Acarology
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This document provides information about different types of mites and ticks. It begins by listing different orders and families of mites, including Acaridae which are commonly found associated with bees and wasps. It then provides more details on several mite species, including Acarus siro which lives on grains, and Tyrophagus species which live on foods like cheese and can carry pathogens. The document also mentions the mite Rhyzoglyphus robini which infests bulbs and floral plants. Finally, it discusses ticks, comparing features of hard and soft ticks like their life cycles and feeding behaviors.
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Predatory mites of the family phytoseiidae constitute a highly significant beneficial group on account of their vital role in the maintenance of pest population below EIL.
Predatory mites are now valued with growers worldwide as natural enemies that provide effective pest control in green house and on agricultural crops
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Angoumois grain moth
The Angoumois Grain Moth is present worldwide and more common in mild climates. It infests wheat, maize, sorghum, barley and oats. Females lay eggs on or near grains, and larvae bore into grains to feed. Larvae construct cocoons and pupate, then emerge as buff or brown moths. The moth completes its life cycle in 7 weeks, with multiple generations per year. Larval feeding can damage 30-50% of grain contents, causing an unpleasant odor. Proper drying and storage practices along with pesticide treatments can manage infestations.
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EHTISHAM ALI HUSSAIN BAGF15E258 University College Of Agriculture,
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shamu.hassan.eh@gmail.com
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This document provides information on various household pests that are associated with human dwellings and their management. It discusses insects like mosquitoes, flies, bed bugs, fleas, cockroaches, lice, silverfish and their role in transmitting diseases. It also covers social insects like termites and ants that damage household materials. For each insect, details are given on identification, disease transmission, and control methods like use of insecticides, repellents and biological control agents. The document thus serves as a useful reference for understanding common household pests and their management.
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* **Fungus-like organisms:** These share some similarities with true fungi, but lack certain defining characteristics like chitin cell walls or fungal-specific metabolic pathways. Some common examples include water molds (oomycetes), slime molds (myxomycetes), and chytridiomycetes.
**Here are the main phyla of true fungi:**
1. **Chytridiomycota (Chytrids):** The most primitive lineage, known for their aquatic lifestyle and flagellated zoospores. Examples include Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, a chytrid fungus responsible for amphibian declines worldwide.
2. **Zygomycota (Conjugated fungi):** Characterized by the formation of zygospores during sexual reproduction. Common examples include bread mold (Rhizopus stolonifer) and athlete's foot fungus (Mucor circinelloides).
3. **Ascomycota (Sac fungi):** The most diverse and species-rich phylum, including yeasts, molds, and many common mushrooms. Their defining feature is the ascus, a sac-like structure containing ascospores. Examples include brewer's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), penicillin mold (Penicillium chrysogenum), and morels (Morchella spp.).
4. **Basidiomycota (Club fungi):** Another large and diverse phylum, known for their fruiting bodies with basidia that produce basidiospores. Examples include mushrooms like button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus), chanterelles (Cantharellus cibarius), and various bracket fungi.
5. **Glomeromycota:** A recently established phylum characterized by their symbiotic relationship with plant roots. They play a crucial role in plant nutrient uptake and soil health.
**In addition to these phyla, the Deuteromycota (Fungi imperfecti) category exists:**
* **Deuteromycota:** This group used to be classified as a separate phylum, but most of its members have now been reclassified into other phyla based on genetic analysis. They lack a known sexual reproductive stage, but many are still important ecologically and commercially. Examples include bread mold (Neurospora crassa) and the antibiotic-producing Penicillium species.
Remember, this is just a brief overview, and there are many more intricacies to the classification of fungi. If you have any specific questions about a particular type of fungus or want to delve deeper into a specific phylum, I'd be happy to provide more information!
Fungi classification plant pathology.pptx
Unveiling the Fungi: A Journey Through Classification
The world of fungi, with its vast diversity and enigmatic nature, has captivated biologists for centuries. From the humble molds feasting on forgotten bread to the majestic mushrooms sprouting in damp forests, these fascinating organisms play crucial roles in ecosystems, yet their classification remains a complex and evolving field. This essay delves into the intricate tapestry of fungal classification, exploring the major phyla and delving into the underlying principles that categorize these remarkable beings. Traditionally, the kingdom Fungi was comprised of five primary phyla, each distinguished by their unique reproductive mechanisms and cellular structures. The Chytridiomycota, often dubbed "the chytrids," are microscopic marvels found in freshwater and marine environments. These tiny filamentous fungi employ flagellated zoospores for dispersal, resembling swimming sperm cells. In contrast, the Zygomycota, also known as "bread molds," engage in a simpler yet no less fascinating reproductive strategy. During sexual reproduction, their hyphae fuse, forming characteristic zygosporangia, structures within which new spores develop. Moving on to the more conspicuous fungi, we encounter the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, encompassing the majority of known fungal species. Ascomycetes, including the familiar yeasts and truffles, produce their spores inside sac-like structures called asci. Their diversity is staggering, ranging from the vibrant orange of lobster mushrooms to the velvety black of morels. Basidiomycota, on the other hand, are renowned for their fruiting bodies, including the iconic mushrooms we see in supermarkets and forests. These charismatic fungi produce spores on club-shaped structures called basidia, adorning the landscape with their often vibrant hues and intricate shapes. However, the fungal kingdom is not a static entity. Advances in molecular biology have unveiled hidden relationships and challenged traditional classifications. The controversial phylum **Deuteromycota**, once encompassing fungi that lacked a known sexual cycle, has been largely disbanded, with its members reclassified into existing phyla based on genetic analysis. Additionally, a new phylum, Glomeromycota, has been recently recognized, consisting of symbiotic root fungi essential for plant growth. Beyond phylogenetic classification, fungi can be categorized based on their ecological roles and nutritional strategies. Saprophytic fungi, adept at decomposing dead organic matter, are the tireless recyclers of the natural world, playing a vital role in nutrient cycling.Parasitic fungi, on the other hand, obtain their nourishment from living hosts, some causing devastating plant diseases, while others form intricate partnerships with their benefactors. The symbiotic relationship between fungi and algae in lichens is a testament to the remarkable diversity of fungal interactions with other organisms.
Beneficials insects
In Universe majority of insects are beneficial to society. In these slides some Beneficial insects are focused.
MKU1-2.pptx
Forest entomology is the study of insects that affect forests. This includes insects that feed on or damage trees or lumber. Entomologists study insect biology, life cycles, classification, interactions with host plants, and control strategies. There are over 750,000 known species of insects. Insects have been very successful due to several adaptive features including an exoskeleton, small size, flight ability, hexapod locomotion, compound eyes, high fecundity, short life cycles, wide adaptability, and dormancy. Insects dominate the animal kingdom in terms of species diversity and numbers.
6.2 Pests of Sesame_Identification_Binomics_Dr.UPR
Sesame crops can be susceptible to various pests, which can cause damage to the plants and reduce yield if not properly managed. Some common pests of sesame include:
Aphids: These small, soft-bodied insects feed on the sap of sesame plants, causing stunted growth, yellowing of leaves, and deformation of the plant.
Whiteflies: Whiteflies are tiny insects that suck sap from the leaves of sesame plants. Heavy infestations can lead to yellowing, wilting, and distortion of leaves, as well as the transmission of viral diseases.
Thrips: Thrips are small, slender insects that feed on the leaves and flowers of sesame plants. They can cause damage by sucking sap and transmitting diseases, leading to reduced yield and quality.
Leafhoppers: Leafhoppers are small, wedge-shaped insects that feed on the sap of sesame plants. They can cause yellowing, wilting, and curling of leaves, as well as the transmission of plant diseases.
Cutworms: Cutworms are caterpillars that feed on the stems of sesame plants, often cutting them near the soil surface. They can cause significant damage, especially to young plants.
Armyworms: Armyworms are the larvae of certain moth species that feed on the leaves and stems of sesame plants, often in large numbers. They can defoliate plants rapidly if not controlled.
Sesame webworms: These caterpillars spin webs on the leaves and feed within them, causing damage to the foliage of sesame plants.
Sesame flea beetles: These beetles feed on the leaves of sesame plants, causing small holes and skeletonization of the foliage, which can reduce plant vigor and yield.
Proper pest management practices, including the use of insecticides, cultural controls such as crop rotation and maintaining proper plant health, and biological controls such as the use of natural enemies, can help mitigate the damage caused by these pests and protect sesame crops.
Arthropod Part 3
Tabanids and other flies are important disease vectors because they feed on blood and can transmit pathogens between hosts. Some flies, like tsetse flies, transmit African sleeping sickness. House flies reproduce rapidly and can spread diseases. Screwworm flies lay eggs in wounds, causing myiasis. Ticks and mites are also important vectors and can transmit diseases while feeding on vertebrate hosts. Hard and soft ticks have different characteristics and transmit different pathogens. Mites also transmit diseases and infestations like scabies and skin rashes.
Presentation by manisha
The document discusses pollinators and their role in plant reproduction and biodiversity. It notes that most flowering plants rely on animals for cross-pollination, with the main pollinators being insects, birds, bats, and some reptiles and amphibians. Bees are identified as the most important group of pollinators, pollinating over 73% of leading food crops worldwide. The document provides information on different types of pollinator insects including bees, flies, butterflies, moths, wasps, and beetles. It emphasizes the crucial role pollinators play in sustainable agriculture and food security.
Sharing divisi insect orders 3
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Insect order Collembola | Springtails
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6.1 Pests of Groundnut_Binomics_Identification_Dr.UPR
Groundnut, also known as peanut, can be susceptible to various pests that can damage the plants and reduce yields. Some common pests of groundnut include:
Aphids: These small insects feed on plant sap and can cause yellowing of leaves, stunted growth, and reduced yield if infestations are severe.
Thrips: Thrips are tiny insects that feed on plant tissues, causing damage to leaves and sometimes spreading viruses.
Leaf miners: The larvae of certain insects, such as moths or flies, tunnel through the leaves of groundnut plants, causing characteristic "mines" or trails on the leaf surface.
Armyworms: These caterpillars can feed on groundnut leaves and pods, leading to significant damage if left unchecked.
White grubs: The larvae of certain beetle species, such as white grubs, feed on the roots of groundnut plants, which can weaken the plants and reduce yield.
Pod borers: Certain moth species lay eggs on groundnut pods, and the larvae bore into the pods, feeding on the developing seeds and causing damage.
Termites: Termites can feed on groundnut roots and may cause damage to plants, especially in sandy soils or during dry periods.
Cutworms: These caterpillars can cut through groundnut stems at or near the soil surface, causing plants to wilt and die.
Wireworms: The larvae of click beetles, wireworms feed on germinating seeds and underground plant parts, potentially reducing plant stands and causing yield loss.
Mites: Certain species of mites can infest groundnut plants, causing damage to leaves and reducing photosynthetic activity.
Integrated pest management (IPM) strategies, such as crop rotation, use of resistant varieties, biological control, and judicious use of pesticides, can help manage these pests effectively while minimizing environmental impact and promoting sustainable agriculture practices.
Pests of Green Manures_Bionomics_IPM_Dr.UPR.pdf
PESTS OF GREEN MANURE CROPS AND FORAGE CROPS
SESBANIA
BORERS
1. Sesbania stem borer, Azygophleps scalaris, Cossidae, Lepidoptera
Symptom of damage: Drying of sesbania plants.
Nature of damage: Stoutly built larva bores into the stem and feeds, the faecal matter getting accumulated at the entrance hole.
Egg: Laid in masses attached to the leaflets.
Larva: Robust larva of 7 cm length, light brown with a reddish brown head.
Pupa: Pupa has spines anteriorly with the help of which it moves up and down inside the tunnel in the stem.
Adult: Sluggish yellowish brown moth.
2. Stem weevil, Alcidodes bubo, Curculionidae, Coleoptera
Symptom of damage: Drying of the terminal branches or whole plant, lodging of the plants during monsoon seasons; affected stem with numerous bore holes and swelling symptoms. Presence of apodous grub inside the stem.
Nature of damage: Grubs riddle into stem and cause thickenings on stem. The growth and vigour of the plants are impaired to a great extent.
Egg: Laid on the stem.
Grub : Apodous whitish grub.
Adult: Reddish brown weevil with white transverse markings on the elytra.
LEAF FEEDERS
3. Green semilooper, Pericyma glaucinans, Noctuidae, Lepidoptera
Symptom of damage: Defoliation of plants preceding with leaflets damage.
Nature of damage: Caterpillar feeds on the leaflets remaining along the ribs of leaves.
Larva : Pale green, semilooper with broad yellow lateral stripes.
Adult: Dark brown with black lines
4. Green looper, Semiothisa pervelgata, Semiothisa emersaria, Geometridae, Lepidoptera
Symptom of damage: Defoliation of plants preceding with leaflets damage.
Nature of damage: Larvae feed on the leaves.
Egg: Oval greenish eggs laid singly on leaves.
Larva : Pale green looper with white lines and when full grown becomes pink with horizontal bands of violet patches dorsally on the abdominal segments.
Pupa: Pupates in the soil.
Adult: White colour with three dark lines and spots on the wings.
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Polyneopteran Insect Orders.pptx
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Corn pest complete
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Lentil crop insects A Lecture By Mr Allah Dad Khan
This document provides descriptions of various insect pests that affect lentil crops. It describes the appearance and behaviors of 15 different insect species, including aphids, lygus bugs, cutworms, thrips, bud weevils, pea moths, pod borers, lima bean pod borers, root aphids, and leaf miners. Many of these insects feed on and damage various parts of lentil plants, such as leaves, buds, flowers, and roots, which can lead to poor plant growth and reduced seed yields. The document aims to educate IPM course participants on identifying and understanding the lentil crop insects discussed.
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Acarology
- 1. 2015-16 Presentation by, Guru P. N. Ph. D. 015/39 Dept. of Agril. Entomology, PGI, MPKV, Rahuri.
- 2. Acari Acariformes (351 families) Trombidiformes Prostigmata Pyemotidae Cheyletidae Sphaerolichida Sarcoptiformes Astigmata Acaridae Pyroglypidae Oribatida Galumnidae Sarcoptidae Endeostigmata Parasitiformes Holothyrida Ixodida Ixodidae (hard ticks) Nuttalliellidae Argasidae (soft ticks) Mesostigmata (65 families) Predatory and cryptozoan Phytoseiidae Varroidae Parasitidae Uropodidae Opilidioformes
- 3. Acaridae Commonly found in association with the Apis and Bombus Adults- Chelicera short and massive, 1.5 times as long as high. Main part of chelicera with blunt frontal tooth; each of its digits bears 3 teeth, bent backward (stationary digit has additional inner tooth in the middle). Gnathosoma short and massive, no more than 1.5 times as long as wide. Hypostoma with rounded- triangular median incision and finely punctate sclerotized area within it. Hypopharynx well-sclerotized, with almost rectangular distal end. Idiosoma elongate. Chaetome of meiotrichous type.
- 4. Acarus siroAcarus siro: on flours and grain (that have absorbed moisture); frequently associated to Aspergillus, Penicillium and Eurotium. Thermic thresholds: 3-30°C Good resistance to scarce availability of oxygen. Tyrophagus putrescentiaeTyrophagus putrescentiae: prefers products at high content of fats and proteins (salami, cheeses, moulds on the surfaces of these products). It lives also in mushroom tunnels and damages were observed on cucumber and melon. It can carry viable spores in its digestive tract as well as on the outside of the body.
- 5. Tyrophagus similisTyrophagus similis: omnivorous (organic substrates, fungi included). Found on cucumber, melon, spinach, etc. It is well-adapted on fresh plant tissues rich of proteins as cotyledon leaves or apical leaves; common in the soil. Damages on spinach
- 6. It infests bulbous (onion, garlic, etc.) and florals plants (Amaryllis, hyacinth, narcisus, gladiolus, lily, freesia, etc.), potatoes, grains; root of vegetables, vines, wheat, oats and other crops; decaying vegetable (e.g. fallen fruits) and animal matter. It prefers damaged bulbs. It deeps gradually among the bulb scales. Spread bacteria and fungi (Fusarium, Pseudomonas, etc.). Rhyzoglyphus robini
- 7. TICKS Acari Parasitiformes Ixodida Ixodidae (hard ticks) – 14 Nuttalliellidae – 1 Argasidae (soft ticks) – 4 Approx. 900 species of ticks in the world
- 8. HEAD & MOUTH PARTS Palps Chelicera Hypostome
- 9. SOFT TICK
- 10. SOFT TICK
- 11. HARD TICK
- 12. HARD TICK
- 13. Feature Hard tick Soft tick Scutum (dorsal shield) Present Not present Capitulum (mouth parts) Anterior, visible from above Ventral, not visible from above Nymphal stages One Several Adult feeding time Several days 30 – 60 min Female blood meals One Several Egg laying events One Several Total eggs laid 3,000-8,000 400-500
- 14. LIFE CYCLE 24 years for hard ticks and 10 years or more for soft ticks
- 17. 2 Host Tick
- 21. QUESTING
- 23. ENGORGEMENT
- 24. MATING
- 25. EGG LAYING