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Inglese crisi-convertito
- 2. New meaningsof spaceandtime Adeep cultura l crisis Positivisticfaith in progressandscience wasabandoned FirstWorld War Gapbetween youngandold man New viewsof manand universe Einstein,Special Relativity 1905 Freud,ThreeEssays onthe Theoryof Sexuality Changethe waypeople thoughtor learntabout sexuality
- 3. FREUDANDHUMANPSYCHE FREUDanalyzed human psycheanddivided it into The‘ID’isthe unionof irrational impulses The‘Ego’isthe coordinated part The‘Superego’hasa moralisticrole, it restrictsthe ID Freudstudieddreamsand heexplainedthat theyare desires Hereview sexualityandhe explainedthe ‘Oedipus Complex’
- 4. Themost positivepicture of the future UTOPIA Themost negative picture of the future eu-topia = «good place» or ou-topia =«no place» (Thomas More-1512) DYSTOPIA δυς-(dys) «bad» -+ utopia=«negative utopia» (JohnStuart Mill nel 1868) FUTURE Socialism Faithinscienceandprogress Individualfreedom Tyranny Apocalypticends Totalalienation Equal distributionofassets Extremeconsumism
- 5. Theindustrial societyseemedto haveoverreached itself andwas preparingitsown destruction. “Thingsfallapart:thecentercannot hold:Mereanarchyislooseduponthe world;Theblood-dimmedtideisloosed, andeverywhereTheceremonyof innocenceisdrowned:Thebestlackall conviction,whiletheworstarefullof passionateintensity.” William Butler Yeats(1865-1939) United Statesof America SovietUnion Inspired Utopianhopesand designs Dystopian experiments The dystopia nnovel
- 6. Thedystopian novel Consumerism FailureofsocialutopiainURSS Pessimisticviewof human "Manproducesevil asbeesproduce honey". “Whatarewe? Humans?Or animals?Or savages?” “Warispeace.Freedomisslavery. Ignoranceisstrength.” “Thecreaturesoutsidelookedfrompig toman,andfrommantopig,and frompigtomanagain;butalreadyit wasimpossibletosaywhichwas which.” “...most men and women will grow up to love their servitudeandwill neverdreamof revolution.” AldousHuxley (1894-1963) GeorgeOrwell (1903-1950) WilliamGolding (1911-1993) Theendof theideology Bleak pessimism
- 8. 1903 Bornin India, preciselyin Motihari Sonof aminor colonialofficial… Firstin a preparatory school (StCyprian's, in Estbourne) then at EtonCollege. Indifference to accepted values Developan indipendent-minder personality Professed atheismand socialism Hestarted to work for the Indian Imperial Police, optingto serve in Burma. 1922 - 1927Abookbasedon histime in the colonialservice BurmeseDays 1934 …hisfather workingasanIndian CivilServiceofficial, the British administration inIndia Education
- 9. Where? DownandOut in Paris andLondon 1933 Firstnon-fiction narrative Describedhisexperiences amongthe poor living in commonlodging-houses; testinga seriesof humble professions. hereturned toLondon Social experiment in the suburbsof Parisand London. the living conditionsof the lowerclasses Why? Toknow poverty how institution for poorworked When?
- 10. the name ofa river hewas fondof G e o r g e O r w e l l Hestarted to adopt the pseudonymof it hadan Englishness aboutit 1936 Hemarried EileenO’Shaughnessy encourageshim to writing fulltime
- 11. Heinvestigatedabout conditionsamong Fora left-wing publisher factory workers miners unemployed inthe industrialNorth 1937 Conversionto socialismandthe idea of brotherhoodandequality Orwell wentto Catalonia Toreport onthe SpanishCivilWar In Barcelona Hejoined the militia of thePOUM Foughtin the trenchesof the Aragonfront 1938
- 12. BackinEngland Theyadoptedan infant child Hewascalled Richard Georgesuffered from bronchitisandpneumonia Eileendied duringan operation SecondWar World Movedto London Hejoined the BBC Broadcastingcultural andpolitical programmesto India
- 13. Hebecame the editorof Tribune Influential socialist weekly 1943 Animal Farm1945 Made Orwell internationally knownandfinanciallysecure NineteenEighty-Four1949 Orwell’slastbookand hismostoriginalnovel bestseller Hedied of tuberculosis1950
- 14. ARTIST’SDEVELOPMENT He was ableto Experiences abroad… Hewasaware aboutBut… Consequences… • Conflictwith middle-class • Identification with theworking class Receptiveto new ideasand impressions Rejecthisbackground •judgehiscountryfrom the outside •understandits strengths andweakness • the tollerance • the dislikeof abstracttheories • the insistenceoncommonsense
- 15. Prolificbook reviewer Critic Political journalist Author of pamphlets •the growingartificialityof urbancivilization •the violation offreedom • Interprets reality • Hasusefulsocial function Writing Writer • Shouldbe independent • Nogoodwriting comefrom followingparty line •humanfraternity •the miserycausedby poverty anddeprivation •a criticismdevastatingof totalitarianism What did he transmit? Tolerance,justice anddecencyin humanrelationships Onwhat didhe focus? Onwhat didhe warn? What washis aim? Helphisreaders to recognizetyrannyin all itsforms. ABOUTWRITING…
- 17. Adystopiannovel Thenoveldescribesa future world didivedinto three blocks: Oceania,Eurasiaand Estasia. TheParty Ministryof Peace: concernsitself with making war Ministryof Plenty: maintains a state of costant poverty MinistryofTruth: isthe propaganda arm of the State. Winston Smith spendshis daytime hours “correcting” historical documents MinistryofLove: isa gigantic windowless building devoted to torture and brutality. It’s the home of thought police
- 18. Thesociety ThePartycontrolspeople with: Absolutecontrolof press Newspeak Thoughtpolice Thetelescreens Aperpetual state ofwar ThePartyutilizes paradoxes andcontradictionsto manipulate the population
- 19. Theindividualinsociety Winstonismiddle-agedmanand phisicallyweak; heexperieces alienation from societyand strugglesagainstthe Partyto mantain hisindividuality and humanvalues WinstonSmith TheBigBrother Thedictator iscalled“BigBrother”, but heactuallydoesnot watch over hispeople asa brother should:“watching”here means “controlling” 1984 isasatire onhierarchical societieswhichdestroyfraternity and love