The document defines inflammation as the body's response to harmful stimuli, pathogens, or damaged cells. It involves immune cells, blood vessels, and molecular mediators. The cardinal signs of inflammation are redness, swelling, heat, pain, and loss of function. Inflammation can be caused by infections, hypersensitivity reactions, physical trauma, radiation, burns, chemicals, and tissue necrosis. Acute inflammation involves increased blood flow and immune cell migration, while chronic inflammation is prolonged and involves tissue destruction and healing. Microscopic examination shows different cell types present in acute versus chronic inflammation. Inflammatory disorders underlie many human diseases.

1. INFLAMMATION

2. INFLAMMATION definition;
• The complex biological
response of body tissues
to harmful stimuli, such
as pathogens, damaged
cells, or irritants,and is a
protective response
involving;
 immune cells,
 blood vessels,
 molecular mediators

3. DEFINITION
AND
CARDINAL
FEATURES;
Definition: - Inflammation is the response
of living tissue to injury. It involves a well-
organized cascade of fluid and cellular
changes within living tissue.
Cardinal features: Rubor (redness);
Tumor (swelling); Calor (heat); Dolor (pain);
Functio laesa (loss of function)
CAUSES; Etiologic agents – viruses,
bacteria, fungi, parasites ,Hypersensitivity –
body reacts against itself, there are four types
of reaction,trauma, sunburn, Necrosis -
anoxia, trauma.
tumor
Tissue necrosis Redness

4. General characteristics of inflammation; are as
follows:
1. The inflammatory process is redundant and complex.
.Many mediators of inflammation have the same
functions and many mediators have multiple functions.
Also, the same mediator may have different effects on
different tissues.
2. The process is continuous over a period of time.
Peracute, acute, subacute, and chronic are terms used to
describe different stages of inflammation.
3. Inflammation is caused by a stimulus and removal of
the stimulus should result in abatement of inflammation.
If it doesn’t get fixed in the acute period, it becomes
chronic.
4. Blood is the primary delivery system for inflammatory
components.
5. Inflammation is on a continuum with the healing
process.

5. Causes of Inflammation;
Microbial infections; One of the most common
causes of inflammation is microbial infection. Microbes
include viruses, bacteria, protozoa, fungi and various
parasites. Viruses lead to death of individual cells by
intracellular multiplication, and either cause the cell to
stop functioning and die, or cause explosion of the cell
(cytolytic), in which case it also dies. Bacteria release
specific toxins – either exotoxins or endotoxins.
Exotoxins are produced specifically for export (like
anthrax toxins or tetanus toxins) whereas endotoxins are
just part of the cell walls of Gram negative bacteria and
they do terrible things to the body too but they aren’t as
specific in their actions as the exotoxins.

6. Hypersensitivity reactions; A hypersensitivity
reaction occurs when an altered state of immunologic
responsiveness causes an inappropriate or excessive immune
reaction that damages the tissues.
Physical agents, irritant and corrosive
chemicals Tissue damage leading to inflammation may occur
through physical trauma, ultraviolet or other ionizing radiation,
burns or excessive cooling ('frostbite'). Corrosive chemicals
(acids, alkalis, oxidizing agents) provoke inflammation through
direct tissue damage. These chemical irritants cause tissue
damage that leads directly to inflammation.
Tissue necrosis; Death of tissues from lack of oxygen or
nutrients resulting from inadequate blood flow (infarction) is a
potent inflammatory stimulus. The edge of a recent infarct often
shows an acute inflammatory response.

7. TYPES OF INFLAMMATION;
ACUTE INFLAMMATION
• Acute inflammation is the initial
response of the body to harmful
stimuli and is achieved by the
increased movement of plasma and
leukocytes (especially
granulocytes) from the blood into
the injured tissues. A series of
biochemical events propagates and
matures the inflammatory response,
involving the local vascular system,
the immune system, and various
cells within the injured tissue
CHORONIC INFLAMMATION
Prolonged inflammation, known as
chronic inflammation,leads to a
progressive shift in the type of cells
present at the site of inflammation,
such as mononuclearcells, and is
characterized by simultaneous
destruction and healing of the tissue
from the inflammatory process.

8. MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION OF ACUTE/CHRONIC
INFLAMMATION;
ACUTE INFLAMMATION CHRONIC INFLAMMATION

9. ACUTE INFLAMMATION CONTINU…..,
Acute inflammation is characterized by marked vascular changes, including
vasodilation, increased permeability and increased blood flow, which are induced by
the actions of various inflammatory.The acute inflammatory response requires
constant stimulation to be sustained. Inflammatory mediators are short-lived and are
quickly degraded in the tissue. Hence,acute inflammation begins to cease once the
stimulus has been removed.

10. Infected ingrown toenail showing the characteristic redness and
swelling associated with acute inflammation.

11. Morphologic patterns
 Granulomatous inflammation: Characterised by
the formation of granulomas, they are the result
of a limited but diverse number of diseases,
which include among others tuberculosis, leprosy,
sarcoidosis, and syphilis.
 Fibrinous inflammation;Inflammation resulting
in a large increase in vascular permeability allows
fibrin to pass through the blood vessels. If an appropriate
procoagulative stimulus is present, such
as cancer cells, a fibrinous exudate is deposited.
This is commonly seen in serous cavities, where the
conversion of fibrinous exudate into a scar can occur
between serous membranes, limiting their function.
The deposit sometimes forms a pseudomembrane
sheet.
 Purulent inflammation: Inflammation resulting in
large amount of pus, which consists of neutrophils,
dead cells, and fluid.

12. Purulent inflammation

13. Inflammatory disorders;
Inflammatory abnormalities are a large group of disorders
that underlie a vast variety of human diseases. The
immune system is often involved with inflammatory disorders,
demonstrated in both allergic reactions and some
myopathies, with many immune system disorders resulting
in abnormal inflammation. Non-immune diseases
with causal origins in inflammatory processes include
cancer, atherosclerosis, and ischaemic heart disease.
 Examples of disorders associated with inflammation include:
 Acne vulgaris
 Asthma
 Autoimmune diseases
 Autoinflammatory diseases
 Celiac disease
 Chronic prostatitis
 Diverticulitis
 Glomerulonephritis
 Hidradenitis suppurativa
 Hypersensitivities

15. INFLAMMATION PROCESS;

16. Other factors that can influence inflammation;
Besides dietary factors,
 physical activity,
 fitness,
 sleep,
 shift work,
stress can affect inflammation. Also,
there are auto-immune and other conditions that can influence
inflammation.