The document discusses automotive safety systems. It begins by outlining the need for safety systems to reduce accidents and injuries. It then covers the evolution of vehicle safety features from the early 20th century to modern systems. Key active safety systems are described like collision warning, stability control and blind spot detection which help prevent accidents. Passive safety systems like airbags, seatbelts and crumple zones are also summarized, which protect during crashes. The document concludes by noting future integrated safety systems will further improve protection.

1. AUTOMOTIVE
SAFETY SYSTEMS
PRESENTED BY - YUGANDHAR J PATIL
(S0572168)
Safety, Quality Management, Car
Concepts
PROF. DR.-ING. KIRCH, DIETMAR
MBA&E – Automotive Management
1
Date – 22.06.2020

2. AGENDA
 Need of Safety Systems
 Evolution of Vehicle safety
 Classification
 Active Safety Systems
 Passive Safety Systems
 Integrated Safety Systems
 Future of Safety Systems
2
https://africaautomotivenews.com/2019/06/21/despite-
technology-advancements-where-do-we-stand-with-car-safety/

3. Need of Safety Systems
 About 1.3 million people die in traffic
accidents each year, and the number of
injuries is up to 30 million.
 Rapidly increasing vehicle density in the
world countries is driving the risk of
accidental fatalities.
 To reduce the chances and harmful
effects of vehicle crash.
 Proactive policy implementation like New
Car Assessment Program (NCAP) by
governments.
 Increase in consumer awareness about
personal safety.
3

4. Evolution of Vehicle Safety
4
1900-20 1921-40 1941-60 1961-80 1981-99 2000-10 2011-20
• 1903 – Wiper
blades by
Mary
Anderson
• 1914 – Turning
indicators by
Florence
Lawrence.
• 1921 – Headrest
by Benjamin Katz.
• 1934 – First crash
test by General
Motors.
• 1947 – Padded
dashboard used
in Tucker Sedan.
• 1952 - crumple
zone concept
invented by Bela
Barenyi.
• 1959 – 3-Point
seatbelt by Volvo.
• 1963 - Inertia-reel
seatbelt by
Excelsior Motor
Company.
• 1978 – First
electronic Anti-
lock Braking
System by Benz.
• 1983 – Seatbelts
became
compulsory in UK.
• 1995 – ESC by
Benz & Bosch.
• 1996 – BAS by
Benz.
• 1997 – Euro NCAP
formed.
• 2000 – Lane
Departure Warning
System by Iteris.
• 2004 – BSD by Volvo.
• 2008 – Autonomous
Emergency Braking
by Volvo.
• 2011 – Pedestrian
Detection System
by Volvo.
• 2013 – Pedetrian
Airbag by Volvo.
https://www.theaa.com/breakdown-cover/advice/evolution-of-car-safety-features

5. Classification 5
PASSIVE SAFETY
SYSTEMS
• Play a role in limiting /
reducing the harms
caused to driver,
passengers and
pedestrians in the
event of an accident.
• Generally independent
of drivers involvement.
ACTIVE SAFTEY
SYSTEMS
• Play a preventive role in
mitigating crashes and
accidents.
• Provides advance warning.
• Provides the driver an
additional assistance in
steering/controlling the
vehicle.
INTEGRATED SAFETY
SYSTEMS
• Combines active and
passive safety systems.
• Helpful in both, Pre & post-
crash phase.

6. Active Safety Systems 6
 Collision Warning System
 Lane Departure Warning
 Electronic Stability Control
 Anti-Lock Braking System
 Emergency Brake Assistance
 Adaptive Cruise Control
 Blind Spot Detection
 Traction Control System

7. 71. Collision Avoidance System
 Alerts when the vehicle is about to
collide with another vehicle or a
pedestrian.
 System uses strong flash light, alarm
sound or vibration as a warning.
 System operates with the help of
camera or radar sensors for
monitoring.
 Reacts on the observation of object
recognition and its relative speed with
the vehicle.
 Braking assistance depends on the
availability of EBS.
https://blog.roboauto.cz/how-it-works-collision-
avoidance-system-d05bd9807f1a

8. 82. Lane Departure Warning
 Prevents the vehicle from unintended
driving over lane markings without an
active turn indicator.
 Prevents the vehicle from unintended
leaving of the ego lane into the
neighbor lane when oncoming traffic
is recognized.
 warning type can be an alarm sound
or generation of vibration in driver’s
steering wheel or seat.
 In following, Preventive system, if any
available, can gently steer the car to
center of the lane automatically.
https://www.continental-automotive.com/en-
gl/Passenger-Cars/Safety/Functions/Active-Safety/Lane-Road-
Departure-Protection

9. 93. Electronic Stability Control
 Help to maintain or regain control of
vehicle in difficult driving situations like
under or over steering.
 Continuously monitors tire movement
and steering wheel activity to sense a
loss of traction or slippage.
 Can reduce engine power, apply
brakes independently to each wheel
and maintain correct torque.
 Electronic Control Unit (ECU) of ESC
has control over other safety systems
like ABS & TCS as well.
https://topruscar.ru/terminy/esc-electronic-stability-
control

10. 104. Anti-Lock Braking System
 Prevents the wheel locking & improves
braking effects.
 Enables the wheels of a vehicle to
maintain tractive contact with the
ground to avoid skidding.
 ECU of ABS has four sensors for
monitoring wheel speed and a pair of
valves in each brake unit.
 ECU aims to provide maximum braking
power without loosing control.
 ECU varies brake pressure according
to slower or faster movement of a
single wheel relatively with all others.
https://www.nepalautotrader.com/blog/what-is-anti-lock-braking-system-abs

11. 115. Emergency Brake Assistance
 Supports unexpected braking in case
of emergency.
 detects an attempted panic braking
based on force applied and speed of
braking & then supports drivers by
strengthening the power.
 Once the foot is released from pedal,
Brake Assist lessens the braking power
& regulates the speed.
 Helps to reduce collision severity in an
unavoidable crashing situation.
https://www.autotrader.co.za/cars/news-and-advice/automotive-news/how-
does-brake-assist-work/4582

12. 126. Adaptive Cruise Control
 Uses the car's radar and camera
modules to alter the cruising speed if it
detects a slower vehicle ahead.
 When adaptive cruise control is
engaged, the car maintains a specific
distance from the car in front.
 Effectively works in heavy traffics and
helps to reduce stress & efforts of
driver.
 Reduces risk of collision and decrease
the fuel consumption by 10%.
http://wiki.fot-net.eu/index.php/ACC_(Adaptive_Cruise_Control)
https://www.bosch-mobility-solutions.com/en/products-and-services/passenger-cars-
and-light-commercial-vehicles/driver-assistance-systems/adaptive-cruise-control/

13. 137. Blind Spot Detection
 Overcomes the obstruction of outside
view caused by vehicle body design
and passengers.
 Detects the presence of other vehicles
located on the side lanes & at the rear
end.
 Uses sonar sensors in the rear bumpers
or sometimes cameras in the exterior
mirrors for detection & giving warning.
 Warning can usually be a flashlight on
the exterior mirror or a beep sound.
https://www.motortrend.com/news/blind-spot-monitoring/

14. 148. Traction Control System
 Works when it senses the wheel slip
due to less traction available due to
high inclinations or slippery surfaces.
 Helps vehicle to make an effective use
of all the traction available on the
road when accelerating on low-friction
road surfaces.
 Uses same sensors & equipment used
in ABS for operation. Thus, combined in
a single unit in most cases.
 Provides better stability to the vehicle
and reduces crashing possibilities.
https://brainonboard.ca/safety_features/active_safety_features_traction_control.php
Vehicle Movement With & Without
Active TCS on a slippery road

15. Passive Safety Systems 15
 Airbags
 Crumple /
Deformation
Zones
 Seatbelts
 Headrest

16. 161. Headrests
 Designed to protect the occupants
from neck injuries & highly effective in
the events of rear end collision.
 Uses the force of the occupant body
against the seat back in a rear end
collision to move the head restraint
forward instantaneously to support the
head.
 Can be connected to ECU, which
then activates Head restrain feature
once rear end collision is detected.
 Actuation can be done by Gas or
springs.
https://carbiketech.com/active-headrest/

17. 172. Seatbelts
 Restraint systems that keep passengers
correctly positioned during an accident
or sudden stop.
 Reduces the impact of the vehicle
interior on the body and prevents
passengers from being ejected.
 Flexible material used for seatbelts helps
in making the sudden stop less abrupt.
 Pre-tensioners, which reacts to the
collision warning received from ECU,
can be used for making the system
more active.
https://www.volkswagen.co.in/en/innovations-technology/volkswagen-safety.html

18. 183. Airbags
 Soft cushions that are inflated very
quickly upon impact (and
subsequently deflated).
 Receiving signal from crash sensor
activates the inflator that creates small
blasts of nitrogen gas. These blasts in
turn inflates the airbag in
microseconds.
 Helps to avoid or reduce effects of
collision between occupants & vehicle
interiors.
 Airbags can be installed in vehicle
doors as well.
https://www.volkswagen.co.in/en/innovations-technology/volkswagen-safety.html

19. 194. Crumple / Deformation Zones
 Designed to absorb maximum impact
energy during a collision, in turn to keep
the passenger compartment safe.
 Usually Front & Rear shell of chassis acts
as the crumple zones.
 Most crumple zones are constructed
with steel or titanium, high and low
density polymeric foam, spaced
reinforcing fibers.
 Crumple zones increase the time before
the vehicle comes to a halt. This gives
enough time to other safeties like
Airbags to reacts.
https://www.autoevolution.com/news/how-crumple-zones-work-7112.html

20. Integrated Safety Systems 20
 combines all elements of active and
passive safety in a well-thought-out
system – providing protection to the
vehicle occupants and other road
users.
 Some of the examples are Rear Cross
traffic alert, Semi-Autonomous driving
mode, Night vision Automatic
headlights, Driver’s drowsiness
monitoring system, Pedestrian
Detection, & Traffic-Sign Recognition.
https://www.caranddriver.com/features/g27612164/car-safety-features/

21. Future of Safety Systems 21
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qo4IJmXmBls

22. References
 Journal, Ijesmr. A REVIEW OF ACTIVE AND PASSIVE AUTOMOTIVE SAFETY SYSTEMS. www.academia.edu,
https://www.academia.edu/32406927/A_REVIEW_OF_ACTIVE_AND_PASSIVE_AUTOMOTIVE_SAFETY_SYSTEMS.
Accessed 21 June 2020.
 Continental-automotive.com. 2020. Continental Automotive. [online] Available at: https://www.continental-
automotive.com/en-gl/Passenger-Cars/Safety/Functions/Active-Safety/Lane-Road-Departure-Protection Accessed
21 June 2020.
 ACC (Adaptive Cruise Control) - FOT-Net WIKI. http://wiki.fot-net.eu/index.php/ACC_(Adaptive_Cruise_Control).
Accessed 21 June 2020.
 Adaptive Cruise Control. https://www.bosch-mobility-solutions.com/en/products-and-services/passenger-cars-and-
light-commercial-vehicles/driver-assistance-systems/adaptive-cruise-control/. Accessed 21 June 2020.
 Dorian, Drew. “Everything You Need to Know about Car Safety Features.” Car and Driver, 4 June 2019,
https://www.caranddriver.com/features/g27612164/car-safety-features/. Accessed 21 June 2020.
 ESC (Electronic Stability Control) Система стабилизации Ferrari. https://topruscar.ru/terminy/esc-electronic-stability-
control. Accessed 21 June 2020.
 Evolution of Car Safety Features | AA. https://www.theaa.com/breakdown-cover/advice/evolution-of-car-safety-
features. Accessed 21 June 2020.
 How Does Brake Assist Work? - Motoring News and Advice. https://www.autotrader.co.za/cars/news-and-
advice/automotive-news/how-does-brake-assist-work/4582. Accessed 21 June 2020.
 “Is Blind-Spot Monitoring Worth It? What Is It Exactly?” MotorTrend, 12 May 2020,
https://www.motortrend.com/news/blind-spot-monitoring/. Accessed 21 June 2020.
22

23. References
 Raiciu, Tudor. “How Crumple Zones Work.” Autoevolution, 26 May 2009, https://www.autoevolution.com/news/how-
crumple-zones-work-7112.html. Accessed 21 June 2020.
 Roboauto. “How It Works? Collision Avoidance System.” Medium, 21 Oct. 2017, https://blog.roboauto.cz/how-it-
works-collision-avoidance-system-d05bd9807f1a. Accessed 21 June 2020.
 Safety. https://www.volkswagen.co.in/en/innovations-technology/volkswagen-safety.html. Accessed 21 June 2020.
 Tech, CarBike. “What Is An Active Headrest & How Does It Work?” CarBikeTech, 11 Feb. 2015,
https://carbiketech.com/active-headrest/. Accessed 21 June 2020.
 Traction Control - Active Safety Features.
https://brainonboard.ca/safety_features/active_safety_features_traction_control.php. Accessed 21 June 2020.
 What Is Anti Lock Braking System ( ABS). https://www.nepalautotrader.com/blog/what-is-anti-lock-braking-system-
abs. Accessed 21 June 2020.
 YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qo4IJmXmBls. Accessed 21 June 2020.
23