This document discusses combustion and flames. It defines combustion as a chemical process where a substance reacts with oxygen to produce heat. Three conditions are needed for combustion: a fuel, oxygen from air, and heat. Combustion can be controlled by removing one of these conditions. There are different types of combustion like rapid, spontaneous, and explosion. A flame is the zone of combustion and results when a fuel vaporizes during burning. Fuels can be solid, liquid or gaseous and have varying calorific values. Burning fuels can harm the environment by releasing pollutants.
CLASS 8 NCERT CHAPTER 6 COMBUSTION AND FLAME BY GAURAV GHANKHEDE Gaurav Ghankhede
SCIENCECLASS 8 NCERT CHAPTER 6 COMBUSTION AND FLAME BY GAURAV GHANKHEDE CLASS 8 NCERT CHAPTER 6 COMBUSTION AND FLAME BY GAURAV CLASS 8 NCERT CHAPTER 6 COMBUSTION AND FLAME BY GAURAV GHANKHEDE GHANKHEDE
Chapter - 6, Combustion and Flame, Science, Class 8Shivam Parmar
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Chapter - 6, Combustion and Flame, Science, Class 8
INTRODUCTION
COMBUSTION AND TYPES
IGNITION TEMPERATURE
INFLAMMABLE SUBSTANCE
SOURCES OF SOLAR ENERGY
TYPES OF COMBUSTION
FIRE EXTINGUISHER
FLAME
FUEL AND ITS TYPES
FUEL EFFICIENCY
GLOBAL WARMING
ACID RAIN
Every topic of this chapter is well written concisely and visuals will help you in understanding and imagining the practicality of all the topics.
By Shivam Parmar (Entrepreneur)
COMBUSTION AND FLAME PPT- SHORT NOTES/CLASS8/SCIENCE/CHEMISTRYRidhima Wahi
This is a PPT on the chapter- Combustion and Flame, of class 8.
The PowerPoint presentation will help you get an outline of the chapter, and also help create short notes (for revision)
I hope that would be something of your benefit. :)
CLASS 8 NCERT CHAPTER 6 COMBUSTION AND FLAME BY GAURAV GHANKHEDE Gaurav Ghankhede
SCIENCECLASS 8 NCERT CHAPTER 6 COMBUSTION AND FLAME BY GAURAV GHANKHEDE CLASS 8 NCERT CHAPTER 6 COMBUSTION AND FLAME BY GAURAV CLASS 8 NCERT CHAPTER 6 COMBUSTION AND FLAME BY GAURAV GHANKHEDE GHANKHEDE
Chapter - 6, Combustion and Flame, Science, Class 8Shivam Parmar
I have expertise in making educational and other PPTs. Email me for more PPTs at a very reasonable price that perfectly fits in your budget.
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Chapter - 6, Combustion and Flame, Science, Class 8
INTRODUCTION
COMBUSTION AND TYPES
IGNITION TEMPERATURE
INFLAMMABLE SUBSTANCE
SOURCES OF SOLAR ENERGY
TYPES OF COMBUSTION
FIRE EXTINGUISHER
FLAME
FUEL AND ITS TYPES
FUEL EFFICIENCY
GLOBAL WARMING
ACID RAIN
Every topic of this chapter is well written concisely and visuals will help you in understanding and imagining the practicality of all the topics.
By Shivam Parmar (Entrepreneur)
COMBUSTION AND FLAME PPT- SHORT NOTES/CLASS8/SCIENCE/CHEMISTRYRidhima Wahi
This is a PPT on the chapter- Combustion and Flame, of class 8.
The PowerPoint presentation will help you get an outline of the chapter, and also help create short notes (for revision)
I hope that would be something of your benefit. :)
CBSE Class 8 / VIII General Ccience Power Point Presentation
Prepared By
Praveen M Jigajinni
DCSc & Engg,PGDCA,ADCA,MCA,MSc(IT),MTech(IT), M.Phil (Comp Sci)
For Any Queries Please feel free to contact:
Email Id : praveenkumarjigajinni@gmail.com
Cell No: 9431453730
14 chemical effects of electric currentCHEKIT SHARMA
this is the best chapter in science as it is my favioratie as i love chemistry and even i think that the people who would view this will like so i request to plese like share and comment so ok today only this much is enough so i'll leave bye
CBSE Class 8 / VIII General Ccience Power Point Presentation
Prepared By
Praveen M Jigajinni
DCSc & Engg,PGDCA,ADCA,MCA,MSc(IT),MTech(IT), M.Phil (Comp Sci)
For Any Queries Please feel free to contact:
Email Id : praveenkumarjigajinni@gmail.com
Cell No: 9431453730
Chapter - 18, Pollution of Air and Water, Science, Class 8Shivam Parmar
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Chapter - 18, Pollution of Air and Water, Science, Class 8
AIR
POLLUTION
AIR POLLUTION
AIR POLLUTANTS
EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION
HEALTH EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION
ACID RAIN
GREENHOUSE EFFECT
GLOBAL WARMING
CAUSES OF AIR POLLUTION
CASE STUDY OF THE TAJ MAHAL
ACTIONS TO PREVENT AIR POLLUTION
WATER POLLUTION
HOW WATER GETS POLLUTED?
EFFECTS OF WATER POLLUTION
ACTION POINTS TO PREVENT WATER POLLUTION
EUTROPHICATION
POTABLE WATER
HOW IS WATER PURIFIED?
ACTION KEYS TO PREVENT WATER POLLUTION
Every topic of this chapter is well written concisely and visuals will help you in understanding and imagining the practicality of all the topics.
By Shivam Parmar (Entrepreneur)
PowerPoint Presentation on the topic - 'Our Environment'. For Class - 10th.
Created By - 'Neha Rohtagi'
I hope that you will found this presentation useful and it will help you out for your concept understanding.
Thank You!
The following power point discusses about the Chemical Effects of Electric Current. In this, we study about how electricity is conduced in liquids, electrolysis and the uses and applications of it
Class 7th science chapter 8. Winds, Storms and CyclonesSwayam Khobragade
This ppt file is converted into pdf so if u want to use it you may download it and convert it into ppt so u can use it for expaining the concepts of this chapter...... This ppt contains only the information given in the textbook.. This ppt also have the keywords,exercises and other basic knowledge....
CBSE Class 8 / VIII General Ccience Power Point Presentation
Prepared By
Praveen M Jigajinni
DCSc & Engg,PGDCA,ADCA,MCA,MSc(IT),MTech(IT), M.Phil (Comp Sci)
For Any Queries Please feel free to contact:
Email Id : praveenkumarjigajinni@gmail.com
Cell No: 9431453730
14 chemical effects of electric currentCHEKIT SHARMA
this is the best chapter in science as it is my favioratie as i love chemistry and even i think that the people who would view this will like so i request to plese like share and comment so ok today only this much is enough so i'll leave bye
CBSE Class 8 / VIII General Ccience Power Point Presentation
Prepared By
Praveen M Jigajinni
DCSc & Engg,PGDCA,ADCA,MCA,MSc(IT),MTech(IT), M.Phil (Comp Sci)
For Any Queries Please feel free to contact:
Email Id : praveenkumarjigajinni@gmail.com
Cell No: 9431453730
Chapter - 18, Pollution of Air and Water, Science, Class 8Shivam Parmar
I have expertise in making educational and other PPTs. Email me for more PPTs at a very reasonable price that perfectly fits in your budget.
Email: parmarshivam105@gmail.com
Chapter - 18, Pollution of Air and Water, Science, Class 8
AIR
POLLUTION
AIR POLLUTION
AIR POLLUTANTS
EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION
HEALTH EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION
ACID RAIN
GREENHOUSE EFFECT
GLOBAL WARMING
CAUSES OF AIR POLLUTION
CASE STUDY OF THE TAJ MAHAL
ACTIONS TO PREVENT AIR POLLUTION
WATER POLLUTION
HOW WATER GETS POLLUTED?
EFFECTS OF WATER POLLUTION
ACTION POINTS TO PREVENT WATER POLLUTION
EUTROPHICATION
POTABLE WATER
HOW IS WATER PURIFIED?
ACTION KEYS TO PREVENT WATER POLLUTION
Every topic of this chapter is well written concisely and visuals will help you in understanding and imagining the practicality of all the topics.
By Shivam Parmar (Entrepreneur)
PowerPoint Presentation on the topic - 'Our Environment'. For Class - 10th.
Created By - 'Neha Rohtagi'
I hope that you will found this presentation useful and it will help you out for your concept understanding.
Thank You!
The following power point discusses about the Chemical Effects of Electric Current. In this, we study about how electricity is conduced in liquids, electrolysis and the uses and applications of it
Class 7th science chapter 8. Winds, Storms and CyclonesSwayam Khobragade
This ppt file is converted into pdf so if u want to use it you may download it and convert it into ppt so u can use it for expaining the concepts of this chapter...... This ppt contains only the information given in the textbook.. This ppt also have the keywords,exercises and other basic knowledge....
The various sources of energy can be listed as follows:
1. Fossil Fuels
2. Stored or flowing water (Hydel Energy)
3. Nuclear Fuels (Nuclear Energy)
4. Sun (Solar Energy)
5. Wind (Wind Energy)
6. Rise and fall of tides (Tidal Energy)
7. Geothermal Energy
8. Biomass and bio-fuels
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
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IV The Mixed Principles of Theology
V Virtual Revelation: The Unity of Theology
VI Theology as a Natural Science
VII Theology’s Certitude
VIII Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
All the contents are fully attributable to the author, Doctor Victor Salas. Should you wish to get this text republished, get in touch with the author or the editorial committee of the Studia Poinsotiana. Insofar as possible, we will be happy to broker your contact.
Toxic effects of heavy metals : Lead and Arsenicsanjana502982
Heavy metals are naturally occuring metallic chemical elements that have relatively high density, and are toxic at even low concentrations. All toxic metals are termed as heavy metals irrespective of their atomic mass and density, eg. arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium, thallium, chromium, etc.
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2. 1) Combustible substances :-
Substances which burn in air to produce heat and
light are called combustible substances.
Eg :- wood, coal, charcoal, kerosene, petrol,
diesel, liquified petroleum gas (LPG), compressed
natural gas (CNG) etc.
Wood Coal LPG Kerosene
3. 2) Combustion :-
The chemical process in which a substance reacts with
oxygen to produce heat is called combustion.
The substance which undergoes combustion is called a
combustible substance. It is also called a fuel.
Sometimes light is also produced during combustion
either as a flame or as a glow.
Air is necessary for combustion.
4. 3) Air is necessary for burning :-
(a) (b) (c)
Fix a lighted candle on a table. Put a glass chimney over the table and rest
it on a few wooden blocks in such a way so that air can enter the chimney.
Observe what happens to the flame.
Now remove the blocks and let the chimney rest on the table. Again
observe the flame.
Then put a glass plate over the chimney. Observe the flame again.
The candle burns freely in (a) because air enters the chimney from below.
The candle stops burning in (b) because air does not enter the chimney
from below.
The candle does not burn in (c) because air is not available.
This shows that air is necessary for burning.
5. 4) Ignition temperature :-
The minimum temperature at which a substance catches fire and
burns is called its ignition temperature.
A substance will not catch fire and burn if its temperature is lower
than its ignition temperature.
Different substances have different ignition temperatures.
Eg:- The ignition temperature of kerosene is less than the ignition
temperature of wood.
Substances which have very low ignition temperature and can easily
catch fire with a flame are called inflammable substances. Eg:- petrol,
alcohol, LPG, CNG etc.
6. 5) Conditions necessary for combustion :-
The conditions necessary for combustion are :-
i) Fuel.
ii) Air (to supply oxygen).
iii) Heat (to raise the temperature beyond the
ignition temperature.
A substance will not burn without one or more
of these conditions.
7. 6) How do we control fire ?
The conditions necessary for producing fire are :-
i) Fuel
ii) Air (to supply oxygen)
iii) Heat (to raise the temperature of the fuel beyond its
ignition temperature).
Fire can be controlled by removing any one or more of these
conditions.
A fire extinguisher cuts off the supply of air or brings down the
temperature of the fuel or both and controls the fire.
8. 7) Methods of controlling fire :-
i) By using water :-
Water is the most common fire extinguisher. It can be
used only when materials like wood , paper etc. are on fire.
Water cannot be used if electrical equipments are on fire
because water conducts electricity and can harm those
trying to put out the fire.
Water cannot be used to put out oil and petrol fires
because they float on water and continue to burn.
ii) By using carbon dioxide:-
Carbon dioxide is the best fire extinguisher to put out
fire caused by inflammable materials like oil and petrol and
electrical equipments. Carbon dioxide is heavier than air
and it covers the fire and cuts off the supply of oxygen and
puts out the fire.
Carbon dioxide is stored at high pressure as liquid in
cylinders. Chemicals like sodium bicarbonate (baking
soda), potassium bicarbonate produce carbon dioxide near
the fire.
9. 8) Types of combustion :-
There are three main types of combustion. They are :-
i) Rapid combustion
ii) Spontaneous combustion
iii) Explosion
Rapid combustion:- is combustion in which a
substance burns rapidly and produces heat and light with
the help of external heat.
Eg:- burning of LPG
Spontaneous combustion:- is combustion in which
a substance burns spontaneously and produces heat and
light without the help of external heat.
Eg:- phosphorus burns spontaneously at room
temperature
Explosion:- is a combustion in which a substance
burns suddenly and produces heat, light and sound with
the help of heat or pressure.
Eg:- explosion of crackers on applying heat or
pressure.
11. 9) Flame :-
Flame :- is the zone of combustion of a combustible
substance.
Substances which vapourise during burning produce
flames.
Eg:- kerosene, wax etc.
Substances which do not vapourise during burning do
not produce flames.
Eg:- coal, charcoal etc.
kerosene wax coal charcoal
12. Structure of a candle flame
Outer zone (blue)
Non luminous zone
(Complete combustion)
Middle zone (yellow)
(Partial combustion)
Inner zone (black)
Unburnt wax vapours
Hottest part
Moderately hot
Least hot
Luminous zone
13. 10) Structure of a candle flame :-
A candle flame has three main zones. They are:-
i) Outer zone
ii) Middle zone
iii) Inner zone
In the outer zone complete combustion of the fuel takes
place and the colour of the flame is blue and is the hottest
part of the flame. It is the non luminous part of the flame.
In the middle zone partial combustion of the fuel takes
place and the colour of the flame is yellow and is
moderately hot part of the flame. It is the luminous part of
the flame.
In the inner zone there are unburnt vapours of the fuel and
the colour is black and is least hot part.
14. 11) Types of fuels :-
Fuels are of three main types. They are :-
i) Solid fuels :- Eg:- wood, coal, charcoal etc.
ii) Liquid fuels :- Eg:- kerosene, petrol, diesel etc.
iii) Gaseous fuels :- Eg:- CNG, LPG, biogas, hydrogen etc.
Solid fuels Liquid fuels Gaseous fuels
15. 12) Characteristics of a good fuel :-
The main characteristics of a good fuel
are :-
i) Is readily available.
ii) Is cheap.
iii) Is easy to store and transport.
iv) Burns at a moderate rate.
v) Produces a large amount of heat.
vi) Does not leave behind any undesirable
substances.
vii) Does not cause pollution.
16. 13) Calorific value of a fuel :-
The calorific value of a fuel :- is the amount of heat
energy produced on complete combustion of 1 kg of a fuel.
The calorific valve of a fuel is expressed in
kilojoule per kg.
Calorific values of some fuels in kilojule per kg
Cowdung cake 6000 - 8000
Wood 17000 - 22000
Coal 25000 - 33000
Petrol 45000
Kerosene 45000
Diesel 45000
Methane 50000
CNG 50000
LPG 55000
Biogas 35000 - 40000
Hydrogen 150000
Hydrogen has the highest calorific value among all fuels.
17. 14) Harmful effects on the environment due to
burning of fuels :-
i) Fuels like wood, coal, petroleum release unburnt carbon
particles which cause respiratory diseases like asthma.
ii) Incomplete combustion of fuels release carbon
monoxide gas which is a very poisonous gas which can
cause death.
iii) Burning of most fuels release carbon dioxide gas which
causes rise in the temperature of the atmosphere. This
is called global warming. It causes melting of polar ice,
rise in sea level and flooding of coastal areas.
iv) Burning of coal and petroleum release oxides of sulphur
and nitrogen which dissolve in rain water and forms
acid rain. It is harmful for crops, soil and damages
buildings.