This document describes an innovative ball-type fire extinguisher. It studies reactions that produce carbon dioxide, calculating parameters like reaction time and heat released. Sulphuric acid and sodium bicarbonate produces the most CO2 but is hazardous. Aluminum sulphate and sodium bicarbonate produces CO2 and foam safely. It also proposes using compressed CO2 emissions from industries as an alternative, more economical method. In conclusion, it presents an innovative way to develop fire extinguishers, and continues studying how to reduce costs.

1. INNOVATIVE WAY TO DEVELOP FIRE EXTINGUISHER
Tanvay Shinde*, Saurabh Deshpande, Afreen Shaikh
*EMAIL – imtanvay@gmail.com
THADOMAL SHAHANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
ABSTRACT
Fire is one of the main concern of the plant safety for an industry.
Industries have fire code which is generally a set of rules
prescribing minimum requirements to prevent fire and explosion
hazards arising from storage, handling, or use of dangerous
materials, or from other specific hazardous conditions.
In this paper we have studied various reactions which can be used
to produce carbon dioxide also we have done the basics of design
of the fire ball extinguisher which can be thrown from a distance.
We have calculated various parameters like the reaction time,
enthalpy, and other chemical properties. This extinguisher will save
lives of the many firemen who lose their lives due to these
accidents.
Keywords: Fire Extinguisher, Fire safety, Ball type Extinguisher
[I]Introduction
Fire safety is an important workplace
topic throughout the year.[1] While
death and injury are the greatest risks
and the ones with which most people
are familiar, fires also destroy jobs. In
fact, many of the workplaces that are
destroyed by fire are never rebuilt.
An Industrial fire is a type of industrial
disaster involving a conflagration which
occurs in an industrial setting.[2]
Industrial fires often, but not always,
occur together with explosions. They
are most
likely to occur in facilities where there is
a lot of flammable material present.
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2. Such material can include petroleum,
petroleum products such as
petrochemicals, or natural gas.[11]
There are two main types of fire
extinguishers: stored-pressure and
cartridge-operated. In stored pressure
units, the expellant is stored in the
same chamber as the firefighting agent
itself. Depending on the agent used,
different propellants are used. With dry
chemical extinguishers, nitrogen is
typically used; water and foam
extinguishers typically use air. Stored
pressure fire extinguishers are the most
common type. Cartridge-operated
extinguishers contain the expellant gas
in a separate cartridge that is punctured
prior to discharge, exposing the
propellant to the extinguishing agent.[7]
Types of Fires
Not all fires are the same. Different
fuels create different fires and require
different types of fire extinguishing
agents.[6]
Class A-Class A fires are fires in
ordinary combustibles such as wood,
paper, cloth, trash, and plastics.
Class B-Class B fires are fires in
flammable liquids such as gasoline,
petroleum oil and paint. Class B fires
also include flammable gases such as
propane and butane. Class B fires do
not include fires involving cooking oils
and grease.
Class C-Class C fires are fires involving
energized electical equipment such as
motors, transformers, and appliances.
Remove the power and the Class C fire
becomes one of the other classes of
fire.
Class D-Class D fires are fires in
combustible metals such as potassium,
sodium, aluminum, and magnesium.
Class K-Class K fires are fires in
cooking oils and greases such as
animals fats and vegetable fats.
Types of fire extinguishers
available
Water and Foam
Water and Foam fire extinguishers
extinguish the fire by taking away the
heat element of the fire triangle. Foam
agents also separate the oxygen
element from the other elements.[16]
Water extinguishers are for Class A
fires only - they should not be used on
Class B or C fires. The discharge
stream could spread the flammable
liquid in a Class B fire or could create a
shock hazard on a Class C fire.
Carbon Dioxide
Carbon Dioxide fire extinguishers
extinguish fire by taking away the
oxygen element of the fire triangle and
also be removing the heat with a very
cold discharge.
Carbon dioxide can be used on Class B
& C fires. They are usually ineffective
on Class A fires.
Dry Chemical
Dry Chemical fire extinguishers
extinguish the fire primarily by
interrupting the chemical reaction of the
fire triangle.
Today's most widely used type of fire
extinguisher is the multipurpose dry
chemical that is effective on Class A, B,
and C fires. This agent also works by
creating a barrier between the oxygen
element and the fuel element on Class
A fires.
Ordinary dry chemical is for Class B &
C fires only. It is important to use the
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3. correct extinguisher for the type of fuel!
Using the incorrect agent can allow the
fire to re-ignite after apparently being
extinguished successfully.
Cartridge Operated Dry Chemical
Cartridge Operated Dry Chemical fire
extinguishers extinguish the fire
primarily by interrupting the chemical
reaction of the fire triangle.
Like the stored pressure dry chemical
extinguishers, the multipurpose dry
chemical is effective on Class A, B, and
C fires. This agent also works by
creating a barrier between the oxygen
element and the fuel element on Class
A fires.[13]
Ordinary dry chemical is for Class B &
C fires only. It is important to use the
correct extinguisher for the type of fuel!
Using the incorrect agent can allow the
fire to re-ignite after apparently being
extinguished successfully.
Fire ball extinguisher
This is a carbon dioxide type fire
extinguisher which can be used for B
and C type of fires.
This extinguisher works either using
chemical reactions or by using the
carbon dioxide released by the
industries. The selection of the reactions
to be used was done by finding out the
effect of various parameters like
quantity of carbon dioxide produced,
reaction time and impact on
surrounding.
Sulphuric acid and sodium bicarbonate
reaction
2NaHCO3 + H2SO4 -> Na2SO4+ 2CO2
+H2o
Aluminium Sulphate and sodium
bicarbonate
Al2(SO4)3 +6 NaHCO3 = 3 Na2SO4
+2Al(OH)3 + 6 CO2
Acetic acid and Sodium carbonate
CH3COOH + Na2CO3 ----> 2 CH3COONa
+ H2O + CO2
In the next section calculations are done
followed by tabulation of the values.
Working of Fire Ball
Fire Ball
Fire
[II]Methods and
procedure
We have studied three reactions which
can be used in the fire extinguisher. Through This diagram it is seen how the ball
type fire extinguisher works,when put into fire
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4. releases the produced carbon dioxide forming a
blanket over fire, which stops the fire.
[III]Results and
Discussions
Calculations
For the Reaction of Sulphuric acid and
Sodium bicarbonate
2NaHCO3+H2SO4 = Na2SO4 + 2H2O
+ 2CO2
Weight of NaHCO3 taken 168gms
Volume of H2SO4 taken 53.26 cm3
Calculation-
*No of moles = weight/molecular weight
Weight =moles×molecular weight
=2×84
Weight =168 gms of NaHCO3
*Volume of sulphuric acid
No of moles = weight/molecular weight
Mass = moles×molecular weight
= 1×98
Mass =98gms
Density = 1.84 gm/cm3
Volume = mass/density
= 98/1.84
= 53.26 cm3
Enthalpy Calculation
∆H(NaHCO3)= -947.68 Kj/mol
∆H(H2SO4)= 1295.23 Kj/mol
∆H(CO2)= -393.51 Kj/mol
∆H(H2O)= -241.82 Kj/mol
∆H(Na2SO4)= -1387.1 Kj/mol
∆H®=∆H(reactants)-∆H(products)
=(2(-393.51)+2(-241.82)+(-
1387.1))-(2(947.68)+1295.23)
= -2057.63 Kj/mol
∆H= -2057.63 Kj/mol
Entropy Calculation
∆S(NaHCO3)= 102 j/mol k
∆S(H2SO4)= 2392 j/mol k
∆S(CO2)= 219 j/mol k
∆S(H2O)= 69.95 j/mol k
∆S(Na2SO4)= 149.6 j/mol k
∆S®=∆S(reactans)-∆S(products)
=(2(219)+2(69.95)+149.64)-
(2(102)+157)
=366.54 j/mol k
∆S=366.54 j/mol k
In the similar manner calculations were
conducted for the other two reactions.
Tabulation of the calculated
Parameters
Reacta Prod- Amo Entro Amou
nt ucts unt of py nt of
heat CO2
relea
sed
Acetic Carbo 1282. - 264
acid,So n 96 2509 gms
dium dioxid Kj/Mo .9
bicarbo e,Wat l J/Mol
nate er,So K
dium
Acetat
e
Sulphu Carbo - 366. 88
ric n 2057. 54 Gms
acid,So dioxid 63 J/Mol
dium e,Wat Kj/Mo K
bicarbo er,So l
nate dium
sulph
ate
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5. Alumini Alumi 67.72 - 264
um nium Kj/Mo 1139 Gms
Sulpha hydro l .4
te,Sodi xide,C J/Mol
um arbon K
bicarbo dioxid
nate e,Sodi
um
sulph
ate
The reaction which produces the
maximum amount of carbon dioxide is
preferred. Although the reaction with
concentrated sulphuric acid is
hazardous in nature which restricts its
use as an chemical in the fire
extinguishers.
The aluminium sulphate reactions will
produce carbon dioxide along with the
foam.
Alternative method to produce
fire extinguisher
Types of carbon dioxide emissions of
various industries
The industrial sector is the third largest
source of man-made carbon dioxide
emissions. This sector produced 20% of
fossil fuel related carbon dioxide
emissions in 2010. The industrial sector
consists of manufacturing, construction,
mining, and agriculture. Manufacturing
is the largest and can be broken down
into 5 main categories: paper, food,
petroleum refineries, chemicals, and
metal/mineral products. These
categories account for the vast majority
of the fossil fuel use and CO2
emissions by this sector.
Proposed method
As per government laws the industries
are not allowed to release the carbon
dioxide produced. This is a greenhouse
gas which causes global warming.
Therefore the industries either use
treatment methods or do sequestration
of carbon dioxide. This processes are
economically costly.
The produced carbon dioxide emissions
by the industry can be pressurised
using compressors and stored at high
pressure in the fire extinguisher balls.
This balls then can be used in case of
fire in the industry.
[IV]Conclusion
Our proposed method is just an
innovative way to use an fire
extinguisher. The chemical reaction
used are studied and analysed by
finding various factors by heat released,
quantity of carbon dioxide produced,
etc. The alternative method of using the
produced carbon dioxide of industries
for there own safety. This method we
are constantly studying and finding
better way to reduce the cost of this
method so that it can be economically
feasible.
[V]Acknowledgem
ent
This project was supported by
Thadomal Shahani Engineering
College, Mumbai, Chemical
Department.
We would like to show our gratitude to
guide Dr. Anita Kumari , HOD Dr. S.J.
Purohit and Prof. Shradha Nadkarni .
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