The document provides information on various types of instrumentation and control variables including pressure, temperature, and flow. It describes different sensor types for measuring each variable, including manometers, bourdon tubes, bellows, diaphragms, piezoelectric sensors, RTDs, thermocouples, thermistors, optical sensors, orifice plates, venturi tubes, vortex shedding, and turbine flow meters. For each sensor type, it discusses the measurement principle, advantages, disadvantages, and applications.
CONTENTS
Measurements
Significance of Measurement system
Fundamental methods of Measurement
The generalized measurement system
Definitions & basic concepts
Errors in Measurements
Sources of errors
Accuracy Precision
Resolution
Linearity
Hysteresis
Impedance loading
Introduction to Transducers
Classification of transducers
Capacitive
Inductive
Resistive
Electromagnetic
Piezoelectric
Photoconductive
Photovoltaic
CONTENTS
Measurements
Significance of Measurement system
Fundamental methods of Measurement
The generalized measurement system
Definitions & basic concepts
Errors in Measurements
Sources of errors
Accuracy Precision
Resolution
Linearity
Hysteresis
Impedance loading
Introduction to Transducers
Classification of transducers
Capacitive
Inductive
Resistive
Electromagnetic
Piezoelectric
Photoconductive
Photovoltaic
introduction to flow,flow type,laminar,turbulent,one dimensional flow,two dimensional flow,type of flow measurement,flow measuring elements,orifices,nozzles,venturi,pitot tubes,limitations,advantages of the elements,application of elements
This slide comprises a very rudimentary introduction of Industrial Instrumentation.
These slides may help students understand the aspects the Industrial Instrumentation.
Instrumentation and process control fundamentalshossam hassanein
Basic course covers:
-Basic understanding of process control
-Important process control terminology
-Major components of a process loop
-Instrumentation P&ID symbols
various types of flow meter
1. rotameter
2. venturimeter
3. electromagnetic flow meter
4. positive displacement flow meter
with their working advantage and disadvantages
Simple, basic principles and techiniques for flow measurement.
college presentation
Please like and leave a comment if it was useful.
Also leave suggestions, if any.
It will help me improve.
Level Measurement
one can go through this ppt to learn about level measurement
you will be learning following points through it.
1.meaning of level measurement
2.Need of level measurement
3.selection of level measurement devices.
4.types of level measurements
5.types of direct measurements
6.types of indirect level measurements.
7. capacitance level measurement
8. materials used and their working ranges
9. advantages , Disadvantages of it.
10. Practical applications with videos.
11. proper explanation about working of all methods,easy to understand.
one will thoroughly learn the principle of level measurement after going through this ppt , it will help u in clearing some concepts about measurement principle.
Instrumentation: Test and Measurement Methods and Solutions (Design Conferenc...Analog Devices, Inc.
Tilt Measurement:
Tilt measurement is fast becoming a fundamental analysis tool in many fields including automotive, industrial, and healthcare. Navigation, vehicle dynamic control, building sway indication and motion detection systems all rely on this simple, cheap, and precise way of angle monitoring. MEMs accelerometers are ideally suited to inclination measurement than other methodologies. This session will address the challenges encountered when designing a dual-axis tilt sensor using a MEMs accelerometer including measurement resolution, signal conditioning, single- vs.
dual-axis, angle computation, and calibration.
Impedance Measurement: The measurement of complex impedance is widely used across industrial, commercial, automotive, healthcare, and consumer markets, and can include applications such as proximity sensing, inductive transducers, metallurgy and corrosion detection, loudspeaker impedance, biomedical, virus detection, blood coagulation factor, and network impedance analysis. This session will cover the concepts, approaches, and challenges of performing complex impedance measurements, and will present a system-level solution for impedance conversion.
Weigh Scale Measurement: Most common industrial weigh scale applications use a bridge-type load-cell sensor, with a voltage output that is directly proportional to the load weight placed on it. This session examines the basic parameters of a bridge-type load-cell sensor, such as the number of varying elements, impedance, excitation, sensitivity (mV/V), errors, and drift. It will also discuss the various components of the signal conditioning chain and present solutions with high dynamic range.
introduction to flow,flow type,laminar,turbulent,one dimensional flow,two dimensional flow,type of flow measurement,flow measuring elements,orifices,nozzles,venturi,pitot tubes,limitations,advantages of the elements,application of elements
This slide comprises a very rudimentary introduction of Industrial Instrumentation.
These slides may help students understand the aspects the Industrial Instrumentation.
Instrumentation and process control fundamentalshossam hassanein
Basic course covers:
-Basic understanding of process control
-Important process control terminology
-Major components of a process loop
-Instrumentation P&ID symbols
various types of flow meter
1. rotameter
2. venturimeter
3. electromagnetic flow meter
4. positive displacement flow meter
with their working advantage and disadvantages
Simple, basic principles and techiniques for flow measurement.
college presentation
Please like and leave a comment if it was useful.
Also leave suggestions, if any.
It will help me improve.
Level Measurement
one can go through this ppt to learn about level measurement
you will be learning following points through it.
1.meaning of level measurement
2.Need of level measurement
3.selection of level measurement devices.
4.types of level measurements
5.types of direct measurements
6.types of indirect level measurements.
7. capacitance level measurement
8. materials used and their working ranges
9. advantages , Disadvantages of it.
10. Practical applications with videos.
11. proper explanation about working of all methods,easy to understand.
one will thoroughly learn the principle of level measurement after going through this ppt , it will help u in clearing some concepts about measurement principle.
Instrumentation: Test and Measurement Methods and Solutions (Design Conferenc...Analog Devices, Inc.
Tilt Measurement:
Tilt measurement is fast becoming a fundamental analysis tool in many fields including automotive, industrial, and healthcare. Navigation, vehicle dynamic control, building sway indication and motion detection systems all rely on this simple, cheap, and precise way of angle monitoring. MEMs accelerometers are ideally suited to inclination measurement than other methodologies. This session will address the challenges encountered when designing a dual-axis tilt sensor using a MEMs accelerometer including measurement resolution, signal conditioning, single- vs.
dual-axis, angle computation, and calibration.
Impedance Measurement: The measurement of complex impedance is widely used across industrial, commercial, automotive, healthcare, and consumer markets, and can include applications such as proximity sensing, inductive transducers, metallurgy and corrosion detection, loudspeaker impedance, biomedical, virus detection, blood coagulation factor, and network impedance analysis. This session will cover the concepts, approaches, and challenges of performing complex impedance measurements, and will present a system-level solution for impedance conversion.
Weigh Scale Measurement: Most common industrial weigh scale applications use a bridge-type load-cell sensor, with a voltage output that is directly proportional to the load weight placed on it. This session examines the basic parameters of a bridge-type load-cell sensor, such as the number of varying elements, impedance, excitation, sensitivity (mV/V), errors, and drift. It will also discuss the various components of the signal conditioning chain and present solutions with high dynamic range.
Product guide for industrial gauges from Ametek U.S. GaugeMiller Energy, Inc.
U.S. Gauge is one of the world's leading suppliers of high quality, competitively priced pressure gauges, diaphragm seals, temperature gauges and thermowell fittings. The product line includes a wide range of gauges, from vacuum pressure to a 23,000 psi gauge pressure device, in single or dual scale dials. Gauge sizes range from 1-1/2 inches to 6 inches, with brass, 316 stainless steel, or Monel internals. USG offers a complete range of options for all the above products, such as a gauge snubber, Sta-Kool cooling element, siphon, over-pressure protector, and much more.
Wireless has evolved from Marconi's station-to-station telegraphy, to audio and video broadcasting, to today’s person-to-person mobile digital communications. Each transition has surprised even the revolutionaries who brought it about, and each transformed civilization. We expect similar disruptions from the next phase of interconnectivity, in which a trillion objects join the conversation. Tech pundits have long talked about an Internet of Things, a vision most often dominated by machine-to-machine communications in industrial settings. Lee will make the case for the Internet of Everything in which humans will be involved in the most compelling applications yet to emerge. He will describe some possible futures, and how Stanford engineers are working to overcome significant challenges to realize those futures.
One of the most widely used methods of monitoring and controlling liquid level in a tank is the use of Bubble Tubes with Pressure or Differential Pressure Transmitters. A small but uninterrupted flow of air or inert gas is forced down through a dip tube which extends to near the bottom of the tank. The back pressure of the introduced gas is a function of the liquid level or head in the tank.
it speaks about the differential head flow meters. its different types. their principle of operation, venturi meter, orifice plate, rotameters, it also covers discussion on open channel flow meter. it covers the different application domains of the different types of flow meters and their advantages and disadvantages.
Brooks Instrument manufactures an array of flow, pressure, vacuum and level products for dozens of industries from pharmaceuticals, oil and gas, fuel cell research and chemicals, to medical devices, analytical instrumentation, semiconductor manufacturing.
ROLE OF CONTROL AND INSTRUMENTATION IN THERMAL POWER PLANTGaurav Rai
Role of control and instrumentation in thermal power plant.
Use of various instruments for the measurements of flow, pressure and temperature in industries.
Unit-3 Instrumentation and control in mechanical engineering and other basic subject which contain instruments and their working under the syllabus of RGPV UNIVERSITY Bhopal.
In this presentation how flow rate, pressure, temperature and level in tank measure in refinery or any industry with different instrument are discussed.
Instrumentation Variable Like Pressure Temperature Flow & Level. Also Control Valve, Transmitters, Measuring And Sensing Instruments. Transducers and Control Loops. 4 to 20 mA wiring Types. Fire Alarm Devices. Manifolds
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
2. Instrumentation & Control:
The art and science of measurement and control of process variables within a production
or manufacturing area.
Process Variables Pressure
Temperature
Flow
Level
Density
Humidity
Force
PH
…
Speed
4. Pressure:
Is the ratio of force to the area over which that force is distributed.
Type of Pressure
Measurement
Absolute Pressure Measurement
Gauge Pressure Measurement
Differential Pressure Measurement
Perfect Vacuum
Atmospheric Pressure
Gauge Pressure
Absolute Pressure
Gauge
9. Pressure/Bourdon Tube Measurement:
Is based on the principle that a flattened tube tends to straighten or regain its
circular form in cross-section when pressurized
C-Shape
Helical
Spiral
Twisted
Bourdon Tube
Types
10. Pressure/Bellows:
Are elastic vessels that can be compressed when pressure is applied to the outside
of the vessel, or extended under vacuum. When the pressure or vacuum is released,
the bellows will return to its original shape.
13. Pressure/Piezoelectric:
Piezoelectric materials produce electricity charge when exposing to mechanical
stress.
Advantages
-Very high frequency response and sensitivity.
-Self generating, so no need of external source.
-Simple to use, small dimensions, large measuring range, low cost.
Disadvantages
-It is not suitable for measurement in static condition.
-Affected by temperature variation.
- Exceptional linearity and repeatability.
14. Pressure/Piezoelectric:
Piezoelectric materials produce electricity charge when exposing to mechanical
stress.
Applications - Ultrasonic transmitters and receivers.
- Frequency references.(Crystal Oscillators)
- Temperature sensors (resonant frequency changes with temperature)
- Accelerometers
- Microphones and loudspeakers (small loudspeakers with poor audio
characteristics =beepers)
- Pressure sensor
- Force sensor
17. Pressure/Piezoresistive (Strain Gauge):
Advantages
-Bond excellently to most surfaces, Rugged, Small size
-High frequency response
-High linearity, Low impedance
Disadvantages
-Strain gauge grid expands and contracts at a different rate than
the surface it is attached to
-Compared to piezoresistive sensors strain gauges have much lower
sensitivity
- Can be wrapped around curved surfaces unlike the piezoresistor
Applications - Mechanical Engineering
- Load cell
- Tactile sensors in robots
20. Temperature:
Is a comparative objective measurement of hot and cold.
Sensors of
Temperature
Measurement
Thermocouple (TC)
Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD) (TE)
Bimetal
Filled Thermal Systems
Optical
Unit From Celsius To Celsius
Fahrenheit [F°] = [C°] × 9⁄5 + 32 [C°] = ([F°] − 32) × 5⁄9
Kelvin [K°] = [C°] + 273.15 [C°] = [K°] − 273.15
Thermistor
IC Sensors
21. Temperature/Thermocouple:
Consists of two dissimilar conductors (or semiconductors) that contact each other at one
or more spots, where a temperature is experienced. It produces a voltage when the
temperature of one of the spots differs from the reference temperature at other parts of the
circuit.
Thomas Johan Seebeck
Seebeck effect:
The temperature difference between hot and cold junctions
produces an electric potential (voltage) which can drive an
electric current in a closed circuit.
25. Temperature/RTD:
Are sensors, used to measure temperature by correlating the resistance of the RTD
element with temperature. They are typically platinum, copper or nickel.
RTD Main
Categories
Thin Film
Wire-wound
Coil Elements
28. Temperature/Thermistor:
A thermistor`s output is based on the resistance change in a metal-oxide semiconductor
material as its temperature changes.
Thermistors
Type
NTC (Negative Temperature Coefficient)
PTC (Positive Temperature Coefficient)
Advantages
High output
Fast response time
Low cost
Accurate over small ranges
Disadvantages
Non Linear
Limited Temperature Range
Power Source required
Self Heating
29. Temperature/IC Sensors:
The newest type of temperature sensor to be developed is the integrated circuit (IC)
temperature transducer.
Advantages
Most Linear
High Output
Inexpensive
Disadvantages
Temperatures limited to 200 degrees C
Power supply required
Slow response time
Self Heating
30.
31. Temperature/Bimetal (Thermostat):
Refers to an object that is composed of two separate metals joined together, which
converts a temperature change into mechanical displacement.
32. Temperature/Bimetal:
Refers to an object that is composed of two separate metals joined together, which
converts a temperature change into mechanical displacement.
33. Temperature/Filled Thermal Systems:
Consists of a liquid enclosed in a tube. The volume of the fluid changes as a function of
temperature.
Advantages
Powerless
Not Hazardous for Explosive Atmosphere
Stable, High Repeatability
Disadvantages
Only Visual
Low Accuracy
Slow response time
36. Flow:
Is volume/mass of fluid which passes through cross section per unit time.
Methods of
Flow
Measurement
DP Flowmeters
Velocity Flowmeters
Mass Flowmeters
Positive Displacement Flowmeters
37. Flow:
DP Flowmeters
Orifice Plate Flowmeters
Venturi Tube Flowmeters
Flow Nozzle Flowmeters
Pitot Tube Flowmeters
Annubar Flowmeters
Elbow Flowmeters
Bernoulli's Principle: For an inviscid flow of a nonconducting fluid, an increase in the
speed of the fluid occurs simultaneously with a decrease in pressure or a decrease in the
fluid`s potential energy .
Daniel Bernoulli
38. Flow/Orifice Plate Flowmeters :
This sensors measure differential pressure
caused by orifice plates. The differential
pressure is related directly to flow.
Characteristics:
- Turn down ratio less than 5:1
- Poor accuracy at low flow rates
- Accuracy depend on orifice plate shape
- Plugging with slurries
- High pressure drop
- Low cost
Flow/Venturi Tube Flowmeters :
This sensors measure differential pressure
caused by Venturi Tube. The differential
pressure is related directly to flow.
Characteristics:
-Lower pressure drops
- Higher turn down ratio 10:1
- High cost
- No slurry plugging
39. Flow/Flow Nozzle Flowmeters :
This sensors measure differential pressure caused
by flow nozzle. The differential pressure is related
directly to flow.
Characteristics:
- Mostly air and gas flow measurement
- Turn down ratio and accuracy like orifice
- Intermediate pressure loss
- Higher cost than orifice plate
- Good for slurry services
Flow/Pitot Tube Flowmeters :
This sensors measure differential pressure
between stagnation pressure and static
pressure
Characteristics:
- Low pressure low
- Poor performance with slurry services
40. Flow/Flow Annubar Flowmeters :
This sensors measure differential pressure between
stagnation pressure and static pressure
Characteristics:
-Less pressure drop than orifice plate (1/25)
-Less clogging due to fluid flow direction around
meter
Flow/Elbow Flowmeters :
Base on Fluid centrifugal force that is related
directly with its speed.
Characteristics:
- Low cost
- Very poor accuracy
- Low pressure loss
42. Flow/Vortex Flowmeters :
This measurement involves placing a bluff body (called a shedder bar) in the path of the
fluid. As the fluid passes this bar, disturbances in the flow called vortices are created. The
frequency at which these vortices alternate sides is essentially proportional to the flow rate
of the fluid. a sensor measures the frequency of the vortex shedding. This sensor is often a
piezoelectric crystal, which produces a small, but measurable, voltage pulse every time a
vortex is created. Since the frequency of such a voltage pulse is also proportional to the
fluid velocity, a volumetric flow rate is calculated using the cross sectional area of the flow
meter.
Characteristics:
- Not affected by pipe vibration, pressure surge, temperature shocks
-Low pressure loss
-High accuracy and repeatability
44. Flow/Turbine Flowmeters :
Turbine flowmeters use the mechanical energy of the fluid to rotate a “pinwheel” (rotor) in
the flow stream. The rotor shaft spins on bearings. When the fluid moves faster, the rotor
spins proportionally faster. Shaft rotation can be sensed mechanically or by detecting the
movement of the blades. Blade movement is often detected magnetically, with each blade
or embedded piece of metal generating a pulse.
Characteristics:
-Less accurate at low flow rates
- Not suitable for dirty fluids
- High repeatability and accuracy
- Fast response
- Expensive
45. Flow/Ultrasonic Flowmeters :
Measures the velocity of a fluid with ultrasound to calculate volumetric flow.
Using ultrasonic transducer, the flow meter can measure the average velocity along the
path of an emitted beam of ultrasound, by averaging the difference in measured transit time
between the pulses of ultrasound propagating into and against the direction of the flow or
by measuring the frequency shift from the Doppler.
1- Transit time (1~2MHz):
- Measures the upstream and down
stream time
- Linear, accurate, wide measuring
span, high repeatability
- No pressure drop
- Low cost
46. Flow/Ultrasonic Flowmeters :
Measures the velocity of a fluid with ultrasound to calculate volumetric flow.
Using ultrasonic transducer, the flow meter can measure the average velocity along the
path of an emitted beam of ultrasound, by averaging the difference in measured transit time
between the pulses of ultrasound propagating into and against the direction of the flow or
by measuring the frequency shift from the Doppler.
2- Doppler effect (640kHz~1MHz):
Is the change in frequency of a wave
for an observer moving relative to its
source.
Characteristics:
-Needs 100 PPM or more particles in fluid
-Particles must be large enough (>λ/4)
- Particle velocity often differs noticeably
from the velocity of the liquid.
-The velocity needs to be far higher than
the critical velocity at which particles
settle.
47. Flow/Magnetic Flowmeters :
Magnetic flowmeters use Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction to determine the
flow of liquid in a pipe. In a magnetic flow meter, a magnetic field is generated and
channeled into the liquid flowing through the pipe. Following Faraday’s Law, flow of a
conductive liquid through the magnetic field will cause a voltage signal to be sensed by
electrodes located on the flow tube walls. When the fluid moves faster, more voltage is
generated. Faraday’s Law states that the voltage generated is proportional to the movement
of the flowing liquid.
Characteristics:
- No Moving Parts
- Very Wide Rangeability
- Ideal For Slurries
- Unobstructed Flow Path
- Liquid Must Be Conductive
48. Flow/Variable Area Flowmeters (Rotameter) :
Variable area flowmeters measure flow by allowing the flow stream to change the opening
within the flow meter by moving an internal part. When the flow increases, the fluid
generates more force and moves the internal part farther. Spring-opposed float designs
allow this type of flow meter to be installed in horizontal pipes, because the functioning of
the float is not dependent upon gravity.
Characteristics:
- No external power source
- Not suitable for slurry fluids
- Not expensive
- Approximately linear
- Must always be vertically oriented
unless it be a Vane-Style or Piston
type
Vane-Style
49. Flow/Variable Area Flowmeters (Rotameter) :
Variable area flowmeters measure flow by allowing the flow stream to change the opening
within the flow meter by moving an internal part. When the flow increases, the fluid
generates more force and moves the internal part farther. Spring-opposed float designs
allow this type of flow meter to be installed in horizontal pipes, because the functioning of
the float is not dependent upon gravity.
Bypass Design:
- Rotameters are not generally
manufactured in sizes greater than 6
inches /150 mm, but bypass designs are
sometimes used on very large pipes.
51. Mass Flow Meters/ Coriolis:
The Coriolis mass flow meter uses a tube that is designed to vibrate up and down due to
angular momentom of fluid at its natural frequency while all of the fluid flows through
it. A strong magnet is used to make the tube vibrate.
Characteristics:
- High accuracy and repeatability
- No obstructions in the fluid path
- Suitable for applications where
temperature and pressures fluctuate
-Suitable for Custody transfer
52. Mass Flow Meters/ Coriolis:
The Coriolis mass flow meter uses a tube that is designed to vibrate up and down due to
angular momentom of fluid at its natural frequency while all of the fluid flows through
it. A strong magnet is used to make the tube vibrate.
53. Mass Flow Meters/ Coriolis:
Coriolis
Flowmeter
Components
Drive Coil
Pick off Sensor
Tube
RTD
Processor
Flow Splitter
Case
Process Connection
54. Mass Flow Meters/ Thermal:
Thermal flowmeters use the thermal properties of the fluid to measure the flow of the
fluid in a pipe or duct. In a typical thermal flow meter, a measured amount of heat is
applied to the heater of the sensor. Some of this heat is lost to the flowing fluid. As flow
increases, more heat is lost. The amount of heat lost is sensed using temperature
measurements in the sensor.
Characteristics:
- High accuracy and repeatability
- No flow rate limitations
- Excellent turn down ratio, typically
50:1
- No moving parts
- Relatively high initial cost
- Suitable for applications where
temperature and pressures fluctuate
55. Flow / Positive Displacement Flow Meters:
Positive
Displacement
Flowmeters
Positive Displacement (PD) Flow meters are volumetric flow measurement instruments
that measure flow by passing a precise volume of fluid with each revolution.
Characteristics:
- High accuracy and repeatability
- No flow rate limitations
- Not affected by flow viscosity,
density and turbulence
Gear Flowmeters
Piston Flowmeters
Helical Flowmeters
57. Level:
Refers to instrumentation techniques designed to measure the height of a fluid or solid
within a containing vessel.
Methods of
Level
Measurement
Manual / Mechanical
Electro Mechanical Contacting
Electronic Non-Contacting
58. Level / Manual or Mechanical Level Measurement:
Methods
Float Systems
Rod Gauging / Dip Probe / Dip Stick
Sight / Gauge Glass
Tape Systems
59. Level / Manual or Mechanical Level Measurement:
Level
Gauges
Transparent
Reflex
Bi-Colour
Magnetic
60. Level / Electro Mechanical Contacting Level Measurement:
Methods
Displacer
Magnetostricitive
Servo Operated Displacer
Resistance Tape (Metritape)
Archimedes' principle :
Archimedes' principle indicates that the upward buoyant force that is exerted
on a body immersed in a fluid, whether fully or partially submerged, is equal
to the weight of the fluid that the body displaces.
Conductivity
Capacitance
Hydrostatic Pressure Level Meter
Optical
Vibration Fork Level Switch
62. Level / Magnetostricitive Level Meter:
Principle :
A low-current interrogation pulse is generated in the
transmitter electronics and transmitted down the
waveguide creating an electromagnetic field along
the length of the waveguide. When this magnetic
field interacts with the permanent magnetic field of a
magnet mounted inside the float, a torsional strain
pulse, or waveguide twist, results. This waveguide
twist is detected as a return pulse. The time between
the initiation of the interrogation pulse and the
detection of the return pulse is used to determine the
level measurement with a high degree of accuracy
and reliability.
63. Level / Metritape Level Meter:
The outer envelope jacket (1) is compressed by the
hydrostatic pressure of the liquid (2). This causes the gold
wire winding to contact the gold plated base strip. The
resulting change in the resistance of the gold wire (3)
indicates the length of active helix and the distance from
sensor top to liquid surface.
64. Level / Servo Operated Displacer Level Meter:
The displacer is suspended from a
strong and flexible measuring wire
wound on a measuring drum. A
transducer measures the apparent
weight of the displacer partly
immersed in liquid. When the level
starts moving downwards, the
transducer will sense the change in
weight. The servo motor drives the
measuring drum to unwind
the measuring wire until the displacer
is partly immersed in liquid. When the
level rises, the servo motor drives the
measuring drum to wind up the
measuring wire until the displacer is
again partly immersed in liquid.
67. Level / Optical Level Meter:
The sensor contains an infrared light emitter or LED, and a photocell receiver. Light is
transmitted across a gap to the receiver. As the sensor is lowered into the clarifier
sludge blanket, the instrument will indicate a gradual decrease in opacity.
69. Level / Vibration Fork Level Switch:
When the service material covers the tines,
they cause damping of the vibrations. This
stoppage of vibrations is sensed by the
electronic circuitry and the signal after
processing is used to operate a relay.
71. Level / Radar Level Measurement:
Characteristics:
- Needs high dielectric constant
- High accuracy
- Not affected by ambient conditions
- Very expensive
- Restricted pressure rating
72. Level / Guided Wave Radar Level Measurement:
Characteristics:
- 20 times more efficient than Radar
level transmitter due to more focused
energy path
- Can measure level for liquids with
dielectric constant less than 1.4
TDR (Time Domain Reflectometry)
73. Level / Ultrasonic Level Measurement:
When ultrasonic pulse signal is targeted towards an object, it is reflected by the object
and echo returns to the sender. The time travelled by the ultrasonic pulse is calculated,
and the distance of the object is found.
Characteristics:
- No mechanical movement and no contact
- High accuracy
- Affected by air quality and temperature
74. Level / Laser Level Measurement:
Operates on a principle very similar to that
of ultrasonic level sensors. Instead of using
the speed of sound to find the level,
however, they use the speed of light.
Characteristics:
- No beam spread, can be targeted on a point
- Good for bulk, slurry and opaque fluids
-Accurate even in vapor and foam environments
- Very Expensive
75. Level / Load Cell Level Measurement:
Is a transducer that is used to create an electrical signal whose magnitude is directly
proportional to the force being measured.
Characteristics:
- Requires support structure
- Poor turn down ratio
- Very Expensive
76. Level / Radiometric Level Measurement:
It employs a radioactive source(usually Cesium-137 or Cobalt-60 isotopes) which emits
gamma radiation that passes through the walls of the pipe or vessel containing the medium
being monitored. A detector is mounted on the opposite side of the container which senses
the radiation that is not absorbed by the medium and is directly related to the parameter
being measured.
Characteristics:
- No vessel penetration is needed
- suitable for hazardous and corrosive materials
- Very Expensive