When a tree is wounded, it undergoes compartmentalization to slow the spread of disease and decay. It forms three walls - the first plugs conductive tissue, the second is formed by thick-walled cells interior and exterior to the wound, and the third is formed by radiating ray cells that divide the stem. Over time, a fourth wall of specialized woody tissue outside the wound isolates infected from new healthy tissue. Branch attachments were originally thought to have wood grain traversing directly from branch to trunk, but it is now understood they develop through overlapping layers of distinct xylem tissues, forming a strong connection. Flush cuts remove the protective branch collar and can allow decay, while correct cuts preserve the collar and its defenses
Sapwood:
“When a tree is young, certain cells within the wood are alive and capable of conducting sap or storing nutrients, and the wood is referred to as sapwood. The sapwood also termed as Alebernum.”
Heartwood:
“Heartwood also called duramen. Dead central wood of trees. As new sapwood is formed under the bark, the inner sap wood changes to heartwood. In the wood under going this change the living cells die.”
Sapwood is new wood and is like a pipeline which moves water through the tree up to the leaves.
The sapwood is lighted colored and formed of living cells associated with vessels and fibers.
Sapwood commonly ranges from 4 to 6 cm (1-1/2 to 2 in.) in radial thickness.
Many second-growth trees of merchantable size consist mostly of sapwood.
Heartwood consists of inactive cells that do not function in either water conduction or food storage.
The compounds (including resins, phenols, and terpenes, sometimes referred to as extractives) not only help make heartwood more resistant to attack by insects and decay organisms but also tend to give this inner portion of the stem a distinctive darker color.
The proportion of heartwood to sapwood in the main stem does vary with species. Black locust, for example, usually has a very narrow band – often less than an inch – of functioning sapwood, whereas maple stems often can have many inches of sapwood and relatively narrow cores of heartwood.
Sapwood is formed due to the cambial activity of the secondary xylem.
Heartwood is formed due to accumulation of different compounds, such as oils gums, and resins, etc.
The oils, resins and colouring materials infiltrate the walls, and gums and resins may fill the lumina of the cells in heart wood.
During the transformation a number of changes occur – all living cells lose protoplasts; water contents of cell walls are reduced; food materials are withdrawn from the living cells; tyloses are frequently formed which block the vessels, the parenchyma walls become lignified; oils, gums, tannins, resins and other substances develop in the cells.
Sapwood performs the physiological activities, such as conduction of water and nutrients, storage of food, etc.
The function of heartwood is no longer of conduction, it gives only mechanical support to the stem.
The heartwood part of a tree is also far more susceptible to fungus than the centre of the trunk.
Heartwood contains far less moisture than sapwood and will have far less shrinkage when it’s dried.
The sapwood in the centre of the tree dies, forming heartwood, and as the cells die they release chemicals that change the colour of the wood, as well as making the wood stronger and more resistant to attack by insects.
Sapwood:
“When a tree is young, certain cells within the wood are alive and capable of conducting sap or storing nutrients, and the wood is referred to as sapwood. The sapwood also termed as Alebernum.”
Heartwood:
“Heartwood also called duramen. Dead central wood of trees. As new sapwood is formed under the bark, the inner sap wood changes to heartwood. In the wood under going this change the living cells die.”
Sapwood is new wood and is like a pipeline which moves water through the tree up to the leaves.
The sapwood is lighted colored and formed of living cells associated with vessels and fibers.
Sapwood commonly ranges from 4 to 6 cm (1-1/2 to 2 in.) in radial thickness.
Many second-growth trees of merchantable size consist mostly of sapwood.
Heartwood consists of inactive cells that do not function in either water conduction or food storage.
The compounds (including resins, phenols, and terpenes, sometimes referred to as extractives) not only help make heartwood more resistant to attack by insects and decay organisms but also tend to give this inner portion of the stem a distinctive darker color.
The proportion of heartwood to sapwood in the main stem does vary with species. Black locust, for example, usually has a very narrow band – often less than an inch – of functioning sapwood, whereas maple stems often can have many inches of sapwood and relatively narrow cores of heartwood.
Sapwood is formed due to the cambial activity of the secondary xylem.
Heartwood is formed due to accumulation of different compounds, such as oils gums, and resins, etc.
The oils, resins and colouring materials infiltrate the walls, and gums and resins may fill the lumina of the cells in heart wood.
During the transformation a number of changes occur – all living cells lose protoplasts; water contents of cell walls are reduced; food materials are withdrawn from the living cells; tyloses are frequently formed which block the vessels, the parenchyma walls become lignified; oils, gums, tannins, resins and other substances develop in the cells.
Sapwood performs the physiological activities, such as conduction of water and nutrients, storage of food, etc.
The function of heartwood is no longer of conduction, it gives only mechanical support to the stem.
The heartwood part of a tree is also far more susceptible to fungus than the centre of the trunk.
Heartwood contains far less moisture than sapwood and will have far less shrinkage when it’s dried.
The sapwood in the centre of the tree dies, forming heartwood, and as the cells die they release chemicals that change the colour of the wood, as well as making the wood stronger and more resistant to attack by insects.
Schlerenchyma
Definition:
Schlerenchyma cells are specialized plant cells that exist to provide strength and support.
They are present in all kinds of plants including grasses,trees and flowering plants. Their cell wall consists of cellulose,lignin and hemicellulose.
There are two types of schlerenchyma. 1. Fibers 2.Schleroids
Long spindle shaped cells. They usually occur in strands. Within a stand ,the fibers overlap. Walls are not highly hydrated. Supporting elements in plant parts that are no elongating.
Function of Schlerenchyma
Schlerenchyma cells are strong,thick cells that provide most of the support in plant. Enable plant organs to withstand various strain, bending, weight and presssure without damage to the thin softer cells.
Taxus -Morphological ,anatomical and reproductive features &Economic importanceJasmine Mariya
Taxus is a representative of conifers which is a prominent member in that group.It shows so many remarkable features in its morphology , Anatomy ,Reproduction and life cycle. It's economically importance is also great. This presentation is a overall description about Taxus.
This presentation is about wood structureFaizRehman50
Here you will be able to learn about wood and its necessary details. You will get information about the anatomy of wood and details about soft and hard wood.
Most plants continue to grow throughout their lives. Like other multicellular organisms, plants grow through a combination of cell growth and cell division. Cell growth increases cell size, while cell division (mitosis) increases the number of cells. As plant cells grow, they also become specialized into different cell types through cellular differentiation. Once cells differentiate, they can no longer divide. How do plants grow or replace damaged cells after that?
The key to continued growth and repair of plant cells is meristem. Meristem is a type of plant tissue consisting of undifferentiated cells that can continue to divide and differentiate.
Schlerenchyma
Definition:
Schlerenchyma cells are specialized plant cells that exist to provide strength and support.
They are present in all kinds of plants including grasses,trees and flowering plants. Their cell wall consists of cellulose,lignin and hemicellulose.
There are two types of schlerenchyma. 1. Fibers 2.Schleroids
Long spindle shaped cells. They usually occur in strands. Within a stand ,the fibers overlap. Walls are not highly hydrated. Supporting elements in plant parts that are no elongating.
Function of Schlerenchyma
Schlerenchyma cells are strong,thick cells that provide most of the support in plant. Enable plant organs to withstand various strain, bending, weight and presssure without damage to the thin softer cells.
Taxus -Morphological ,anatomical and reproductive features &Economic importanceJasmine Mariya
Taxus is a representative of conifers which is a prominent member in that group.It shows so many remarkable features in its morphology , Anatomy ,Reproduction and life cycle. It's economically importance is also great. This presentation is a overall description about Taxus.
This presentation is about wood structureFaizRehman50
Here you will be able to learn about wood and its necessary details. You will get information about the anatomy of wood and details about soft and hard wood.
Most plants continue to grow throughout their lives. Like other multicellular organisms, plants grow through a combination of cell growth and cell division. Cell growth increases cell size, while cell division (mitosis) increases the number of cells. As plant cells grow, they also become specialized into different cell types through cellular differentiation. Once cells differentiate, they can no longer divide. How do plants grow or replace damaged cells after that?
The key to continued growth and repair of plant cells is meristem. Meristem is a type of plant tissue consisting of undifferentiated cells that can continue to divide and differentiate.
A tissue is a group of cells which have a common origin, similar shape, size and structure and perform the same function. Cells in a tissue are usually held together by a cementing substance and form a tissue system.
Different types of tissues are : Tissue present in plant and Tissue present in animal.
https://thegeneralscience.com/study-of-tissue/
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
Top 8 Strategies for Effective Sustainable Waste Management.pdfJhon Wick
Discover top strategies for effective sustainable waste management, including product removal and product destruction. Learn how to reduce, reuse, recycle, compost, implement waste segregation, and explore innovative technologies for a greener future.
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
Altered Terrain: Colonial Encroachment and Environmental Changes in Cachar, A...PriyankaKilaniya
The beginning of colonial policy in the area was signaled by the British annexation of the Cachar district in southern Assam in 1832. The region became an alluring investment opportunity for Europeans after British rule over Cachar, especially after the accidental discovery of wild tea in 1855. Within this historical context, this study explores three major stages that characterize the evolution of nature. First, it examines the distribution and growth of tea plantations, examining their size and rate of expansion. The second aspect of the study examines the consequences of land concessions, which led to the initial loss of native forests. Finally, the study investigates the increased strain on forests caused by migrant workers' demands. It also highlights the crucial role that the Forest Department plays in protecting these natural habitats from the invasion of tea planters. This study aims to analyze the intricate relationship between colonialism and the altered landscape of Cachar, Assam, by means of a thorough investigation, shedding light on the environmental, economic, and societal aspects of this historical transformation.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
3. when a tree is wounded cells undergo changes to
form "walls" around the wound, slowing or
preventing the spread of disease and decay to the rest
of the tree.
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4. The first wall is formed by plugging up normally
conductive vascular tissue above and below the wound.
This tissue runs up and down the length of the stem, so
plugging it slows the vertical spread of decay.
Tissues are plugged in various ways, such as with:
• tylosis,
• polyphenolic deposits,
• anti-fungal substances
• in conifers by the closure of the bordered pits linking
vessel cells.
This wall is the weakest.
5. The second wall is formed by the thick-walled, lignin-
rich cells of the latewood growth ring interior and
exterior to the wound, thus slowing the radial spread of
decay.
This wall is the second weakest, and is continuous
except where intersected by ray cells.
6. The third wall is formed by ray cells, which are
groups of radiating cells oriented perpendicularly
to the stem axis, dividing the stem into segments
not entirely unlike the slices of a pie.
These groups of cells forms a maze-like barrier to
tangential spread of decay.
These groups of cells are not continuous and vary
in:
• length,
• height,
• thickness.
After wounding, some ray cells are also altered
chemically, becoming toxic to some
microorganisms.
This is the strongest wall at the time of wounding,
prior to the growth of the fourth wall.
7. The fourth wall, known as the barrier zone, is
created by new growth of specialised woody
tissue on the exterior of the tree, isolating
tissue present at the time of infection from
subsequent growth.
This is the strongest wall, and often the only
one which can completely halt the spread of
infection by closing the wound with new wood.
When only the fourth wall remains intact, the
result is something most people have seen
walking through the woods or in a park: a living
tree with a completely rotted-out interior.
In such cases, all the tissue present at the time of
injury has become infected, but new healthy
tissue has been allowed to continue to grow
outside of the fourth wall.
8. For example
arborists are frequently called upon to analyze the danger posed
to people or property by a damaged or decaying tree.
In the production of maple syrup holes are drilled
into a tree's vascular tissues, which necessarily
damages the tree.
For example
15. Branch
attachment
A branch attachment is where a branch is
attached to the trunk of a tree.
Three types of branch attachment are
recognized due to differences in the
anatomical position of buds that form them.
Two key components contribute to the
mechanical strength and toughness of the
attachment: interlocking wood grain at the
top of the attachment and an embedded knot
that often lies within the attachment.
A common malformation of a branch
attachment is the inclusion of bark within the
join, which can weaken the attachment.
16. Trunk collars
Branch collars
Cambial zone
Phloem
Bark cambium
Bark branch
ridge
form as branch and trunk tissues meet
above the branch.
the often visible swelling in a woody plant that
forms at the base of a branch where it is attached to
its parent branch or to the tree's trunk.
a cell generator that is between
the wood or xylem and inner bark.
the living tissue that transports the soluble organic
compounds made during photosynthesis, in particular
the sugar sucrose, to parts of the plant where needed.
the outermost layers of stems and
roots of woody plants.
the stem and main wooden axis of a tree.
17. The xylem tissues in this location are
denser than in surrounding tissues of the
tree's stem or branch, the wood grain
pattern formed is tortuous and in these
tissues there is typically a reduction in
vessel length, diameter and frequency of
occurrence.
This specialized xylem tissue, formed
under the branch bark ridge, provides
unique mechanical properties to the
union of the branch to the trunk,
requiring that wood fibres are stretched
along their length (the axial strength of
the wood) in order to rupture the
attachment apart.
18. Initially branches are mechanically
attached to the trunks of trees by
forming interlocking wood grain
patterns at the top of the joint.
The base of the smaller branch becomes occluded in the larger trunk of
the tree which is producing a larger increment of growth, and this
occluded part of the branch forms a knot that provides substantial
additional mechanical support to the attachment as it develops.
The combination of the interlocking wood grain at
the apex of the branch and the occluded knot
embedded into the tree's trunk make mature
branch attachments in trees very strong
components of a tree's crown.
19. Different types of
branch attachments
Botanists commonly
differentiate between
branches
anatomical difference can be
found on dissection between
these branch attachments
an initial knot that originates near
to the stem's pith
a bud trace that originates near the
stem's pith, and adventitious
epicormic branches will exhibit
neither of these internal features.
originate from the initial extension
growth
have developed from the growth of latent
buds or adventitious buds that developed
later on the tree's trunk surface.
20. Malformations
A common malformation of a branch attachment in a tree
is the inclusion of bark within the join.
('bark
inclusion' or
'included bark')
This malformation weakens the
connection of the branch to the rest
of the tree's structure.
It blocks the formation of the interlocking
wood grain pattern at the branch
attachment's apex.
The causes:
• genetic traits in individual trees
• tightly-angled joins
• branches competing for light
21. anatomical model of branch attachment
the development of overlapping layers of these two distinct xylem
tissues resulted in the development of a strong connection.
this model
does not take
into account the
anatomy of tree
forks.
ANATOMICALLY
INCORRECT
it requires
contortions
of the
vascular
cambium that
are infeasible.
the branch base grew
the branch's base was overlapped by the growth of the trunk
based on analysis
of extensive tree
cross-sections
has been widely
used in the arboreal
industry.
22. It was commonly thought that wood grain
traversed directly from the top of the branch into
the trunk of the tree, ascending to the tree's
crown.
Such a wood grain arrangement would result in
sap travelling from the foliage at the end of the
branch to other foliage in the tree's crown, which
is contrary to the 'source-to-sink' model widely
accepted for sap distribution in all woody plants,
and can clearly be seen not to be the case by
dissections of junctions formed in trees.
PRIOR TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF SHIGO'SMODEL OF
BRANCH ATTACHMENT…
24. Callus = soft, non-woody tissue that
forms about the edges of fresh
wounds.
Woundwood = very tough, woody
tissue that grows behind callus and
replaces it in that position.
Two kind of cuts
RIGHT CUT FLUSH CUT
25. The flush cut removes the smollen
basal branch collar, the arrow
shows the large woody rib of
woundwood that formed the sides
of the wound.
The large ribs of wounwood give the
mistaken appearance of strong
defence.
The black pointers show the decay
that spread above and below the
wound.
problems
DECAY
CANKERS CRACKS
INSECT
INFESTATION
27. A «doughnut» or a ring of
woody tissues formed about
the correct cut .
No decay formed behind the
correct cut.
The bump remaining after a
correct cut is not a stub.