The document discusses injection molding. It begins with an overview of injection molding and the types of products made through the process. It then covers the fundamentals of polymers used in injection molding, including their properties and how they behave under heat and pressure. The document outlines the key components of injection molding machines and mold tooling, and reviews the injection molding process parameters and how they impact the filling and cooling cycles. It also discusses common defects and guidelines for part design. Advanced topics covered include side-action molding, insert molding, and overmolding.
Thermoforming (MIT 2.008x Lecture Slides)A. John Hart
Slides accompanying 2.008x* video module on Thermoforming, Prof. John Hart, MIT, 2016.
*Fundamentals of Manufacturing Processes on edX: https://www.edx.org/course/fundamentals-manufacturing-processes-mitx-2-008x
Slides accompanying 2.008x* video module on Machining, Prof. John Hart, MIT, 2016.
*Fundamentals of Manufacturing Processes on edX: https://www.edx.org/course/fundamentals-manufacturing-processes-mitx-2-008x
Injection moulding is a manufacturing technique for making parts from both thermoplastic and thermosetting. Plastic material in production molten plastic is injected at high pressure into a mould.
Thermoforming (MIT 2.008x Lecture Slides)A. John Hart
Slides accompanying 2.008x* video module on Thermoforming, Prof. John Hart, MIT, 2016.
*Fundamentals of Manufacturing Processes on edX: https://www.edx.org/course/fundamentals-manufacturing-processes-mitx-2-008x
Slides accompanying 2.008x* video module on Machining, Prof. John Hart, MIT, 2016.
*Fundamentals of Manufacturing Processes on edX: https://www.edx.org/course/fundamentals-manufacturing-processes-mitx-2-008x
Injection moulding is a manufacturing technique for making parts from both thermoplastic and thermosetting. Plastic material in production molten plastic is injected at high pressure into a mould.
Injection molding is used to produce several everyday items such as toothbrushes or small plastic toys. Many medical devices, including valves and syringes, are manufactured using injection molding as well.
WHAT IS PLASTIC?
A synthetic material made from a wide range of organic polymers such as polyethylene, PVC, nylon, etc., that can be molded into shape while soft, and then set into a rigid or slightly elastic form.
Process Planning (MIT 2.008x Lecture Slides)A. John Hart
Slides accompanying 2.008x* video module on Process Planning, Prof. John Hart, MIT, 2016.
*Fundamentals of Manufacturing Processes on edX: https://www.edx.org/course/fundamentals-manufacturing-processes-mitx-2-008x
Slides accompanying 2.008x* video module on Casting, Prof. John Hart, MIT, 2016.
*Fundamentals of Manufacturing Processes on edX: https://www.edx.org/course/fundamentals-manufacturing-processes-mitx-2-008x
A memory stack on logic 3D IC stack was considered for comparative study of warpage response to two different process choices, namely, Die to Die (D2D) and Package to Die (P2D) assembly. Process and reliability modeling software CielMech, and Commercial Finite Element Analysis (FEA) software ANSYS Mechanical were utilized to simulate thermo-mechanical effects of sequential chip attach, underfilling and encapsulation process steps for the chosen flows. Warpage at room temperature as well as attach temperature after each attach step were compared. Results indicated that underfill, substrate, and mold compound thermal strains play important roles in warpage evolution. Significant differences in the final assembled state warpage was predicted and is attributable to path dependence of warpage evolution.
Injection molding is used to produce several everyday items such as toothbrushes or small plastic toys. Many medical devices, including valves and syringes, are manufactured using injection molding as well.
WHAT IS PLASTIC?
A synthetic material made from a wide range of organic polymers such as polyethylene, PVC, nylon, etc., that can be molded into shape while soft, and then set into a rigid or slightly elastic form.
Process Planning (MIT 2.008x Lecture Slides)A. John Hart
Slides accompanying 2.008x* video module on Process Planning, Prof. John Hart, MIT, 2016.
*Fundamentals of Manufacturing Processes on edX: https://www.edx.org/course/fundamentals-manufacturing-processes-mitx-2-008x
Slides accompanying 2.008x* video module on Casting, Prof. John Hart, MIT, 2016.
*Fundamentals of Manufacturing Processes on edX: https://www.edx.org/course/fundamentals-manufacturing-processes-mitx-2-008x
A memory stack on logic 3D IC stack was considered for comparative study of warpage response to two different process choices, namely, Die to Die (D2D) and Package to Die (P2D) assembly. Process and reliability modeling software CielMech, and Commercial Finite Element Analysis (FEA) software ANSYS Mechanical were utilized to simulate thermo-mechanical effects of sequential chip attach, underfilling and encapsulation process steps for the chosen flows. Warpage at room temperature as well as attach temperature after each attach step were compared. Results indicated that underfill, substrate, and mold compound thermal strains play important roles in warpage evolution. Significant differences in the final assembled state warpage was predicted and is attributable to path dependence of warpage evolution.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF NEW COUPLING SYSTEM IN INJECTION MOLDING MACHINE TO IM...ijiert bestjournal
Injection molding machine is the most commonly used manufacturing process for the fabrication of plastic parts. The plastic being mel ted in injection molding machine and then injected into the mould. The barrel contains recipr ocating screw for injecting the material into the mould and the material is also melted into the barrel. This project deals with,the solution of problem occurred for reciprocating screw of Inje ction molding machine. It identifies and solves the problem by using the modeling and analys is techniques. The problem occurred in the reciprocating screw of machine which is wearing of threads due to affect of temperature of mold materials (flow ma terials) i.e. Nylon,low density polypropylene,polystyrene,PVC etc.,The main work was to model the components of machine with dimensions,and perform thermal analys is with modeled component.
Design and Analysis of Pressure Die Casting for Door Handleijtsrd
Die casting is a metal casting operation that is specified by forcing molten metal under elevated pressure into a mould cavity. The mould cavity is build using two hardened tool steel dies which have been machined into shape and work closely to an injection mould during the process. While casting, a hot or cold chamber machine is used as requirement. While the using of round shaped aluminum door handles it detect that while opening the door whole load is concentrated on two screws which develop in tearing the area where handle is fastened, came in observation that if fastened screw get teared it looks odd . I have redesigned the Door handle maintaining its aesthetic appearance and design to overcome the said identified problem. Lokesh Narayan Dhak | Vaibhav Bankar "Design and Analysis of Pressure Die Casting for Door Handle" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46283.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/46283/design-and-analysis-of-pressure-die-casting-for-door-handle/lokesh-narayan-dhak
Die design optimization and die stress analysis of control arm by simulation Kundan Kumar
The main objectives are as follows:
1.To develop a model for the automotive component “Control Arm”
2.To analyse the simulation trials
3.To optimize the Stress
Feam EJB INX Zone 1 & Zone 2 Enclosures (Atex) Hazardous Area
Hazardous Area Enclosures:
Zone 1 & Zone 2 (Gases)
Zone 21 & Zone 22 (Dusts)
Hazardous Area Classification
Group: II Category: 2G - 2D
Hazardous Area Enclosure Approvals
ATEX
II 2 G Ex db IIB+H2 T6...T3
II 2 G Ex db [ia/ib] IIB+H2 T6...T3
II 2 D Ex tb IIIC T85ºC...T150ºC
IECEx
Ex db IIB+H2 T6...T3
Ex db [ia/ib] IIB+H2 T6...T3
Ex tb IIIC T85ºC...T150ºC
INMETRO
Ex db IIB+H2 T6...T3
Ex db [ia/ib] IIB+H2 T6...T3
Ex tb IIIC T85ºC...T150ºC
GOST-R GOST-K
1 Ex d IIB+H2 T6
1 Ex d [ia/ib] IIB+H2 T6
Ex tD A21 T85ºC...T150ºC
1 Ex d IIB+H2 U
NEC505
USL: Class 1, Zone 1, AEx db IIB+H2
Zone 21 AEx tb IIIC T85ºC...T150ºC
CNL: Exd IIB+H2; Class II, Groups E, F and G
FEAM EJB INX Enclosures - Mechanical Features
Stainless steel AISI-316 L body/cover
Stainless steel AISI-316 L screws
Stainless steel AISI-316 L/aluminium internal mounting plate
Stainless steel AISI-316 L fixing lugs - stainless steel stirrups sp.10mm (EJB71/73 and EJB91/93)
Hinges welded on cover and body
Opening handle - insulating material fixed on cover by stainless steel screws
Imtech Mold Mexico is a korean company who has been in business for over 32 years.
Imtech Mold Mexico builds quality injection tools for the automotive industry and several markets . Imtech Mold for more than 20 years is an innovative company with a high level of competitiveness, focused on excellence and quality tooling.
Imtech Mold recently expanded operations to Puebla , Queretaro, Guanajuato & Estado de Mexico , to supply tooling to their customers in Mexico.
Conclusion and the Future of Manufacturing (2.008x Lecture Slides)A. John Hart
Slides accompanying 2.008x* video module on Manufacturing Cost, Prof. John Hart, MIT, 2016.
*Fundamentals of Manufacturing Processes on edX: https://www.edx.org/course/fundamentals-manufacturing-processes-mitx-2-008x
Slides accompanying 2.008x* video module on Robotics, Prof. John Hart, MIT, 2016.
*Fundamentals of Manufacturing Processes on edX: https://www.edx.org/course/fundamentals-manufacturing-processes-mitx-2-008x
Sustainable Manufacturing (MIT 2.008x Lecture Slides)A. John Hart
Slides accompanying 2.008x* video module on Sustainable Manufacturing, Prof. Tim Gutowski, MIT, 2016.
*Fundamentals of Manufacturing Processes on edX: https://www.edx.org/course/fundamentals-manufacturing-processes-mitx-2-008x
Manufacturing Cost (2.008x Lecture Slides)A. John Hart
Slides accompanying 2.008x* video module on Manufacturing Cost, Prof. John Hart, MIT, 2016.
*Fundamentals of Manufacturing Processes on edX: https://www.edx.org/course/fundamentals-manufacturing-processes-mitx-2-008x
Variation and Quality (2.008x Lecture Slides)A. John Hart
Slides accompanying 2.008x* video module on Variation and Quality, Prof. John Hart, MIT, 2016.
*Fundamentals of Manufacturing Processes on edX: https://www.edx.org/course/fundamentals-manufacturing-processes-mitx-2-008x
Additive Manufacturing (2.008x Lecture Slides)A. John Hart
Slides accompanying 2.008x* video module on Additive Manufacturing, Prof. John Hart, MIT, 2016.
*Fundamentals of Manufacturing Processes on edX: https://www.edx.org/course/fundamentals-manufacturing-processes-mitx-2-008x
Sheet Metal Forming (MIT 2.008x Lecture Slides)A. John Hart
Slides accompanying 2.008x* video module on Sheet Metal Forming, Prof. David Hardt, MIT, 2016.
*Fundamentals of Manufacturing Processes on edX: https://www.edx.org/course/fundamentals-manufacturing-processes-mitx-2-008x
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
CW RADAR, FMCW RADAR, FMCW ALTIMETER, AND THEIR PARAMETERSveerababupersonal22
It consists of cw radar and fmcw radar ,range measurement,if amplifier and fmcw altimeterThe CW radar operates using continuous wave transmission, while the FMCW radar employs frequency-modulated continuous wave technology. Range measurement is a crucial aspect of radar systems, providing information about the distance to a target. The IF amplifier plays a key role in signal processing, amplifying intermediate frequency signals for further analysis. The FMCW altimeter utilizes frequency-modulated continuous wave technology to accurately measure altitude above a reference point.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
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Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
11. 2.008x
Kalpakjian and Schmid, Manufacturing Engineering and Technology
Groover, Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing
Poly (many) + mer (structural unit)
-[C2H4]n- = poly[ethylene]
12. 2.008x
The ‘families’ of materials: modulus vs. density
Ashby, Materials Selection in Mechanical Design.
20. 2.008x
Viscosity: resistance to shear
*at typical injection shear rate and melt temperature
Material Dynamic viscosity
Water (room temp) 1×10-3 kg/m-s [Pa-s]
Honey 10
Liquid thermoplastic* 102-103
Molten aluminum (600 C) 3×10-3
y
U
¶
¶
= µt
Ux(H) = Ux
Ux(y)
Ux(0) = 0
h
Ux
x
y
21. 2.008x
Viscosity of polypropylene versus shear rate
and temperature
From Solidworks Plastics
µ = k !γ(n−1)
100 C
250 C
Ux(H) = Ux
Ux(y)
Ux(0) = 0
h
Ux
x
y
27. 2.008x
An injection molded cap
§ What features do you notice?
§ Compare quality to LEGO bricks; what is different?
§ What do the molds look like (draw the molds)?
36. 2.008x
How would you choose
an IM machine?
(important specs?)
§ Clamping force: force available
to hold plates together.
§ Injection pressure: maximum
pressure that can be developed
to force the plastic into the mold
cavity.
§ Shot size: amount of material
that can be transferred to the
mold (i.e., the part volume plus
runners, gates, etc).
43. 2.008x
Simple scaling of injection parameters for a
2D rectangular channel
÷
÷
ø
ö
ç
ç
è
æ
µ
÷
ø
ö
ç
è
æ
=D
=D
2
3
2
3
12
12
h
wL
F
h
L
P
wh
QL
P
fill
clamp
fill
t
µ
t
µ
µ
44. 2.008x
Simulating injection using Solidworks Plastics
A simple plate:
§ L = W = 100 mm
§ h (thickness) = 2 mm
§ Polypropylene (PP)
§ Tmelt = 250C
§ Tmold = 70C
à Above, we predicted injection
pressure DP = 3 MPa
46. 2.008x
Viscosity of polypropylene versus shear rate
and temperature
From Solidworks Plastics
µ = k !γ(n−1)
100 C
250 C
Ux(H) = Ux
Ux(y)
Ux(0) = 0
h
Ux
x
y
51. 2.008x
How do we model cooling of the part?
2
2
2
2
y
T
y
T
c
k
t
T
p ¶
¶
=
¶
¶
=
¶
¶
a
r
Mold
Mold
Part
x
y
L
h
h/2
h/2
52. 2.008x
Exact solution for a plate
Tm = melt temperature
Tw = wall temperature
Te = ejection temperature
Drawing from Leinhard, A Heat Transfer Textbook
Also see BASF ‘estimating cooling time’ http://www2.basf.us/PLASTICSWEB/displayanyfile?id=0901a5e1801499d3
a4
2
h
tcool =
MoldMold Part
a = thermal diffusivity = k / rcp
~0.1 mm2/s for thermoplastics
÷
÷
ø
ö
ç
ç
è
æ
-
-
=
we
wm
cool
TT
TTh
t
pap
4
ln2
2
à We define the cooling time
as the time until the
temperature at the centerline of
the part reaches the specified
ejection temperature
‘Rule of thumb’
if (Tm-Tw) ≈ 10(Te-Tw)
53. 2.008x
Cooling time scaling for plate geometry
Tm = 200 ºC = 473 K
Tw = 77 ºC = 350 K
tcool =
h2
4α
tcool =
h2
π2α
ln
4
π
Tm − Tw
Te − Tw
54. 2.008x
How do process parameters vary with
part size?
ΔP =
12µ
τ fill
L
h
"
#
$
%
&
'
2
Fclamp ∝
µ
τ fill
wL3
h2
"
#
$
%
&
'
tcool ∝
h2
4α
58. 2.008x
Polymers change volume with pressure and
temperature
à imagine a sponge that tries to shrink but is glued to
the inside walls of a rigid container: residual stress!
60. 2.008x
In other words…
§ Polymers shrink during cooling; that’s a fact.
§ If the shrinkage is constrained by the mold, residual
stresses are ‘trapped’ because the part cannot relax as
the polymer shrinks.
§ During injection molding, the variation in shrinkage
both globally and through the cross section of a part
creates internal stresses or residual stresses that act
on a part with effects similar to externally applied
stresses.
§ These residual stress can cause the part to will warp
upon ejection from the mold or crack when loaded
during use.
73. 2.008x
Corners, fillets and hinges (‘living hinges’)
R = 0.2 mm
2 mm
R = 1 mm
Fillets
Corner radius
2 mm
0.25 mm
Hinges
Note
blistered
edges
74. 2.008x
Draft angles
2 mm
Fins on Protomold cube
à Draft angles enable
easier part ejection.
à The required draft
angle depends on
thickness, and surface
texture.
LEGO brick
100 µm
76. 2.008x
The process window always applies, but the
conditions are different everywhere in your
part!
à Therefore it’s not good enough to be in the process window!
à Beware of common defects, design for maximum uniformity, and
reduce risk by following DFM guidelines (see supplements)
82. 2.008x
Metal injection molding (MIM)
à Perform injection molding using a metal powder mixed
with polymer binder; then anneal the part to achieve
higher density (with significant shrinkage)
83. 2.008x
8. Conclusion: the big four
Injection Molding Machining
Rate High Low-Medium
Quality Good As good or better!
Cost Low (at high volume) Almost always greater
Flexibility Low (tooling cost high) High (within machine
constraints)