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1. Abstract:
The main aim of this paper is to increase the mileage of cars by reducing the electrical load's supply from the dynamo and supplying
electrical power using photovoltaic panels. This hereby increases the mileage of the vehicle. The idea is on the platform of
conservation of energy i.e “Energy can neither be created nor be destroyed” .The main electrical loads such as AC compressor,
Headlights, music system, horns etc. can be fed by the PV panels. Approximately we can increase the mileage by 2 to 3 kilometers
per litre. Average value of money spent per km is Rupees.2.8.We can retain around 20% of the total cost we spend on fuel, a sum
of 56000 rupees.
Index Terms — Air-conditioner, Compressor, Mileage, MPPT, Photovoltaic panel, PMDC Motor.
I. INTRODUCTION1
The Main electrical components of cars are Air-
Conditioning System, Sound Systems, Headlights,
Decorative Lighting and Horns. Our aim of the project is to
supply all the electrical needs of the car by using solar panel
thereby reducing the fuel consumption and increasing the
mileage of the vehicle. Sound System, Headlights,
DecorativeLighting and Horns are directly connected to
thebattery provided in the car. The main Load is AC System.
II. ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS OF A CAR
Headlights, Self-motor, Ignition System, Air compressor
(Partially Electrical which can be fully converted into
Electrical).
III. AVAILABLE SYSTEM MECHANISM
Headlights, Ignition System, Self-motor, Decorative Lamps,
Horns, Sound System are connected to battery (90AH, 12V).
Air Compressor system is directly coupled with Engine.
(Evaporator segment is connected to the battery).
IV. PROCEDURE AND METHODS
A. Main Load
Using High Rated DC Permanent Magnet Motor to Drive the
ACSystem. (Belt drive mechanism is used).
B. Other Loads
Connecting all the Electrical loads to the solar panel’s
supply.
C. Backup
Using Additional battery Backup for all other electrical
components.
V. MAIN COMPONENTS
The Main component used are
A. Solar panels
Solar modules use light energy (photons) from the sun to
generate electricity through the photovoltaic effect. The
majority of modules use wafer-based crystalline silicon cells
or thin-film cells based on cadmium telluride or silicon. The
structural (load carrying) member of a module can either be
Use of Photo Voltaic Panels to increase the
Car’s mileage
Amrrith T, Goutham S, Micheal Vasanth U.
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering.
Tagore Engineering College, Chennai
ISBN-13: 978-1537313573
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©IIRDEM 201633

2. the top layer or the back layer. Cells must also be protected
from mechanical damage and moisture. Most solar modules
are rigid, but semi-flexible ones are available, based on thin-
film cells.
Electrical connections are made in series to achieve a desired
output voltage and/or in parallel to provide a desired current
capability. The conducting wires that carry the current off the
modules may contain silver, copper or other non-magnetic
conductive [transition metals]. The cells must be connected
electrically to one another and to the rest of the system.
Externally, popular terrestrial usage photovoltaic modules
use MC3 (older) or MC4 connectors to facilitate easy
weatherproof connections to the rest of the system.
Bypass diodes may be incorporated or used externally, in
case of partial module shading, to maximize the output of
module sections still illuminated.
Some recent solar module designs include concentrators in
which light is focused by lenses or mirrors onto an array of
smaller cells. This enables the use of cells with a high cost
per unit area (such as gallium arsenide) in a cost-effective
way.
The efficiency of a module determines the area of a module
given the same rated output – an 8% efficient 230 watt
module will have twice the area of a 16% efficient 230 watt
module. There are a few commercially available solar panels
that exceed 22% efficiency and reportedly also exceeding
24%.
The price of solar power, along with batteries for storage, has
continued to decline so that in many countries it is cheaper
than ordinary fossil fuel electricity from the grid.
B. Source Selector
A Small circuit that detect the source to be connected is
incorporated inside the charge controller to select either solar
or alternator from Engine.
C. Charge Controller
MPPT – For Higher End Cars – Higher Power Rating
PWM – For Lower End Cars – Lower Power Rating
A charge controller, or charge regulator is basically a voltage
and/or current regulator to abstain batteries from
overcharging. It regulates the voltage and current coming
from the solar panels going to the battery. Most "12 volt"
panels put out about 16 to 20 volts, so if there is no regulation
the batteries will be damaged from overcharging. Most
batteries need around 14 to 14.5 volts to get fully charged.
Generally, there is no need for a charge controller with a
small maintenance, or trickle charge panels, such as the 1 to
5 watt panels.
Standard (that is, all but the MPPT types), will often work
with high voltage panels if the maximum input voltage of the
charge controller is not exceeded. However, we will lose a
lot of power - from 20 to 60% of what our panel is rated at.
Charge controls take the output of the panels and feed current
to the battery until the battery is fully charged, usually around
13.6 to 14.4 volts. A panel can only put out so many amps,
so while the voltage is reduced from say, 33 volts to 13.6
volts, the amps from the panel cannot exceed the rated amps
- so with a 175 watt panel rated at 23 volts/7.6 amps, you will
only get 7.6 amps at 12 volts or so into the battery. Ohms
Law tells us that watts is volts x amps, so our 175 watt panel
will only put about 90 watts into the battery.
A MPPT, or maximum power point tracker is an electronic
DC to DC converter that optimizes the match between the
solar array (PV panels), and the battery bank or utility grid.
To put it simple, they convert a higher voltage DC output
from solar panels (and a few wind generators) down to the
lower voltage required to charge batteries.
Maximum Power Point Tracking is electronic tracking -
usually digital. The charge controller looks at the output of
the panels, and compares it to the battery voltage. It then
figures out what is the best power that the panel can put out
to charge the battery. This is converted into the best voltage
to get maximum AMPS into the battery.
Most modern MPPT's are around 93-97% efficient in the
conversion. You typically get a 20 to 45% power gain in
winter and 10-15% in summer. Actual gain can vary widely
depending weather, temperature, battery state of charge, and
other factors.
Fig 1. Output Current and Voltage of the MPPT Controller.
ISBN-13: 978-1537313573
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Proceedings of ICTPRE-2016
©IIRDEM 201634

3. Fig 2. MPPT Charge Controller Circuit.
D. Lead Acid Battery
An automotive battery is a rechargeable battery that supplies
electric energy to an automobile. Traditionally, this is called
an SLI i.e Starting, Lighting, Ignition, and its main purpose
is to start the engine. Once the engine is running, power for
the car is supplied by the alternator. Typically, starting
discharges less than three per cent of the battery capacity.
SLI batteries are designed to release a high burst of current,
measured in amperes, and then be quickly recharged. They
are not designed for deep discharge, and a full discharge can
reduce the battery's lifespan.
As well as for starting the engine an SLI battery supplies the
extra power necessary when the vehicle's electrical
requirements exceeds the supply from the charging system.
It is also a stabilizer, evening out potentially-damaging
voltage spikes.
The alternator inclusive of a voltage regulator maintains the
output between 13.5 and 14.5 V.
Modern SLI batteries are lead-acid type and provide 12.6
volts of direct current, nominally 12 V. The battery is
actually six small batteries, or cells, connected in series.
Battery electric vehicles are powered by a high-voltage
electric vehicle battery, both they usually have an automotive
battery as well, so that it can be equipped with standard
automotive accessories which are designed to run on 12 V.
E. PMDC Motor
A DC motor is any of a class of electrical machines that
converts direct current electrical power into mechanical
power. The most common types rely on the forces produced
by magnetic fields. Nearly all types of DC motors have some
internal mechanism, either electromechanical or electronic,
to periodically change the direction of current flow in part of
the motor. Most types produce rotary motion; a linear motor
directly produces force and motion in a straight line.
When permanent magnet is used to create magnetic field in
a DC motor, the motor is referred as permanent magnet DC
motor or PMDC motor.
These types of motor are essentially simple in construction.
These motors are commonly used as starter motor in
automobiles, windshield wipers, washer, for blowers used in
heaters and air conditioners, to raise and lower windows, it
is also extensively used in toys. As the magnetic field
strength of a permanent magnet is fixed it cannot be
controlled externally, field control of this type of dc motor
cannot be possible.
Thus permanent magnet DC motor is used where there is no
need of speed control of motor by means of controlling its
field. Small fractional and sub fractional kW motors are now
constructed with permanent magnet.
VI. BASIC BLOCK DIAGRAM
Fig 3. Block Diagram
VII. APPROXIMATE SAVING (ON 2016)
A. Diesel Engine
Average life of a car is 15 years. Average mileage ranges
from 12 to 20 KMPL. With the addition of above discussed
module the mileage increases on a scale of 15 to 25 KMPL
and the amount of reduced fuel is 1500L to 5000L.
Amount put aside ranges from Rs.70500 to Rs.2, 35,000.
B. Petrol Engine
Average life is 15 years. Average mileage ranges from 10 to
18 KMPL. With the addition of above said module the
mileage rises to 14 to 22 KMPL and the amount of fuel usage
reduced is 1515L to 4285L .Amount saved ranges from
Rs.90000 to Rs.2, 57, 000.
VIII. ADVANTAGES
A. Less Maintenance.
Generally the maintenance of solar panel is very less.
The life of a solar panel is up to 30 years.
The circuitry can last up to 5 years and Even the battery can
last up to 3 years after which it can be replaced easily.
ISBN-13: 978-1537313573
www.iirdem.org
Proceedings of ICTPRE-2016
©IIRDEM 201635

4. B. Increase in Mileage.
As the load given to the engine is reduced the mileage
automatically increases.
C. Fuel usage reduces.
Amount of fuel consumed is reduced.
D. Pollution Reduces.
As the fuel usage is reduced the amount of CO2 emitted
gradually decreases.
E. Fuel Efficiency Reduces.
As the fuel usage is reduced, the fuel efficiency also
increases that is fuel consumption for a given distance
travelled reduces.
IX. FUTURE SCOPE
In future the cost of solar panel will drop and the car
production (Diesel / Petrol) may not cease. Therefore this
module can be in built while manufacturing itself and the
advantages can be utilized.
X. CONCLUSION
Approximately we can increase the mileage by 2 to 3
kilometers per litre. We can retain around 20% of the total
cost which we spend on fuel. The Large scale production of
this module and integrating in the manufacturing phase of a
car itself will increase the fuel efficiency and reduce the
pollution.
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ISBN-13: 978-1537313573
www.iirdem.org
Proceedings of ICTPRE-2016
©IIRDEM 201636