteries used
are chargeable and non-rechargeable. They are also classified according to electrochemical material used for
electrode such as NiCd (nickel-cadmium), NiZn(nickel-zinc), Nimh (nickel metal hydride), and Lithium-Ion.
Current sensors are developed which are able to renew their energy from solar, thermogenerator, or vibration
energy. Two major power saving policies used are Dynamic Power Management (DPM) and Dynamic Voltage
Scaling (DVS). DPM takes care of shutting down parts of sensor node which are not currently used or active.
DVS scheme varies the power levels depending on the non-deterministic workload. By varying the voltage along
with the frequency, it is possible to obtain quadratic reduction in power consumption.
4. Structure of a Wireless Sensor Network
In the structure of a wireless sensor network from the logical point of view, the nodes can only be contacted
through services of the middleware layers. They do not perform any individual tasks. The distributed middleware
coordinates the cooperation of services within the network. It is logically located in the network layer but
physically exists in the nodes. All layers together in conjunction with their configuration compose the sensor
network application. The middleware architecture called as SINA (Sensor Information Networking Architecture).
The SINA architecture proposes Sensor Query and Tasking Language (SQTL) as the programming interface
between sensor applications and SINA middleware. Operating system acts as an interface between the hardware
and the sensor network application. Tiny OS is the component based operating system that is specially designed
for sensor network [1,2,5].
Sensor networks consist of a huge number of small sensor nodes, which communicate wirelessly. The following
figure 1.4 shows the structure of a sensor node. The following factor influences the developments of sensor
nodes.
• Increasing device complexity on microchips
• High performance, wireless networking technologies
• A combination of digital signal processing and sensor data acquisition
• Advances in the development of micro electromechanical systems (MEMS) and
• Availability of high performance development tools.
Figure 1.4 Structure of a sensor node
Sensor nodes can be imagined as small computers, extremely basic in terms of their interfaces and their
components. They usually consist of a processing unit with limited computational power and limited memory,
sensors (including specific conditioning circuitry), a communication device (usually radio transceivers or
alternatively optical), and a power source usually in the form of a battery. The base stations are one or more
distinguished components of the WSN with much more computational, energy and communication resources.
They act as a gateway between sensor nodes and the end user.
5. Wireless Sensor Network Architecture
In the figure 1.5 the wireless sensor network architecture consisting of one sink node (or base station) and a
(large) number of sensor nodes deployed over a large geographic area (sensing field). Data are transferred from
sensor nodes to the sink through a multi-hop communication paradigm [7].
Sensor
Actuator
Battery
Communi
cation
Unit
Processin
g Unit
4. Network and Complex Systems www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-610X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0603 (Online)
Vol.3, No.1, 2013-Selected from Inter national Conference on Recent Trends in Applied Sciences with Engineering Applications
21
Figure 1.5 Wireless sensor network architecture
The energy consumption for transmission of data is more compared to data processing [4]. The energy cost of
transmitting a single bit of information is approximately the same as that needed for processing a thousand
operations in a typical sensor node. The energy consumption of the sensing subsystem depends on the specific
sensor type. In general, energy-saving techniques focus on two subsystems: the networking subsystem (i.e.,
energy management is taken into account in the operations of each single node, as well as in the design of
networking protocols), and the sensing subsystem (i.e., techniques are used to reduce the amount or frequency of
energy-expensive samples). The lifetime of a sensor network can be extended by jointly applying different
techniques. For example, energy efficient protocols are aimed at minimizing the energy consumption during
network activities. However, a large amount of energy is consumed by node components (CPU, radio, etc.) even
if they are idle. Power management schemes are thus used for switching off node components that are not
temporarily needed. Specifically, it focuses primarily on the networking subsystem by considering duty cycling.
Furthermore, the main techniques suitable to reduce the energy consumption of sensors when the energy cost for
data acquisition i.e. sampling) cannot be neglected. Finally, introduce mobility as a new energy conservation
paradigm with the purpose of prolonging the network lifetime. These techniques are the basis for any networking
protocol and solution optimized from an energy-saving point of view.
6. Characteristics of WSN
6.1 Node mobility
Mobility of the nodes creates a dynamic network topology. Links will be dynamically formed when two nodes
come into the transmission range of each other and are torn down when they move out of range [1,5].
6.2 Unattended operation
In most cases, once deployed, sensor networks have no human intervention. Hence the nodes themselves are
responsible for reconfiguration in case of any changes [6].
6.3 Dynamic Network Topology
It is an important aspect of the sensor networks. The lifecycle of a sensor network may be represented in three
phases with respect to the topology and its maintenance. During the deployment phase, the nodes are dropped
into their positions in an ad hoc manner. The nodes need to self-organize into a communicating network. The
Post-deployment phase topology maintenance consists of topology changes induced due to the failure of the
nodes, failure of radio links, or arrival of some mobile obstacles. The Re-deployment phase deals with the
deployment of nodes to replace failed nodes. In each of the three phases, a sensor network should be capable of
seamlessly organizing itself to stream data to the base-station [7].
6.4 Limited power
Sensor Networks are highly sensitive to energy usage [3,4]. They may, probably, be deployed in inhospitable or
hostile environments, where it may not be possible to refresh energy sources. Hence, energy consumption is a
major issue, and energy-aware protocols / applications are desirable. Energy consumption is observed at three
stages, node communication, sensing and processing. Optimizing the three processes will lead to a reduction in
the energy consumed.
6.5 Large scale of deployment
Establishing communication within large networks, consisting of hundreds or thousands of nodes flung far apart,
is not possible [6]. Furthermore, many parameters like interference, noise, dispersion, available bandwidth,
asymmetry of links and constantly changing signal strength, may make complete connectivity unachievable even
in tiny networks.
7. Features of wireless sensor network
The following are the unique features of the wireless sensor network [2]
• Large scale of deployment
• Unattended operation
5. Network and Complex Systems www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-610X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0603 (Online)
Vol.3, No.1, 2013-Selected from Inter national Conference on Recent Trends in Applied Sciences with Engineering Applications
22
• Small-scale sensor nodes
• Limited power they can harvest or store
• Harsh environmental conditions
• Mobility of nodes.
• Network topology is dynamic
• Heterogeneity of nodes
8. Advantages of wireless sensor network
The following are the list of advantages of wireless sensor networks [2,5], they are
• Advances in low-cost and low-power wireless communication, micro sensor, and microprocessor
hardware, as well as progress in ad hoc networking routing and protocols, distributed signal and array
processing, pervasive computing, and embedded systems have all made sensor networking a topic of
active interest.
• Internet has been able to provide a large number of users with the ability to move diverse forms of
information readily and thus revolutionized business, industry, defense, science, education, research,
and human interactions.
• Sensor networking may, in the long run, be equally significant by providing measurement of the
physical phenomena around us, leading to their understanding and ultimately the utilization of this
information for a wide range of applications.
• Potential applications of sensor networking include environmental monitoring, health care monitoring,
battlefield surveillance and reconnaissance, modern highway, modern manufacturing, condition-based
maintenance of complex systems, and so forth.
9. Applications of Wireless Sensor Network
The applications for wireless sensor network are many and varied [2]. They are used in commercial and
industrial applications to monitor data that would be difficult or expensive to monitor using wired sensors. They
could be deployed in wilderness areas, where they would remain for many years (monitoring some
environmental variable) without the need to recharge/replace their power supplies. They could form a perimeter
about a property and monitor the progression of intruders (passing information from one node to the next).
Typical applications of wireless sensor network include monitoring, tracking, and controlling. Some of the
specific applications are habitat monitoring, object tracking, nuclear reactor controlling, fire detection, traffic
monitoring, etc. In a typical application, a WSN is scattered in a region where it is meant to collect data through
its sensor nodes.
10. Conclusion
WSN are used to collect data from the environment. They consist of large number of sensor nodes and one or
more Base Stations. The nodes in the network are connected via Wireless communication channels. Each node
has capability to sense data, process the data and send it to rest of the nodes or to Base Station. These networks
are limited by the node battery lifetime.
The cost of sensor nodes is similarly variable, ranging from a few to hundreds of dollars, depending on the
complexity of the individual sensor nodes. Size and cost constraints on sensor nodes result in corresponding
constraints on resources such as energy, memory, computational speed and communications bandwidth. The
topology of the WSNs can vary from a simple star network to an advanced multi-hop wireless mesh network.
11. REFERENCES
[1] Ian F. Akyildiz, Weilian Su, Yogesh Sankarasubramaniam, and Erdal Cayirci,”A Survey on Sensor
Networks”-Aug 2002, IEEE Communications Magazine.
[2] Carlos F. García-Hernández, Pablo H. Ibargüengoytia-González, Joaquín García-and Hernández, “Wireless
Sensor Networks and Applications: a Survey”, IJCSNS International Journal of Computer Science and Network
Security,-March 2007 Volume 7,Issue.3, Page(s).208-218.
[3] Fatma Bouabdallah, Nizar Bouabdallah, and Raouf Boutaba , “On Balancing Energy Consumption in
Wireless Sensor Networks”,-July 2009 IEEE Transactions On Vehicular Technology, Volume. 58, Issue 6,
Page(s). 117-123.
[4] Giuseppe Anastasi, Marco Conti, Mario Di Francesco, Andrea Passarella, “Energy Conservation in Wireless
Sensor Networks: a Survey,”-May 2009, Volume 7, Issue 3, Pages .537-568
[5] Mayank Saraogi.”A Survey of wireless sensor network, EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and
Networking “-2005, Page(s) .774–788.
6. Network and Complex Systems www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-610X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0603 (Online)
Vol.3, No.1, 2013-Selected from Inter national Conference on Recent Trends in Applied Sciences with Engineering Applications
23
[6] Paulo Rogério Pereira, António Grilo, Francisco Rocha, Mário Serafim Nunes, Augusto Casaca, Claude
Chaudet, Peter Almström and Mikael Johansson, “End-To-End Reliability In Wireless Sensor Networks:Survey
And Research Challenges” International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile
Computing, 2007. WiCom 2007, Page(s).2771 – 2774.
[7] Zheng, Yugui Qu, Baohua Zhao, “Data Aware Clustering for Data Gathering in Wireless Sensor Networks”,
International Conference on Networks Security, Wireless Communications and Trusted Computing, 2009,
Volume.1, Page(s). 192-214.
7. This academic article was published by The International Institute for Science,
Technology and Education (IISTE). The IISTE is a pioneer in the Open Access
Publishing service based in the U.S. and Europe. The aim of the institute is
Accelerating Global Knowledge Sharing.
More information about the publisher can be found in the IISTE’s homepage:
http://www.iiste.org
CALL FOR PAPERS
The IISTE is currently hosting more than 30 peer-reviewed academic journals and
collaborating with academic institutions around the world. There’s no deadline for
submission. Prospective authors of IISTE journals can find the submission
instruction on the following page: http://www.iiste.org/Journals/
The IISTE editorial team promises to the review and publish all the qualified
submissions in a fast manner. All the journals articles are available online to the
readers all over the world without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than
those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. Printed version of the
journals is also available upon request of readers and authors.
IISTE Knowledge Sharing Partners
EBSCO, Index Copernicus, Ulrich's Periodicals Directory, JournalTOCS, PKP Open
Archives Harvester, Bielefeld Academic Search Engine, Elektronische
Zeitschriftenbibliothek EZB, Open J-Gate, OCLC WorldCat, Universe Digtial
Library , NewJour, Google Scholar