This document discusses key concepts in analytical chemistry and sampling. It begins by defining important terminology used in analytical chemistry like analyte, matrix, determination, measurement, accuracy, precision, selectivity, sensitivity and more. It then covers different types of chemical analysis based on the information required like proximate, partial, trace and complete analysis. Additionally, it discusses different types of analysis based on sample size like macro, semi-micro and micro analysis. The document also covers classical and non-classical methods of analysis as well as important concepts in sampling like population, sampling techniques, sampling units, increments, gross sample, sub-sample and analysis sample. It discusses the purposes of sampling like judging acceptability, detecting contamination and identifying materials. Finally
The document discusses concepts related to the limit of detection (LOD) in chemical analysis. It defines LOD as the lowest concentration of an analyte that can be reliably detected by an analytical method. The document outlines different definitions of LOD and distinguishes it from method sensitivity. It discusses statistical approaches to estimating LOD using parameters like standard deviation of blank measurements. Factors that can affect LOD determination like number of replicates, matrix effects, and instrument performance are also covered. The relationship between LOD and limit of quantification is explained.
Analytical chemistry involves separating, identifying, and quantifying components of matter. Hyphenated techniques combine two analytical methods, such as gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). GC-MS separates chemical mixtures using gas chromatography and then identifies components using mass spectrometry. Other common hyphenated techniques include liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and gas chromatography-infrared spectroscopy (GC-IR). These coupled techniques provide enhanced sensitivity and accuracy for analyzing organic compounds, pollutants, drugs, proteins, and more.
Lecture-02.Classifications of Qualitative and Quantitative AnalysisUniversity of Okara
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wObwXIt1ZQc&t=123s
Basic Concept of Analytical Chemistry
Meaning: The word analytical comes from the Ancient Greek ana- "up, and lysis "a loosening"). Collectively it means breaking-up" or "an untying.
Definition: The branch of chemistry which deals with the analysis of matter, its identification, and its components. Thus, the process of chemical analysis are of two type;
(1) Qualitative Analysis (2) Quantitative Analysis
Classifications of Analytical Techniques
There are two types of techniques
(1) Classical technique (2) Instrumental techniques
The classical techniques are qualitative as well as quantitative. The qualitative analysis is based on identifying and determining the analyte based on some properties specific to the analyte like boiling point, melting point, optical activities or refractive index, solubilities, and color. E.g., the Boling point of water is 100oC, the melting point of sugar is 186 °C, the refractive index of water is 1.333, test color of K is purple or the color of litmus. paper indicating the acidity or basicity of a compound. When sulphuretted hydrogen (H2S) is passed through a solution containing Arsenic, a yellowish precipitate is formed indicating the presence of arsenic. If the precipitate is brown, is brown, it indicates Tin.
The quantitative analysis is based on the quantity of the analyte. Like determining the volume of the analyte ( volumetric and gasometric analysis) and weight of the analyte (gravimetric analysis.
2) Instrumental methods can be both qualitative and quantitative. The qualitative analysis likewise relies on detecting and determining the analyte based on certain characteristics. Elements (C, H, N, S) of organic compounds using a CHNS analyzer, heavy metals using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer, and alkali and alkaline earth metals (K, Na, Ca, Mg) using a flame photometer. At the molecular level, infrared (IR) spectroscopy, Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and thin-layer chromatography are used to examine substances. These techniques tell us the nature of a compound. Some of these techniques can also be used for quantitative purposes as well.
Reference Books:
Skoog, D. A., West, P. M., Holler, F. J., Crouch, S. R., Fundamentals of AnalyticalChemistry, 9th ed., Brooks Cole Publishing Company, (2013).
Christian, G. D., Analytical Chemistry. 6th ed., John-Wiley & Sons, New York, (2006).
Harris, D. C., Quantitative Chemical Analysis, 8th ed., W. H. Freeman and Company, New York, USA, (2011).
Bender, G.T. 1987. “Principles of Chemical Instrumentation” W.B. Saunders Co., London.
Reilley, C. 1993. Laboratory Manual of Analytical Chemistry. Allyn& Bacon, London.
Hargis, L.G. 1988. “Analytical Chemistry: Printice Hall Publishers, London.
Analytical chemistry involves separating, identifying, and quantifying the components of materials. Historically, analytical chemistry developed qualitative and quantitative analysis methods using classical techniques like chemical tests and titrations. Modern instrumental methods include spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, electrochemical analysis, thermal analysis, separation techniques, and microscopy. Hyphenated techniques combine two or more analytical methods, such as gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, to detect and separate chemicals.
Analytical chemistry involves separating, identifying, and quantifying substances using classical and modern scientific instruments. It is used to ensure safety and quality in food, pharmaceuticals, water, and the environment. Analytical chemists work in industry, academia, and government to perform qualitative and quantitative analysis, separate substances, interpret data, and communicate results. Important applications include determining medicine shelf lives, checking drugs for adulterants, testing soil nutrients, and classifying blood samples.
This document discusses key concepts in analytical chemistry and sampling. It begins by defining important terminology used in analytical chemistry like analyte, matrix, determination, measurement, accuracy, precision, selectivity, sensitivity and more. It then covers different types of chemical analysis based on the information required like proximate, partial, trace and complete analysis. Additionally, it discusses different types of analysis based on sample size like macro, semi-micro and micro analysis. The document also covers classical and non-classical methods of analysis as well as important concepts in sampling like population, sampling techniques, sampling units, increments, gross sample, sub-sample and analysis sample. It discusses the purposes of sampling like judging acceptability, detecting contamination and identifying materials. Finally
The document discusses concepts related to the limit of detection (LOD) in chemical analysis. It defines LOD as the lowest concentration of an analyte that can be reliably detected by an analytical method. The document outlines different definitions of LOD and distinguishes it from method sensitivity. It discusses statistical approaches to estimating LOD using parameters like standard deviation of blank measurements. Factors that can affect LOD determination like number of replicates, matrix effects, and instrument performance are also covered. The relationship between LOD and limit of quantification is explained.
Analytical chemistry involves separating, identifying, and quantifying components of matter. Hyphenated techniques combine two analytical methods, such as gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). GC-MS separates chemical mixtures using gas chromatography and then identifies components using mass spectrometry. Other common hyphenated techniques include liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and gas chromatography-infrared spectroscopy (GC-IR). These coupled techniques provide enhanced sensitivity and accuracy for analyzing organic compounds, pollutants, drugs, proteins, and more.
Lecture-02.Classifications of Qualitative and Quantitative AnalysisUniversity of Okara
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wObwXIt1ZQc&t=123s
Basic Concept of Analytical Chemistry
Meaning: The word analytical comes from the Ancient Greek ana- "up, and lysis "a loosening"). Collectively it means breaking-up" or "an untying.
Definition: The branch of chemistry which deals with the analysis of matter, its identification, and its components. Thus, the process of chemical analysis are of two type;
(1) Qualitative Analysis (2) Quantitative Analysis
Classifications of Analytical Techniques
There are two types of techniques
(1) Classical technique (2) Instrumental techniques
The classical techniques are qualitative as well as quantitative. The qualitative analysis is based on identifying and determining the analyte based on some properties specific to the analyte like boiling point, melting point, optical activities or refractive index, solubilities, and color. E.g., the Boling point of water is 100oC, the melting point of sugar is 186 °C, the refractive index of water is 1.333, test color of K is purple or the color of litmus. paper indicating the acidity or basicity of a compound. When sulphuretted hydrogen (H2S) is passed through a solution containing Arsenic, a yellowish precipitate is formed indicating the presence of arsenic. If the precipitate is brown, is brown, it indicates Tin.
The quantitative analysis is based on the quantity of the analyte. Like determining the volume of the analyte ( volumetric and gasometric analysis) and weight of the analyte (gravimetric analysis.
2) Instrumental methods can be both qualitative and quantitative. The qualitative analysis likewise relies on detecting and determining the analyte based on certain characteristics. Elements (C, H, N, S) of organic compounds using a CHNS analyzer, heavy metals using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer, and alkali and alkaline earth metals (K, Na, Ca, Mg) using a flame photometer. At the molecular level, infrared (IR) spectroscopy, Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and thin-layer chromatography are used to examine substances. These techniques tell us the nature of a compound. Some of these techniques can also be used for quantitative purposes as well.
Reference Books:
Skoog, D. A., West, P. M., Holler, F. J., Crouch, S. R., Fundamentals of AnalyticalChemistry, 9th ed., Brooks Cole Publishing Company, (2013).
Christian, G. D., Analytical Chemistry. 6th ed., John-Wiley & Sons, New York, (2006).
Harris, D. C., Quantitative Chemical Analysis, 8th ed., W. H. Freeman and Company, New York, USA, (2011).
Bender, G.T. 1987. “Principles of Chemical Instrumentation” W.B. Saunders Co., London.
Reilley, C. 1993. Laboratory Manual of Analytical Chemistry. Allyn& Bacon, London.
Hargis, L.G. 1988. “Analytical Chemistry: Printice Hall Publishers, London.
Analytical chemistry involves separating, identifying, and quantifying the components of materials. Historically, analytical chemistry developed qualitative and quantitative analysis methods using classical techniques like chemical tests and titrations. Modern instrumental methods include spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, electrochemical analysis, thermal analysis, separation techniques, and microscopy. Hyphenated techniques combine two or more analytical methods, such as gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, to detect and separate chemicals.
Analytical chemistry involves separating, identifying, and quantifying substances using classical and modern scientific instruments. It is used to ensure safety and quality in food, pharmaceuticals, water, and the environment. Analytical chemists work in industry, academia, and government to perform qualitative and quantitative analysis, separate substances, interpret data, and communicate results. Important applications include determining medicine shelf lives, checking drugs for adulterants, testing soil nutrients, and classifying blood samples.
This document provides an overview of supercritical fluid chromatography. It defines supercritical fluid chromatography as using a material above its critical temperature and pressure as a mobile phase. The principles are similar to HPLC but use carbon dioxide as the mobile phase. Key components of SFC instrumentation include the stationary phase, pumps to control mobile phase flow, injectors, ovens, and detectors. SFC offers advantages over GC and HPLC like lower operating temperatures and high diffusion coefficients. It finds applications in chiral separations for the pharmaceutical industry.
This document provides an overview of analytical chemistry and the steps involved in a quantitative analysis. It discusses how analytical chemistry plays a vital role in many areas of science. The key steps in a quantitative analysis are: 1) selecting an appropriate analytical method, 2) acquiring a representative sample, 3) processing the sample, 4) eliminating any interferences, 5) calibrating and making measurements, 6) calculating results, and 7) evaluating the reliability of the results. Instrumental methods have become increasingly important alongside classical wet chemical techniques. The goal of analytical chemistry is to determine the chemical composition of samples both qualitatively and quantitatively.
1 introduciton to analytical chemistry1Uday Deokate
Analytical chemistry is defined as the science of determining the qualitative and quantitative composition of matter. It involves both qualitative analysis to identify analytes and quantitative analysis to determine exact amounts or concentrations. Classical wet chemical methods include precipitation, extraction, and titrimetric measurements, while instrumental methods use analytical instrumentation to measure properties like light absorption, mass, and fluorescence. Analytical chemistry has important applications in fields like clinical analysis, pharmaceutical analysis, environmental analysis, and forensic analysis. It is used to characterize materials, determine complexity and composition of species, and provide numerical information about analytes.
The document discusses key concepts in analytical chemistry including:
1) It defines analytical chemistry as the branch dealing with determining the composition of matter.
2) It outlines common analytical techniques like qualitative, quantitative, characterization and fundamental analysis.
3) It describes important terms used in analytical chemistry like analysis, analyte, matrix, determination, measurement, technique, method, procedure and protocol.
4) It provides an overview of analytical methods classification including chemical methods like gravimetry, volumetry and instrumental methods like optical, electroanalytical, separation and miscellaneous methods.
Mass analyzers separate ionized molecules based on their mass-to-charge ratios. The main types are quadrupole, time-of-flight, magnetic sector, quadrupole ion trap, and ion cyclotron resonance. A quadrupole uses oscillating electric fields to selectively transmit ions through four rods. Time-of-flight separates ions by their time of flight through a field-free region, with lighter ions arriving first. Magnetic sector analyzers use magnetic and electric fields to curve ion trajectories based on m/z.
This document discusses potentiometry, which is a method of measuring electrical potential or electromotive force (emf) of a solution using indicator and reference electrodes. It describes the components of a potentiometric cell including the reference electrode, salt bridge, analyte solution, and indicator electrode. Various types of reference electrodes like standard hydrogen, saturated calomel, and silver/silver chloride electrodes are explained. The document also covers different types of indicator electrodes like metallic electrodes, membrane electrodes, and gas sensing probes. Direct potentiometry and potentiometric titration techniques are briefly mentioned.
This document discusses supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC). SFC uses supercritical fluids like carbon dioxide as the mobile phase. Carbon dioxide is most widely used as it is non-toxic, inexpensive, and has a critical temperature and pressure that are easily reached. SFC works on the principles of adsorption and partition chromatography. It can be used to analyze and purify low to moderate weight compounds, including chiral separations. SFC instrumentation includes pumps to deliver the mobile phase, an oven for temperature control, various injectors, columns, a backpressure regulator, and detectors. SFC finds applications in fields like pharmaceuticals and has advantages over HPLC like using less toxic solvents.
Method Validation - Limit of Detection, Quantitation limits and Robustnesslabgo
Prepared By: Shruti Vij (Senior Analyst) , Geeta Mathur(Senior Scientist) ,Khushbu ( Analyst)
This slide show contains detailed explanation of three characteristics of method validation- Limit of detection, Quantitation limits and Robustness. Limit of detection is the minimum amount of substance that can be detected but not measured, quantitation limit is the minimum amount of substance which can be detected and measured. Common approach to these procedures- signal to noise ratio has also been covered. Robustness is a characteristic which determines a method’s reliability when deliberate variations are induced in parameters.
Pharmaceutical Analysis may be defined as the application of analytical procedures
used to determine the purity, safety and quality of drugs and chemicals
Supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) is a combination of high performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography that uses supercritical fluids as the mobile phase. Carbon dioxide is most commonly used as the supercritical fluid due to its low critical temperature and pressure. SFC allows for faster analysis of both volatile and non-volatile compounds compared to HPLC and GC. It has advantages over HPLC such as using non-toxic solvents and over GC in analyzing thermally labile compounds at lower temperatures. SFC finds applications in pharmaceuticals, polymers, fuels, foods and natural products.
This document provides information on high performance thin layer chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPTLC-MS). It begins with introducing HPTLC-MS, including its history and principles. It then discusses the steps to perform HPTLC-MS, including sample preparation, chromatography development, and various interface techniques to couple HPTLC with mass spectrometry. Finally, it provides examples of applications of HPTLC-MS, such as analysis of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and Cyclanthera pedata. In summary, the document outlines the technique of HPTLC-MS, from its background and methodology to examples of its applications in chemical analysis.
1) Ion pair chromatography is a type of column chromatography that uses ion pairing agents to neutralize charged analytes and allow their separation on a reversed-phase column.
2) By adding counter ions with the opposite charge to the mobile phase, ion pairs form between the counter ions and analytes, neutralizing their charge and increasing their hydrophobicity.
3) The use of ion-pairing reagents as mobile phase additives allows the separation of ionic and highly polar substances that cannot otherwise be separated by reversed-phase chromatography.
Selection and calibration of analytical method & calibration methodsTapeshwar Yadav
The accuracy of a measurement system is the degree of closeness of measurements of a quantity to the true value.
The precision of a measurement system, also called reproducibility or repeatability, is the degree to which repeated measurements under unchanged conditions show the same results.
The sensitivity of a clinical test refers to the ability of the test to correctly identify those patients with the disease.
A test with 100% sensitivity correctly identifies all patients with the disease.
A test with 80% sensitivity detects 80% of patients with the disease (true positives) but 20% with the disease go undetected (false negatives).
The specificity of a clinical test refers to the ability of the test to correctly identify those patients without the disease.
Therefore, a test with 100% specificity correctly identifies all patients without the disease.
A test with 80% specificity correctly reports 80% of patients without the disease as test negative (true negatives) but 20% patients without the disease are incorrectly identified as test positive (false positives).
The specificity of a clinical test refers to the ability of the test to correctly identify those patients without the disease.
Therefore, a test with 100% specificity correctly identifies all patients without the disease.
A test with 80% specificity correctly reports 80% of patients without the disease as test negative (true negatives) but 20% patients without the disease are incorrectly identified as test positive (false positives).
Detectors are the brain of any chromatograhic system. It help us to record the chromatogram based on certain characteristics of the analyte and help us in identifying that compound both qualitatively and quantitatively.
1. Three common calibration techniques are described: calibration curve method, standard additions method, and internal standard method.
2. The calibration curve method involves preparing standard solutions of a known analyte concentration and measuring the analytical signal. A calibration curve of signal vs. concentration is made to determine unknown concentrations.
3. The standard additions method is useful when sample matrix effects are present. Known amounts of standard are added to samples and the signal response is measured. The intercept of the standard additions plot indicates the original analyte concentration in the sample.
4. The internal standard method corrects for variations in sample volume, position, and matrix. A known amount of a second element is added to standards and samples. Concent
This document provides an introduction to spectrometric methods and the Beer-Lambert law. It defines key terms like absorbance, transmittance, molar absorptivity, and wavelength. The Beer-Lambert law states that absorbance is directly proportional to concentration, path length, and molar absorptivity. It also explains that absorbance follows a linear relationship with concentration at a given path length and wavelength for a single analyte. Deviations from Beer's law can occur under certain circumstances.
The document discusses analytical method development for HPLC. It notes that method development requires selecting requirements, instrumentation type, and why. Existing methods may be unreliable, expensive, or time-consuming, necessitating new method development. Key steps in development include defining goals, establishing sample preparation, selecting detector and mode of separation, performing preliminary separations, optimizing conditions, and validating the method. Method development is informed by factors like number of analytes, sample matrix, and analyte properties.
This document discusses headspace analysis, which analyzes the gas above a sample in a chromatography vial. Headspace analysis is suited for very volatile analytes in solid or liquid samples, such as residual solvents in pharmaceuticals, flavors in beverages, and alcohol in blood or urine. It has advantages like minimal sample preparation and easy automation. Key factors that affect headspace analysis efficiency are the partition coefficient (K value) and phase ratio (b value), both of which can be optimized based on temperature, salts added, sample volume, and vial design. A typical headspace analyzer automatically analyzes up to 10 vials using a motorized needle and can be connected to a GC instrument. Headspace analysis is commonly used
liquid chromatography - mass spectroscopy (LC-MS)akbar siddiq
LC-MS combines liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry. It involves removing the detector from the LC column and interfacing the column directly with the mass spectrometer. The two key components are the ion source, which generates ions, and the mass analyzer, which sorts the ions. Common ion sources used include electrospray ionization, atmospheric pressure chemical ionization, and atmospheric pressure photoionization. Popular mass analyzers are quadrupole, time-of-flight, ion trap, and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance. LC-MS has applications in fields like molecular weight determination, structural determination, pharmaceutical analysis, food safety testing, and environmental analysis.
The document discusses analytical method validation which is required by pharmaceutical GMPs. It defines analytical method validation as establishing that a method's performance characteristics meet requirements for its intended purpose through laboratory studies. The key steps of validation include specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision, range, detection/quantitation limits, and robustness. Validation ensures testing methods are suitable and reliable for their intended use in pharmaceutical quality control.
Validation is defined as establishing documented evidence that a process will consistently produce a product meeting specifications. Analytical methods must be validated for identification tests, quantitative tests for impurities, limit tests, and assays. Key parameters for validation include linearity and range, specificity, precision, accuracy, limits of detection and quantification, robustness, and system suitability. Validation demonstrates a method is suitable for its intended use by proving the method is accurate, precise, specific, robust, and capable of detecting analytes at low concentrations.
This document provides an overview of supercritical fluid chromatography. It defines supercritical fluid chromatography as using a material above its critical temperature and pressure as a mobile phase. The principles are similar to HPLC but use carbon dioxide as the mobile phase. Key components of SFC instrumentation include the stationary phase, pumps to control mobile phase flow, injectors, ovens, and detectors. SFC offers advantages over GC and HPLC like lower operating temperatures and high diffusion coefficients. It finds applications in chiral separations for the pharmaceutical industry.
This document provides an overview of analytical chemistry and the steps involved in a quantitative analysis. It discusses how analytical chemistry plays a vital role in many areas of science. The key steps in a quantitative analysis are: 1) selecting an appropriate analytical method, 2) acquiring a representative sample, 3) processing the sample, 4) eliminating any interferences, 5) calibrating and making measurements, 6) calculating results, and 7) evaluating the reliability of the results. Instrumental methods have become increasingly important alongside classical wet chemical techniques. The goal of analytical chemistry is to determine the chemical composition of samples both qualitatively and quantitatively.
1 introduciton to analytical chemistry1Uday Deokate
Analytical chemistry is defined as the science of determining the qualitative and quantitative composition of matter. It involves both qualitative analysis to identify analytes and quantitative analysis to determine exact amounts or concentrations. Classical wet chemical methods include precipitation, extraction, and titrimetric measurements, while instrumental methods use analytical instrumentation to measure properties like light absorption, mass, and fluorescence. Analytical chemistry has important applications in fields like clinical analysis, pharmaceutical analysis, environmental analysis, and forensic analysis. It is used to characterize materials, determine complexity and composition of species, and provide numerical information about analytes.
The document discusses key concepts in analytical chemistry including:
1) It defines analytical chemistry as the branch dealing with determining the composition of matter.
2) It outlines common analytical techniques like qualitative, quantitative, characterization and fundamental analysis.
3) It describes important terms used in analytical chemistry like analysis, analyte, matrix, determination, measurement, technique, method, procedure and protocol.
4) It provides an overview of analytical methods classification including chemical methods like gravimetry, volumetry and instrumental methods like optical, electroanalytical, separation and miscellaneous methods.
Mass analyzers separate ionized molecules based on their mass-to-charge ratios. The main types are quadrupole, time-of-flight, magnetic sector, quadrupole ion trap, and ion cyclotron resonance. A quadrupole uses oscillating electric fields to selectively transmit ions through four rods. Time-of-flight separates ions by their time of flight through a field-free region, with lighter ions arriving first. Magnetic sector analyzers use magnetic and electric fields to curve ion trajectories based on m/z.
This document discusses potentiometry, which is a method of measuring electrical potential or electromotive force (emf) of a solution using indicator and reference electrodes. It describes the components of a potentiometric cell including the reference electrode, salt bridge, analyte solution, and indicator electrode. Various types of reference electrodes like standard hydrogen, saturated calomel, and silver/silver chloride electrodes are explained. The document also covers different types of indicator electrodes like metallic electrodes, membrane electrodes, and gas sensing probes. Direct potentiometry and potentiometric titration techniques are briefly mentioned.
This document discusses supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC). SFC uses supercritical fluids like carbon dioxide as the mobile phase. Carbon dioxide is most widely used as it is non-toxic, inexpensive, and has a critical temperature and pressure that are easily reached. SFC works on the principles of adsorption and partition chromatography. It can be used to analyze and purify low to moderate weight compounds, including chiral separations. SFC instrumentation includes pumps to deliver the mobile phase, an oven for temperature control, various injectors, columns, a backpressure regulator, and detectors. SFC finds applications in fields like pharmaceuticals and has advantages over HPLC like using less toxic solvents.
Method Validation - Limit of Detection, Quantitation limits and Robustnesslabgo
Prepared By: Shruti Vij (Senior Analyst) , Geeta Mathur(Senior Scientist) ,Khushbu ( Analyst)
This slide show contains detailed explanation of three characteristics of method validation- Limit of detection, Quantitation limits and Robustness. Limit of detection is the minimum amount of substance that can be detected but not measured, quantitation limit is the minimum amount of substance which can be detected and measured. Common approach to these procedures- signal to noise ratio has also been covered. Robustness is a characteristic which determines a method’s reliability when deliberate variations are induced in parameters.
Pharmaceutical Analysis may be defined as the application of analytical procedures
used to determine the purity, safety and quality of drugs and chemicals
Supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) is a combination of high performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography that uses supercritical fluids as the mobile phase. Carbon dioxide is most commonly used as the supercritical fluid due to its low critical temperature and pressure. SFC allows for faster analysis of both volatile and non-volatile compounds compared to HPLC and GC. It has advantages over HPLC such as using non-toxic solvents and over GC in analyzing thermally labile compounds at lower temperatures. SFC finds applications in pharmaceuticals, polymers, fuels, foods and natural products.
This document provides information on high performance thin layer chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPTLC-MS). It begins with introducing HPTLC-MS, including its history and principles. It then discusses the steps to perform HPTLC-MS, including sample preparation, chromatography development, and various interface techniques to couple HPTLC with mass spectrometry. Finally, it provides examples of applications of HPTLC-MS, such as analysis of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and Cyclanthera pedata. In summary, the document outlines the technique of HPTLC-MS, from its background and methodology to examples of its applications in chemical analysis.
1) Ion pair chromatography is a type of column chromatography that uses ion pairing agents to neutralize charged analytes and allow their separation on a reversed-phase column.
2) By adding counter ions with the opposite charge to the mobile phase, ion pairs form between the counter ions and analytes, neutralizing their charge and increasing their hydrophobicity.
3) The use of ion-pairing reagents as mobile phase additives allows the separation of ionic and highly polar substances that cannot otherwise be separated by reversed-phase chromatography.
Selection and calibration of analytical method & calibration methodsTapeshwar Yadav
The accuracy of a measurement system is the degree of closeness of measurements of a quantity to the true value.
The precision of a measurement system, also called reproducibility or repeatability, is the degree to which repeated measurements under unchanged conditions show the same results.
The sensitivity of a clinical test refers to the ability of the test to correctly identify those patients with the disease.
A test with 100% sensitivity correctly identifies all patients with the disease.
A test with 80% sensitivity detects 80% of patients with the disease (true positives) but 20% with the disease go undetected (false negatives).
The specificity of a clinical test refers to the ability of the test to correctly identify those patients without the disease.
Therefore, a test with 100% specificity correctly identifies all patients without the disease.
A test with 80% specificity correctly reports 80% of patients without the disease as test negative (true negatives) but 20% patients without the disease are incorrectly identified as test positive (false positives).
The specificity of a clinical test refers to the ability of the test to correctly identify those patients without the disease.
Therefore, a test with 100% specificity correctly identifies all patients without the disease.
A test with 80% specificity correctly reports 80% of patients without the disease as test negative (true negatives) but 20% patients without the disease are incorrectly identified as test positive (false positives).
Detectors are the brain of any chromatograhic system. It help us to record the chromatogram based on certain characteristics of the analyte and help us in identifying that compound both qualitatively and quantitatively.
1. Three common calibration techniques are described: calibration curve method, standard additions method, and internal standard method.
2. The calibration curve method involves preparing standard solutions of a known analyte concentration and measuring the analytical signal. A calibration curve of signal vs. concentration is made to determine unknown concentrations.
3. The standard additions method is useful when sample matrix effects are present. Known amounts of standard are added to samples and the signal response is measured. The intercept of the standard additions plot indicates the original analyte concentration in the sample.
4. The internal standard method corrects for variations in sample volume, position, and matrix. A known amount of a second element is added to standards and samples. Concent
This document provides an introduction to spectrometric methods and the Beer-Lambert law. It defines key terms like absorbance, transmittance, molar absorptivity, and wavelength. The Beer-Lambert law states that absorbance is directly proportional to concentration, path length, and molar absorptivity. It also explains that absorbance follows a linear relationship with concentration at a given path length and wavelength for a single analyte. Deviations from Beer's law can occur under certain circumstances.
The document discusses analytical method development for HPLC. It notes that method development requires selecting requirements, instrumentation type, and why. Existing methods may be unreliable, expensive, or time-consuming, necessitating new method development. Key steps in development include defining goals, establishing sample preparation, selecting detector and mode of separation, performing preliminary separations, optimizing conditions, and validating the method. Method development is informed by factors like number of analytes, sample matrix, and analyte properties.
This document discusses headspace analysis, which analyzes the gas above a sample in a chromatography vial. Headspace analysis is suited for very volatile analytes in solid or liquid samples, such as residual solvents in pharmaceuticals, flavors in beverages, and alcohol in blood or urine. It has advantages like minimal sample preparation and easy automation. Key factors that affect headspace analysis efficiency are the partition coefficient (K value) and phase ratio (b value), both of which can be optimized based on temperature, salts added, sample volume, and vial design. A typical headspace analyzer automatically analyzes up to 10 vials using a motorized needle and can be connected to a GC instrument. Headspace analysis is commonly used
liquid chromatography - mass spectroscopy (LC-MS)akbar siddiq
LC-MS combines liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry. It involves removing the detector from the LC column and interfacing the column directly with the mass spectrometer. The two key components are the ion source, which generates ions, and the mass analyzer, which sorts the ions. Common ion sources used include electrospray ionization, atmospheric pressure chemical ionization, and atmospheric pressure photoionization. Popular mass analyzers are quadrupole, time-of-flight, ion trap, and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance. LC-MS has applications in fields like molecular weight determination, structural determination, pharmaceutical analysis, food safety testing, and environmental analysis.
The document discusses analytical method validation which is required by pharmaceutical GMPs. It defines analytical method validation as establishing that a method's performance characteristics meet requirements for its intended purpose through laboratory studies. The key steps of validation include specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision, range, detection/quantitation limits, and robustness. Validation ensures testing methods are suitable and reliable for their intended use in pharmaceutical quality control.
Validation is defined as establishing documented evidence that a process will consistently produce a product meeting specifications. Analytical methods must be validated for identification tests, quantitative tests for impurities, limit tests, and assays. Key parameters for validation include linearity and range, specificity, precision, accuracy, limits of detection and quantification, robustness, and system suitability. Validation demonstrates a method is suitable for its intended use by proving the method is accurate, precise, specific, robust, and capable of detecting analytes at low concentrations.
This document provides a summary of analytical method validation. It discusses the types of analytical procedures that should be validated, including identification tests, quantitative impurity tests, limit tests, and active moiety assays. It also summarizes key validation characteristics that should be considered, such as accuracy, precision, specificity, range, detection limit, quantitation limit, linearity, and robustness. The document provides definitions and methodology recommendations for validating analytical procedures. It emphasizes that the validation process verifies that an analytical method is suitable for its intended purpose.
Ich guidelines on validation for analytical method/equipmentssakshi singh
The ICH guidelines provide validation requirements for analytical procedures including accuracy, precision, specificity, linearity, range, limit of detection, and limit of quantification. Accuracy and precision should be established across the specified range and determined using multiple concentration levels in triplicate. Precision has three levels - repeatability under short-term conditions, intermediate precision over longer time periods and varied conditions, and reproducibility between laboratories. The limits of detection and quantification establish the lowest levels that can be detected and quantified. Linearity is evaluated across several concentration levels and statistical measures. The range demonstrates performance within the intended concentrations. Specificity ensures no interference from impurities or matrix.
This document provides an overview of analytical method validation. It defines validation as proving a method leads to expected results. Validation is required for analytical tests, equipment, and processes. Once validated, a method is expected to remain in control if unchanged. The document discusses types of analytical procedures that must be validated, including identification, quantitative impurity, limit tests, and assays. It also distinguishes between validation and verification. Key aspects of validation covered include system suitability, specificity, linearity, range, precision, accuracy, recovery, and robustness. The validation characteristics and acceptance criteria are defined.
This document discusses validation of analytical procedures for drug substances and products. It describes key validation characteristics including specificity, accuracy, precision (repeatability and intermediate precision), detection limit, quantitation limit, linearity, range, and robustness. Validation is required for identification tests, assays of active ingredients and selected components, and tests for impurities. The level of validation depends on the objective and type of analytical procedure.
This document outlines guidelines for analytical method validation as described in ICH Q2. It defines validation as establishing evidence that a method is suitable for its intended purpose. Key parameters that must be validated include accuracy, precision, specificity, detection limit, quantitation limit, linearity, range, and robustness. The guidelines provide details on how to validate these parameters and determine method suitability.
validation of analytical procedure USFDA GuidlineArchana Chavhan
The document discusses the validation of analytical procedures as outlined by regulatory agencies like the USFDA. It defines key terms like accuracy, precision, specificity, detection limit, quantitation limit, linearity, range, and robustness. For each term, it provides the definition and recommendations on how to determine the characteristic during the validation process, such as testing a minimum number of samples over a specified range and concentration levels. The overall purpose of the validation is to establish that the analytical procedure is suitable for its intended use.
Analytical methods validation as per ich & uspGANESH NIGADE
This document discusses analytical method validation as per ICH and USP guidelines. It defines validation as establishing documentary evidence that a procedure maintains compliance. Method validation involves demonstrating that an analytical procedure is suitable for its intended purpose by testing parameters such as accuracy, precision, specificity, detection limit, quantitation limit, linearity, range, ruggedness and robustness. It also discusses the different types of analytical procedures that require validation including identification tests, quantitative impurity tests, limit tests and assays.
The document discusses various aspects of analytical method validation including the key parameters to evaluate, strategies for validation, documentation requirements, and regulatory guidelines. It defines method validation as confirming the suitability of an analytical procedure for its intended use. Key parameters discussed include accuracy, precision, specificity, range, linearity, limits of detection and quantitation, ruggedness, and robustness. Validation involves experimental testing, documentation in a report, and approval. Methods must be validated before use and revalidated if changed. The document provides detailed guidance on conducting and documenting the method validation process.
This document discusses various concepts related to analytical method validation including accuracy, precision, specificity, detection limit, and quantitation limit. It provides definitions and recommendations for determining each concept. For accuracy, it recommends assessing using spiked samples or an independent procedure and reporting as percent recovery. For precision, it recommends determining repeatability using 9 determinations at 3 concentrations and reporting as standard deviation and coefficient of variation. Detection limit can be determined visually, by signal-to-noise ratio, or by standard deviation of the blank. Quantitation limit is the lowest concentration that can be quantified and can also be determined visually or by signal-to-noise ratio.
The document discusses analytical method validation. It defines validation as establishing evidence that a process will consistently produce a product meeting predetermined specifications. The objectives are to discuss aspects of validation including principles, approaches, and characteristics. Key steps in validation are establishing accuracy, precision, specificity, linearity, range, limits of detection and quantification, and robustness of analytical procedures used for identification, quantification of impurities and active ingredients.
The document provides guidelines on validation of analytical procedures from the International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH) and the World Health Organization (WHO). It discusses validation characteristics like accuracy, precision, specificity, linearity, range, detection limit and quantitation limit that should be considered when validating identification tests, assays, and tests for impurities. It provides definitions for key terms and recommendations on how validation of these characteristics should be performed.
Analytical method validation as per ich and usp shreyas B R
Analytical method validation is a process of documenting/ proving that an analytical method provides analytical data acceptable for the intended use.After the development of an analytical procedure, it is must important to assure that the procedure will consistently produce the intended a precise result with high degree of accuracy. The method should give a specific result that may not be affected by external matters. This creates a requirement to validate the analytical procedures. The validation procedures consists of some characteristics parameters that makes the method acceptable with addition of statistical tools.
Understanding of Analytical Method Validation Approach in Pharmaceutical Industry. Analytical method validation Verification is a wide chapter and a huge scope of applicability. In different types of methods, instrument, measurement approach all can effect the validation effort. However the basic fundamental will remains same, the parameters, acceptance criteria, functionality may vary depending upon the type of method, instrument etc.
This document provides guidance on bioanalytical method validation. It discusses validation parameters such as selectivity, accuracy, precision, recovery, calibration curves, and stability. Full validation is recommended when developing a new bioanalytical method or validating a revised method. Partial validation may be done for modifications like changes in matrix, reagents, or instrumentation. Cross-validation between methods and labs is also addressed. Recommendations are provided for chemical and microbiological/ligand-binding assay validation.
The document discusses validation of analytical procedures. Validation is required to confirm a procedure is suitable for its intended use. It identifies potential errors and determines if the method is acceptable. Key validation characteristics discussed include specificity, linearity, range, accuracy, precision, limit of detection, limit of quantitation, robustness, and system suitability. The document provides details on how to evaluate each characteristic.
This document discusses guidelines for analytical method validation. It outlines types of analytical methods that require validation including chromatographic, spectroscopic, and dissolution methods. Key analytical performance characteristics used in validation are described such as specificity, linearity, range, accuracy, precision, detection/quantitation limits, robustness, and system suitability testing. The document provides details on determining these characteristics and validating methods. It also addresses revalidation and references for further information.
The document discusses various validation methods including validation of equipment, analytical instruments, and analytical methods. It provides details on calibration, analytical method validation parameters like accuracy, precision, specificity, linearity, range, limits of detection and quantitation. It also discusses process validation types like prospective, concurrent and retrospective validation as well as cleaning validation and equipment validation.
This document discusses analytical method validation for assay methods. It defines validation as demonstrating a method is suitable for its intended purpose. Validation characteristics include precision, accuracy, specificity, linearity, range, ruggedness and robustness. Considerations before validation include calibrated instruments, standardized reagents, trained analysts, test methods and materials. The document describes methodologies for evaluating these characteristics, such as accuracy studies using spiked samples, forced degradation studies for specificity, linearity studies using calibration curves, and ruggedness studies varying analysts, columns, systems and days. Acceptance criteria are provided for each characteristic.
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2. Introduction
• Instrumental analysis is a component of analytical chemistry
that uses instruments to analyze particles and molecules.
• Classification of Analytical Methods
• Qualitative analysis gives an indication of the identity of
the chemical species in the sample and
• Quantitative analysis determines the amount of one or
more of these components
3. Sources of errors
• Incorrect weighing and transfer of analytes and standards
• Inefficient extraction of the analyte from a matrix, e.g. tablets
• Incorrect use of pipettes, burettes or volumetric flasks for volume
measurement
• Measurement carried out using improperly calibrated instrumentation
• Failure to use an analytical blank
• Selection of assay conditions that cause degradation of the analyte
• Failure to allow for or to remove interference by excipients in the
measurement of an analyte
4. Quality of analytical procedures
The International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH) has adopted the following terms for defining how
the quality of an assay is controlled.
The analytical procedure provides an exact description of how the analysis is carried out. It should
describe in detail the steps necessary to perform each analytical test. The full method should describe:
(i) the quality and source of the reference standard for the compound being analysed
(ii) the procedures used for preparing solutions of the reference standard
(iii) the quality of any reagents or solvents used in the assay and their method of preparation
(iv) the procedures and settings used for the operation of any equipment required in the assay
(v) the methodology used for calibration of the assay and methodology used for the processing of the
sample prior to analysis.
5. Selecting an analytical method
• How reproducible? - Precision
• How close to true value? - Accuracy/Bias
• How small a difference can be measured? - Sensitivity
• What range of amounts? - Dynamic Range
• How much interference? - Selectivity
• How many samples? – Efficience (time, money cost)
6. Precision
• the precision of an analytical procedure expresses the closeness of
agreement (degree of scatter) between a series of measurements obtained
from multiple sampling of the same homogeneous sample under the
prescribed conditions.
• Precision may be considered at three levels: repeatability, intermediate
precision and reproducibility.
a. Repeatability Repeatability expresses the precision under the same
operating conditions over a short interval of time. Repeatability is also
termed intra-assay precision .
b. Intermediate precision
Intermediate precision expresses within-laboratories variations:
different days, different analysts, different equipment, etc.
c. Reproducibility
Reproducibility expresses the precision between laboratories (collaborative
studies, usually applied to standardization of methodology)
7. • The Accuracy of an analytical procedure expresses the closeness of agreement
between the value which is accepted either as a conventional true value or an
accepted reference value and the value found. This is sometimes termed
trueness.
• Specificity is the ability to assess unequivocally the analyte in the presence of
components which may be expected to be present. Typically these might include
impurities, degradants, matrix
• No analytical method is completely free from interference by concomitants. Best
method is more sensitive to analyte than interfering species (interferent). The
sensitivity of method indicates how responsive it is to a small change in the
concentration of an analyte.
• LINEARITY The linearity of an analytical procedure is its ability (within a given
range) to obtain test results which are directly proportional to the concentration
(amount) of analyte in the sample.
8. • DETECTION LIMIT The detection limit of an individual analytical procedure is the lowest amount of
analyte in a sample which can be detected but not necessarily quantitated as an exact value.
• QUANTITATION LIMIT The quantitation limit of an individual analytical procedure is the lowest
amount of analyte in a sample which can be quantitatively determined with suitable precision and
accuracy. The quantitation limit is a parameter of quantitative assays for low levels of compounds
in sample matrices, and is used particularly for the determination of impurities and/or
degradation products.
• ROBUSTNESS The robustness of an analytical procedure is a measure of its capacity to remain
unaffected by small, but deliberate variations in method parameters and provides an indication of
its reliability during normal usage. Robustness. The types of parameters which are assessed in
order to determine the robustness of a method include: the stability of analytical solutions; the
length of the extraction time; the effect of variations in the pH of a HPLC mobile phase; the effect
of small variations in mobile phase composition; the effect of changing chromatographic columns;
the effect of temperature and flow rate during chromatography.
• RANGE The range of an analytical procedure is the interval between the upper and lower
concentration (amounts) of analyte in the sample (including these concentrations) for which it has
been demonstrated that the analytical procedure has a suitable level of precision, accuracy and
linearity. When applied to the performance of an assay, it refers to the interval between the upper
and lower concentration of an analyte for which an acceptable level of precision and accuracy has
been established.
9. Error minimization
• Analyst has no control on random errors but systemic errors can be reduced
by following methods.
Calibration of apparatus: By calibrating all the instruments, errors can be
minimized and appropriate corrections are applied to the original
measurements.
Control determination: standard substance is used in experiment in
identical experimental condition to minimize the errors.
Blank determination: By omitting sample, a determination is carried out in
identical condition to minimize the errors occurs due to impurities present
in reagent.
10. Error minimization….
Independent method of analysis: It is carried out to maintain accuracy of the
result e. g. Iron (III) is first determined gravimetrically by precipitation method
as iron (III) hydroxide and then determined titrimetrically by reduction to the
iron (II) state.
Parallel determination: Instead of single determination, duplicate or triplicate
determination is carried out to minimize the possibilities of accidental errors.
Standard edition: This method is generally applied to physico-chemical
procedures such as polarography and spectrophotometry.
Internal standards: It is used in spectroscopic and chromatographic
determination.
11. Error analysis case study
• A batch of paracetamol tablets are stated to contain 500 mg of
paracetamol per tablet; for the purpose of this example it is
presumed that 100% of the stated content is the correct answer. Four
students carry out a spectrophotometric analysis of an extract from
the tablets and obtain the following percentages of stated content for
the repeat analysis of paracetamol in the tablets:
Student 1: 99.5%, 99.9%, 100.2%, 99.4%, 100.5%
Student 2: 95.6%, 96.1%, 95.2%, 95.1%, 96.1%
Student 3: 93.5%, 98.3%, 92.5%, 102.5%, 97.6%
Student 4: 94.4%, 100.2%, 104.5%, 97.4%, 102.1%
12. • Student 1: Precise and accurate
• Student 2: Precise and inaccurate
• Student 3: Imprecise and inaccurate
• Student 4: Imprecise and accurate