This document discusses instruction level power analysis (ILPA) for estimating processor power consumption. It describes how ILPA works by associating an energy cost with each instruction based on its operations and accounting for inter-instruction effects. Initially used for RISC processors, ILPA methods were modified for VLIW/EPIC processors by considering independent energy dissipation across execution slots and clustering similar instructions. ILPA does not provide insight into core power consumption causes but was expanded to microarchitecture-aware models accounting for individual pipeline stages. Register files and caches can also be modeled based on access patterns and state transitions between cycles.
The demand for portable electronic devices that offers increase in functions, performance at lower costs and smaller sizes increased rapidly. Designing complex SOCs is a challenge, especially at 90 nanometers Technology, where new problems crop up - power efficiency is being the biggest of problems. For different modes we cannot design different operating circuits, better to have technique that will have minimum circuit changes and in all modes it will save power which is wasted. This paper provides some guidelines on how Low Power design using UPF approach can be introduced for a design.
Vlsi design process for low power design methodology using reconfigurable fpgaeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
With Increase in Portable devices, VLSI chips has to consider about Power usages in VLSI silicon chips. So Power Aware design and verification is so important in Industry. To get basic knowledge on Low Power Design and Verification with UPF basics Go through this Slides.
A Fault-tolerant Switch for Next Generation Computer NetworksIDES Editor
In this paper, the architecture of a Multi-plane
Parallel Deflection-Routed Circular Banyan (PDCB) network
based switching fabric is introduced. The PDCB network has
a cyclic, regular, self-routing, simple architecture and fairly
good performance. Its Performance is improved due to
reduction in blocking by two-dimensional path-multiplicity of
the proposed architecture. It consists of 4X4 Switching
Elements.
The proposed switch is shown to be fault-tolerant. A simple
analytical model based on Markov chain to evaluate the
performance of proposed switch under uniform traffic
condition has also been presented in this paper. The
performance parameters studied are Normalized Throughput
and Normalized Delay. Simulation study of the switch is also
performed to validate the model proposed.
The demand for portable electronic devices that offers increase in functions, performance at lower costs and smaller sizes increased rapidly. Designing complex SOCs is a challenge, especially at 90 nanometers Technology, where new problems crop up - power efficiency is being the biggest of problems. For different modes we cannot design different operating circuits, better to have technique that will have minimum circuit changes and in all modes it will save power which is wasted. This paper provides some guidelines on how Low Power design using UPF approach can be introduced for a design.
Vlsi design process for low power design methodology using reconfigurable fpgaeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
With Increase in Portable devices, VLSI chips has to consider about Power usages in VLSI silicon chips. So Power Aware design and verification is so important in Industry. To get basic knowledge on Low Power Design and Verification with UPF basics Go through this Slides.
A Fault-tolerant Switch for Next Generation Computer NetworksIDES Editor
In this paper, the architecture of a Multi-plane
Parallel Deflection-Routed Circular Banyan (PDCB) network
based switching fabric is introduced. The PDCB network has
a cyclic, regular, self-routing, simple architecture and fairly
good performance. Its Performance is improved due to
reduction in blocking by two-dimensional path-multiplicity of
the proposed architecture. It consists of 4X4 Switching
Elements.
The proposed switch is shown to be fault-tolerant. A simple
analytical model based on Markov chain to evaluate the
performance of proposed switch under uniform traffic
condition has also been presented in this paper. The
performance parameters studied are Normalized Throughput
and Normalized Delay. Simulation study of the switch is also
performed to validate the model proposed.
Design and Implementation of Low Power DSP Core with Programmable Truncated V...ijsrd.com
The programmable truncated Vedic multiplication is the method which uses Vedic multiplier and programmable truncation control bits and which reduces part of the area and power required by multipliers by only computing the most-significant bits of the product. The basic process of truncation includes physical reduction of the partial product matrix and a compensation for the reduced bits via different hardware compensation sub circuits. These results in fixed systems optimized for a given application at design time. A novel approach to truncation is proposed, where a full precision vedic multiplier is implemented, but the active section of the truncation is selected by truncation control bits dynamically at run-time. Such architecture brings together the power reduction benefits from truncated multipliers and the flexibility of reconfigurable and general purpose devices. Efficient implementation of such a multiplier is presented in a custom digital signal processor where the concept of software compensation is introduced and analyzed for different applications. Experimental results and power measurements are studied, including power measurements from both post-synthesis simulations and a fabricated IC implementation. This is the first system-level DSP core using a high speed Vedic truncated multiplier. Results demonstrate the effectiveness of the programmable truncated MAC (PTMAC) in achieving power reduction, with minimum impact on functionality for a number of applications. On comparison with the previous parallel multipliers Vedic should be much more fast and area should be reduced. Programmable truncated Vedic multiplier (PTVM) should be the basic part implemented for the arithmetic and PTMAC units.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology
Vlsi Design of Low Transition Low Power Test Pattern Generator Using Fault Co...iosrjce
Now a day’s highly integrated multi layer board with IC’s is virtually impossible to be accessed
physically for testing. The major problem detected during testing a circuit includes test generation and gate to
I/O pin problems. In design of any circuit, consuming low power and less hardware utilization is an important
design parameter. Therefore reliable testing methods are introduced which reduces the cost of the hardware
required and also power consumed by the device. In this project a new fault coverage test pattern generator is
generated using a linear feedback shift register called FC-LFSR which can perform fault analysis and reduces
the total power of the circuit. In this test, it generates three intermediate patterns between the random patterns
which reduces the transitional activities of primary inputs so that the switching activities inside the circuit under
test will be reduced. The test patterns generated are applied to c17 benchmark circuit, whose results with fault
coverage of the circuit being tested. The simulation for this design is performed using Xilinx ISE software using
Verilog hardware description language
Sources of Power Dissipation
Dynamic Power Dissipation
Static Power Dissipation
Power Reduction Techniques
Algorithmic Power Minimization
Architectural Power Minimization
Logic and Circuit Level Power Minimization
Control Logic Power Minimization
System Level Power Management.
Comparative Performance Analysis of Low Power Full Adder Design in Different ...ijcisjournal
This paper gives the comparison of performance of full adder design in terms of area, power and delay in
different logic styles. Full adder design achieves low power using the Transmission Gate logic compared to
all other topologies such as Basic CMOS, Pass Transistor and GDI techniques but it make use of more
number of transistors compared to GDI. GDI occupies less area compared to all other logic design styles.
This paper presents the simulated outcome using Tanner tools and also H-Spice tool which shows power
and speed comparison of different full adder designs. All simulations have been performed in 90nm, 45nm
and 22nm scaling parameters using Predictive Technology Models in H-Spice tool.
Low Power Electronic design is basically compromised with power aware digital system designs techniques. Especially VLSI power architecture with advanced power reduction techniques are discussed in details here
Design of a Low Power and Area Efficient Flip Flop With Embedded Logic Moduleiosrjce
As number of modules per chip is increasing, number of transistors in a chip increases resulting in
increase in area and power dissipation. Area and power dissipation problems can be most effectively addressed
if the basic building blocks of the circuit are designed for lower power dissipation and occupy less space. FlipFlop,
which is basic building block, plays a major role in design of complex systems. From the open literature,
Semi Dynamic Flip-Flop (SDFF) and Dual Dynamic Flip-Flops (DDFF) are classic structures which are
efficient for incorporating complex logic functions. In this paper, a new low power and area efficient flip-flop
with Embedded Logic Module (ELM) is proposed. The proposed Flip-Flop reduces 50% to 60% of power
dissipation as compared to conventional flip-flops and delay up to 86% is also reduced. Serial in Parallel out
(SIPO) shift register is designed with the proposed flip-flop which exhibit low power dissipation. The
simulations are done in MENTOR GRAPHICS, Schematic editor, Generic GDK, 130nm technology.
HIGH PERFORMANCE ETHERNET PACKET PROCESSOR CORE FOR NEXT GENERATION NETWORKSijngnjournal
As the demand for high speed Internet significantly increasing to meet the requirement of large data transfers, real-time communication and High Definition ( HD) multimedia transfer over IP, the IP based network products architecture must evolve and change. Application specific processors require high
performance, low power and high degree of programmability is the limitation in many general processor based applications. This paper describes the design of Ethernet packet processor for system-on-chip (SoC) which performs all core packet processing functions, including segmentation and reassembly, packetization classification, route and queue management which will speedup switching/routing performance making it
more suitable for Next Generation Networks (NGN). Ethernet packet processor design can be configured for use with multiple projects targeted to a FPGA device the system is designed to support 1/10/20/40/100 Gigabit links with a speed and performance advantage. VHDL has been used to implement and simulated the required functions in FPGA
LOGIC OPTIMIZATION USING TECHNOLOGY INDEPENDENT MUX BASED ADDERS IN FPGAVLSICS Design
Adders form an almost obligatory component of every contemporary integrated circuit. The prerequisite of the adder is that it is primarily fast and secondarily efficient in terms of power consumption and chip area. Therefore, careful optimization of the adder is of the greatest importance. This optimization can be attained
in two levels; it can be circuit or logic optimization. In circuit optimization the size of transistors are manipulated, where as in logic optimization the Boolean equations are rearranged (or manipulated) to optimize speed, area and power consumption. This paper focuses the optimization of adder through technology independent mapping. The work presents 20 different logical construction of 1-bit adder cell in CMOS logic and its performance is analyzed in terms of transistor count, delay and power dissipation. These performance issues are analyzed through Tanner EDA with TSMC MOSIS 250nm technology. From this analysis the optimized equation is chosen to construct a full adder circuit in terms of multiplexer. This logic optimized multiplexer based adders are incorporated in selected existing adders like ripple carry
adder, carry look-ahead adder, carry skip adder, carry select adder, carry increment adder and carry save adder and its performance is analyzed in terms of area (slices used) and maximum combinational path delay as a function of size. The target FPGA device chosen for the implementation of these adders was Xilinx ISE 12.1 Spartan3E XC3S500-5FG320. Each adder type was implemented with bit sizes of: 8, 16, 32, 64 bits. This variety of sizes will provide with more insight about the performance of each adder in terms of area and delay as a function of size.
Energy Efficient and Process Tolerant Full Adder in Technologies beyond CMOSIDES Editor
This paper presents 1-bit full adder cell in emerging
technologies like FinFET and CNFET that operates in the
moderate inversion region for energy efficiency, robustness
and higher performance. The performance of the adder is
improved by the optimum selection of important process
parameters like oxide and fin thickness in FinFET and number
of carbon nanotubes, chirality vector and pitch in CNFET.
The optimized CNFET-based full adder (OP-CNFET) has
higher speed, lower PDP (power-delay product) and lower
power dissipation as compared to the MOSFET and FinFET
full adder cells. The OP-CNFET design also offers tight spread
in power, delay and PDP variability against process, voltage
and temperature variations. All the evaluations have been
carried out using HSPICE simulations based on 32 nm BPTM
(Berkeley Predictive Technology Model).
This pdf is only to learn payback, timevalue of money and IIr
and there example are also given by me to easy to lean there example if any doute then contact me...
Design and Implementation of Low Power DSP Core with Programmable Truncated V...ijsrd.com
The programmable truncated Vedic multiplication is the method which uses Vedic multiplier and programmable truncation control bits and which reduces part of the area and power required by multipliers by only computing the most-significant bits of the product. The basic process of truncation includes physical reduction of the partial product matrix and a compensation for the reduced bits via different hardware compensation sub circuits. These results in fixed systems optimized for a given application at design time. A novel approach to truncation is proposed, where a full precision vedic multiplier is implemented, but the active section of the truncation is selected by truncation control bits dynamically at run-time. Such architecture brings together the power reduction benefits from truncated multipliers and the flexibility of reconfigurable and general purpose devices. Efficient implementation of such a multiplier is presented in a custom digital signal processor where the concept of software compensation is introduced and analyzed for different applications. Experimental results and power measurements are studied, including power measurements from both post-synthesis simulations and a fabricated IC implementation. This is the first system-level DSP core using a high speed Vedic truncated multiplier. Results demonstrate the effectiveness of the programmable truncated MAC (PTMAC) in achieving power reduction, with minimum impact on functionality for a number of applications. On comparison with the previous parallel multipliers Vedic should be much more fast and area should be reduced. Programmable truncated Vedic multiplier (PTVM) should be the basic part implemented for the arithmetic and PTMAC units.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology
Vlsi Design of Low Transition Low Power Test Pattern Generator Using Fault Co...iosrjce
Now a day’s highly integrated multi layer board with IC’s is virtually impossible to be accessed
physically for testing. The major problem detected during testing a circuit includes test generation and gate to
I/O pin problems. In design of any circuit, consuming low power and less hardware utilization is an important
design parameter. Therefore reliable testing methods are introduced which reduces the cost of the hardware
required and also power consumed by the device. In this project a new fault coverage test pattern generator is
generated using a linear feedback shift register called FC-LFSR which can perform fault analysis and reduces
the total power of the circuit. In this test, it generates three intermediate patterns between the random patterns
which reduces the transitional activities of primary inputs so that the switching activities inside the circuit under
test will be reduced. The test patterns generated are applied to c17 benchmark circuit, whose results with fault
coverage of the circuit being tested. The simulation for this design is performed using Xilinx ISE software using
Verilog hardware description language
Sources of Power Dissipation
Dynamic Power Dissipation
Static Power Dissipation
Power Reduction Techniques
Algorithmic Power Minimization
Architectural Power Minimization
Logic and Circuit Level Power Minimization
Control Logic Power Minimization
System Level Power Management.
Comparative Performance Analysis of Low Power Full Adder Design in Different ...ijcisjournal
This paper gives the comparison of performance of full adder design in terms of area, power and delay in
different logic styles. Full adder design achieves low power using the Transmission Gate logic compared to
all other topologies such as Basic CMOS, Pass Transistor and GDI techniques but it make use of more
number of transistors compared to GDI. GDI occupies less area compared to all other logic design styles.
This paper presents the simulated outcome using Tanner tools and also H-Spice tool which shows power
and speed comparison of different full adder designs. All simulations have been performed in 90nm, 45nm
and 22nm scaling parameters using Predictive Technology Models in H-Spice tool.
Low Power Electronic design is basically compromised with power aware digital system designs techniques. Especially VLSI power architecture with advanced power reduction techniques are discussed in details here
Design of a Low Power and Area Efficient Flip Flop With Embedded Logic Moduleiosrjce
As number of modules per chip is increasing, number of transistors in a chip increases resulting in
increase in area and power dissipation. Area and power dissipation problems can be most effectively addressed
if the basic building blocks of the circuit are designed for lower power dissipation and occupy less space. FlipFlop,
which is basic building block, plays a major role in design of complex systems. From the open literature,
Semi Dynamic Flip-Flop (SDFF) and Dual Dynamic Flip-Flops (DDFF) are classic structures which are
efficient for incorporating complex logic functions. In this paper, a new low power and area efficient flip-flop
with Embedded Logic Module (ELM) is proposed. The proposed Flip-Flop reduces 50% to 60% of power
dissipation as compared to conventional flip-flops and delay up to 86% is also reduced. Serial in Parallel out
(SIPO) shift register is designed with the proposed flip-flop which exhibit low power dissipation. The
simulations are done in MENTOR GRAPHICS, Schematic editor, Generic GDK, 130nm technology.
HIGH PERFORMANCE ETHERNET PACKET PROCESSOR CORE FOR NEXT GENERATION NETWORKSijngnjournal
As the demand for high speed Internet significantly increasing to meet the requirement of large data transfers, real-time communication and High Definition ( HD) multimedia transfer over IP, the IP based network products architecture must evolve and change. Application specific processors require high
performance, low power and high degree of programmability is the limitation in many general processor based applications. This paper describes the design of Ethernet packet processor for system-on-chip (SoC) which performs all core packet processing functions, including segmentation and reassembly, packetization classification, route and queue management which will speedup switching/routing performance making it
more suitable for Next Generation Networks (NGN). Ethernet packet processor design can be configured for use with multiple projects targeted to a FPGA device the system is designed to support 1/10/20/40/100 Gigabit links with a speed and performance advantage. VHDL has been used to implement and simulated the required functions in FPGA
LOGIC OPTIMIZATION USING TECHNOLOGY INDEPENDENT MUX BASED ADDERS IN FPGAVLSICS Design
Adders form an almost obligatory component of every contemporary integrated circuit. The prerequisite of the adder is that it is primarily fast and secondarily efficient in terms of power consumption and chip area. Therefore, careful optimization of the adder is of the greatest importance. This optimization can be attained
in two levels; it can be circuit or logic optimization. In circuit optimization the size of transistors are manipulated, where as in logic optimization the Boolean equations are rearranged (or manipulated) to optimize speed, area and power consumption. This paper focuses the optimization of adder through technology independent mapping. The work presents 20 different logical construction of 1-bit adder cell in CMOS logic and its performance is analyzed in terms of transistor count, delay and power dissipation. These performance issues are analyzed through Tanner EDA with TSMC MOSIS 250nm technology. From this analysis the optimized equation is chosen to construct a full adder circuit in terms of multiplexer. This logic optimized multiplexer based adders are incorporated in selected existing adders like ripple carry
adder, carry look-ahead adder, carry skip adder, carry select adder, carry increment adder and carry save adder and its performance is analyzed in terms of area (slices used) and maximum combinational path delay as a function of size. The target FPGA device chosen for the implementation of these adders was Xilinx ISE 12.1 Spartan3E XC3S500-5FG320. Each adder type was implemented with bit sizes of: 8, 16, 32, 64 bits. This variety of sizes will provide with more insight about the performance of each adder in terms of area and delay as a function of size.
Energy Efficient and Process Tolerant Full Adder in Technologies beyond CMOSIDES Editor
This paper presents 1-bit full adder cell in emerging
technologies like FinFET and CNFET that operates in the
moderate inversion region for energy efficiency, robustness
and higher performance. The performance of the adder is
improved by the optimum selection of important process
parameters like oxide and fin thickness in FinFET and number
of carbon nanotubes, chirality vector and pitch in CNFET.
The optimized CNFET-based full adder (OP-CNFET) has
higher speed, lower PDP (power-delay product) and lower
power dissipation as compared to the MOSFET and FinFET
full adder cells. The OP-CNFET design also offers tight spread
in power, delay and PDP variability against process, voltage
and temperature variations. All the evaluations have been
carried out using HSPICE simulations based on 32 nm BPTM
(Berkeley Predictive Technology Model).
This pdf is only to learn payback, timevalue of money and IIr
and there example are also given by me to easy to lean there example if any doute then contact me...
The difference between the present value of cash inflows and the present value of cash outflows. NPV is used in capital budgeting to analyze the profitability of an investment or project.
How to achieve 95%+ Accurate power measurement during architecture exploration? Deepak Shankar
During the conceptualization and architectural exploration phases, it is crucial to assess the power budget.
Would you like to accurately measure the:
1. Power consumed for a proposed embedded software or firmware?
2. Savings of a Power Management Algorithm prior to development?
3. Power impact of hardware configuration change?
4. Trade-off between Power and Performance?
5. Temperature, heat, peak power and cumulative power?
With the rise of containerization, as well as the established adoption of virtualization technologies, run-time power and energy management is becoming one of the key challenges in modern cloud computing. This is also fundamental as power consumption contributes to the 20% of the Total Cost of Ownership of a datacenter and energy costs will exceed hardware costs in the near future. In this context, several goals towards power optimization can be achieved. On the one hand, power capping can be enforced and on top of that the system should be able to maximize performance. On the other hand, when performance are critical, the system should be able to provide a minimum SLA and optimize power consumption without violating it. Within this context, we propose a common autonomic methodology based on the ODA control loop for containers and virtual machines. The proposed methodology is able to achieve 25% power savings for containers and can improve performance under a power cap for virtual machines.
Empirically Derived Abstractions in Uncore Power Modeling for a Server-Class...Arun Joseph
Uncore power and identification of power reduction opportunities is a critical aspect of future power-efficient micro-processor design.
We present a practical methodology for use in an industrial setting for deriving abstract analytical power models for selected key uncore elements.
We show that even with very few power event markers and a small set of stress marks, it is possible to develop accurate power models for uncore elements of a modern day chip.
We quantify the accuracy such models have in providing improved power proxies and predicting worst-case bounds on chip level inductive noise in future technologies.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) ijceronline
nternational Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Presented approaches for generation of multiple clock gating domain parameterized PVT independent power abstracts for large IP blocks. We accomplish the gating domain parameterization through separation of the attribution of switching due to each single domain through a marking and tracing process, thereby precluding the need for separate domain by domain simulation to achieve the parameterization.
Experimental results comparing proposed approach on IP blocks of varying sizes from a real industry strength microprocessor design clearly highlight accuracy impact while keeping run time and model size increase in an acceptable range. In terms of extensions, we are exploring approaches where we could preserve each of the domains independently, for which we are looking into formulations based on constructing clock gating domain conflict hyper graphs and coloring them to determine domain interactions.
In our project, we propose a novel architecture which generates the test patterns with reduced switching activities. LP-TPG (Test pattern Generator) structure consists of modified low power linear feedback shift register (LP-LFSR), m-bit counter; gray counter, NOR-gate structure and XOR-array. The m-bit counter is initialized with Zeros and which generates 2m test patterns in sequence. The m-bit counter and gray code generator are controlled by common clock signal [CLK]. The output of m-bit counter is applied as input to gray code generator and NOR-gate structure. When all the bits of counter output are Zero, the NOR-gate output is one. Only when the NOR-gate output is one, the clock signal is applied to activate the LP-LFSR which generates the next seed. The seed generated from LP-LFSR is Exclusive–OR ed with the data generated from gray code generator. The patterns generated from the Exclusive–OR array are the final output patterns. The proposed architecture is simulated using Modelsim and synthesized using Xilinx ISE 13.2 and it will be implemented on XC3S500e Spartan 3E FPGA board for hardware implementation and testing. The Xilinx Chip scope tool will be used to test the FPGA inside results while the logic running on FPGA.
A Hybrid Approach to Standard Cell Power Characterization based on PVT Indepe...Arun Joseph
Focus of this work is a hybrid approach to improve traditional library characterization performance. Traditional circuit simulation for dynamic power characterization, Contributor based approach for leakage characterization
Implementation of Area Effective Carry Select AddersKumar Goud
Abstract: In the design of Integrated circuit area occupancy plays a vital role because of increasing the necessity of portable systems. Carry Select Adder (CSLA) is a fast adder used in data processing processors for performing fast arithmetic functions. From the structure of the CSLA, the scope is reducing the area of CSLA based on the efficient gate-level modification. In this paper 16 bit, 32 bit, 64 bit and 128 bit Regular Linear CSLA, Modified Linear CSLA, Regular Square-root CSLA (SQRT CSLA) and Modified SQRT CSLA architectures have been developed and compared. However, the Regular CSLA is still area-consuming due to the dual Ripple-Carry Adder (RCA) structure. For reducing area, the CSLA can be implemented by using a single RCA and an add-one circuit instead of using dual RCA. Comparing the Regular Linear CSLA with Regular SQRT CSLA, the Regular SQRT CSLA has reduced area as well as comparing the Modified Linear CSLA with Modified SQRT CSLA; the Modified SQRT CSLA has reduced area. The results and analysis show that the Modified Linear CSLA and Modified SQRT CSLA provide better outcomes than the Regular Linear CSLA and Regular SQRT CSLA respectively. This project was aimed for implementing high performance optimized FPGA architecture. Modelsim 10.0c is used for simulating the CSLA and synthesized using Xilinx PlanAhead13.4. Then the implementation is done in Virtex5 FPGA Kit.
Keywords: Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA), efficient, Carry Select Adder (CSLA), Square-root CSLA (SQRTCSLA).
A general presentation on IEC 61850 application to substation automation.
Describes Data Semantics, communication services and the substation configuration language
In the last few years energy efficiency of large scale infrastructures gained a lot of attention, as power consumption became one of the most impacting factors of the operative costs of a data-center and of its Total Cost of Ownership. Power consumption can be observed at different layers of the data-center: from the overall power grid, moving to each rack and arriving to each machine and system. Given the rise of application containers in the cloud computing scenario, it becomes more and more important to measure power consumption also at the application level, where power-aware schedulers and orchestrators can optimize the execution of the workloads not only from a performance perspective, but also considering performance/power trade-offs. DEEP-mon is a novel monitoring tool able to measure power consumption and attribute it for each thread and application container running in the system, without any previous knowledge regarding the characteristics of the application and without any kind of workload instrumentation. DEEP-mon is able to aggregate data for threads, application containers and hosts with a negligible impact on the monitored system and on the running workloads.
Information obtained with DEEP-mon open the way for a wide set of applications exploiting the capabilities offered by the monitoring tool, from power (and hence cost) metering of new software components deployed in the data center, to fine grained power capping and power-aware scheduling and co-location.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
"Impact of front-end architecture on development cost", Viktor TurskyiFwdays
I have heard many times that architecture is not important for the front-end. Also, many times I have seen how developers implement features on the front-end just following the standard rules for a framework and think that this is enough to successfully launch the project, and then the project fails. How to prevent this and what approach to choose? I have launched dozens of complex projects and during the talk we will analyze which approaches have worked for me and which have not.
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2. Layout
Introduction
Components of Power Consumption
Power Characterization
Instruction Level Power Analysis for RISC
processors
Extensions for VLIW/EPIC processors
Register Files
Caches
2
3. Introduction
Why power of nano-electronics became so
important?
Because of Moore’s law still holds true through
complex applications
Mobile systems – battery “bottleneck”
High performance computation – heat
extraction
Operating cost and reliability
Data warehouse of ISP with 8000 servers
needs 2 MW
3
4. Introduction
Power or Energy? Aren’t they go hand-in-hand?
Power varies significantly with time!
A given battery has fixed amount of energy
Average power consumption = Energy/Execution-
time
Decides average chip and junction temperature
Decides battery life (if peak current < rated
current)
Peak power and current
Voltage drops, hot spots, rate of battery discharge
Power-efficient, Energy-efficient, Battery-efficient
design paradigms do exist!
4
5. Components of Power
Consumption
System = hardware platform + software (sys. & app.)
Software impacts hardware power consumption
Static power
Sub-threshold leakage & reverse biased junction leakage
Quiescent biasing power (in case of non-CMOS circuits)
Dynamic power
Charging and discharging of capacitance (switching
activity)
Short circuit power during transition (rate of change,
delay)
Alternative grouping (used at component/cell level)
Switching power at the boundaries of cells
Internal cell power
Short circuit power
Switching power at internal nodes
5
6. System Abstractions - Power
Functional Specifications and Constraints
Accuracy of power characterization
Opportunities for optimization
System Level Netlist
Time complexity
Register Transfer Level (RTL) Netlist
Component/Cell Level Netlist
Layout or Configuration-bits
Chip
6
7. Power Characterization
Measurement (Chip/Board Level)
Most accurate
Perhaps the fastest, if setup and tools
exist
Too late to change hardware details
Software/Load control is still possible
Typically used for software
optimizations
7
8. Power Characterization (cont…)
Transistor Level (estimation)
Spice simulation of transistor level netlist
Most accurate in the simulation world
Requires complete implementation details
Unmanageable time complexity even for
simpler designs
Typically used for cell/component
characterization
Synopsys PowerMill (said to provide spice-
like accuracy)
8
9. Power Characterization (cont…)
Cell Level (estimation)
After logic synthesis
Requires RTL implementation
Simulation to capture switching activity
Requires delay simulation if glitches need to be accounted
Characterized cells – empirical formulas or table look-up
Interconnect power
Either unaccounted or
Using estimated wire load models (typically based on
experience) or
Extracted layout (if done after physical synthesis)
Still unmanageable time complexity especially to use in
design space exploration
Synopsys PrimePower
Netlist, interconnect capacitance, VCD traces, cell power
library
9
10. Power Characterization (cont…)
Register Transfer Level (estimation)
Requires conceptual RTL description (detailed
micro-architecture)
Data-path is modeled as netlist of macro cells,
which are characterized offline
Control path and glue logic
Either unaccounted or estimated based on I/O
Simulation to capture switching activity
Typically glitches are not considered but methods do
exist
Interconnect power
Typically unaccounted but possible to estimate
through floor-planning
Typically used in DSE mostly using in-house tools
10
11. System Level Power Estimation
For Design Space Exploration
Least accurate but uncertainty of exploration results
can be reduced if models have good fidelity
Purpose, target architecture and available system
details govern the system-level estimation models
Selecting algorithm or designing hardware for given
algorithm?
ASIC based or processor based?
Is ISA fixed or extensible?
Typically system-level power estimation models are
macro-architecture template specific
Major constituents of power consumption
Computation, communication, storage units & peripherals
11
14. Fixed Activity Model
P = ∑ i kiGifi
Where:
ki = PFA proportionality constant extracted
empirically from past designs
Gi = Measure of hardware complexity
fi = Activation frequency
Disadvantage: Do not model the influence of data
activity on power consumption
14
15. N-Transition Model
P = Pconst + n.Pchange
Disadvantage:
It does not differentiate between transitions on
different inputs.
15
16. Dual Bit Type Model
Drawback in previous
approaches:
Less Accurate
Characterizes the
module on basis of
Uniform White Noise
(UWN) input
Leads to high error if
the input dynamic
range does not fully
occupy the word
length
16
17. Dual Bit Type Model
The Approach
Combines reduced complexity of the
architecture level with the accuracy of
gate and circuit level
Black box model of capacitance switched
in each module for various types of inputs
Easy to parameterize capacitance models
to take into account size , etc.
17
18. Dual Bit Type Model
Modeling Complexity
Power consumed by a module is a
function of its complexity as large
modules contain more circuitry
Examples:
Capacitance of N-bit ripple carry subtracter:
CT = Ceff * N
Not restricted to linear models, but can be
used to specify even more complex models
18
19. Dual Bit Type Model
Capacitive Data Coefficients
Describe the average amount of
capacitance switched within a module
during an input transition
LSB regions suffer random transitions and
hence can be characterized by a single
capacitive coefficient CUU
MSB region experiences sign transitions and so
is characterized by capacitive sign coefficients
C+-,C++, etc.
19
20. Instruction Level Power Estimation
First introduced to characterize
processor power consumption to drive
software optimizations
Each instruction is associated with
some current
Inter instruction effects for better
accuracy
20
21. Instruction Level Power Estimation
E = Σ(Bi x Ni) + Σ(O(i,j) x N(I,j)) +
ΣEk
Bi: Base Energy Cost
Oi.j: Inter-instruction effect Energy Cost
Ek: additional energy penalties due to
resource constraints
Require cost associated with every pair
of instructions: O(N2), where N =
number of instructions in ISA
21
22. JouleTrack
Experiments on StrongARM by Amit Sinha &
A.P.Chandran
Current/instruction ~ 0.2A (averaged over all
instructions)
Min-max variation of 38% of average current
Address mode and data dependent variation is
smaller
But, max current variation across benchmarks is
< 8% !
Concluded that first order energy model of a
given processor is, E = V I(V, f) T
Second order effects can be significant for data-
path dominated processors such as DSP, VLIW
22
23. Instruction Level Power Estimation
Impractical for CISC processors with
very large instruction set
Higher Average Instruction Energy
Low Energy Per Instruction Variance
Do not consider inter instruction effects
Cluster Similar Instructions as a single
class
Exponential Storage Problem for VLIW
architectures
No. of Long Instructions = N operations
into a K-wide VLIW = N(2k)
23
24. Modified Energy Model for VLIW
Assume Independent Energy dissipation for
different Execution slots
Consider nop as the base energy
E(W) = ΣU(wn|wn-1) + mxpxS + lxqxM
U(wn|wn-1) = U(0|0) + Σv(wnk,wn-1k)
Wnk = operation issued on lane k by instruction wn
Example
Wn = [ ALU NOP NOP NOP], Wn-1 = [ LS NOP ALU
NOP]
U(wn|wn-1) = U(0|0) + v(ALU|LS) + v(NOP|ALU)
Memory Requirement
O(K*N2)
24
25. Modified Energy Model for VLIW
Cluster Similar Instructions based on cost
Θ = {e1, e2, …, et}
et = energy consumption of instruction t
Partition Θ into K clusters (C1, C2, …, Ck) s.t.
ΣΣ (xi,j –cj)2 = minimum
Large number of clusters
Good Accuracy
Huge no. of experiments
Small number of clusters
Small number of experiments
High Variance between clusters
Reduced Accuracy
Memory Requirement
O(C*N2)
25
26. Limitations of ILPA
Does not provide any insight on the
causes of power consumption within the
processor core
Does not account for the power consumed
in the memory system, which is often
dominant
To address the second limitation, power
estimation frameworks which integrate
processor and memory models are built
around instruction set simulators
26
27. MicroArchitecture ILPA
Pipeline Aware Instruction Level Energy Model
Divide the design into smaller architectural blocks
Usually Processor’s Pipeline Stages
Fetch, Decode, RF, Execute, WB
E(wn|wn-1) = Σ As(wn|wn-1) + I(wn|wn-1)
As = Energy Consumed Per stage s when executing
wn after wn-1
I(wn|wn-1) = Interstage connections energy
(PipeLine Registers + Buses)
Provides better insight for power bottlenecks
Smoother Energy Behaviour than Blackbox model
Require a Pipeline Structure Aware ISS
27
28. Energy Models for Register File
Assume Linear Power Behaviour for
access across different ports
PRF = Pi + 1/T Σ (Er,n + Ew,n)
Er,n = Σ H(RRi,n, RRi,n-1) *Erb
Ew,n = Σ H(RWi,n, oldi,n) * Ewb
28
29. Energy Model for Caches
Power consumption depends on mode of
operation (read, write, idle)
Energy consumed in a given clock cycle is
function of node transition between
previous and current cycle.
Characterize energy as function of state
transitions(read-read, read-write, etc).
For a given transition, dependence upon
transition on address lines.
29