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This document discusses Paracoccidioidomycosis, a chronic fungal infection of the lungs that can also affect the mucous membranes, skin, and lymph nodes. The infection is associated with soils and armadillos. The main symptoms are pulmonary lesions, cervical adenopathy, and tooth loss. The fungus has a long latency period of 10-20 years. Clinical specimens used to diagnose include sputum, biopsies, pus, and bronchial washings. Serological testing using immunodiffusion has high sensitivity and specificity. Recommended treatments include amphotericin B, sulfonamide-trimethoprim, itraconazole, and voriconazole.
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Lung Abscess: Diagnosis, Treatment and Mortality
This document discusses lung abscess, including its diagnosis, treatment, and association with mortality. Key points include:
- Lung abscess is caused by bacterial infection leading to pulmonary tissue necrosis and cavity formation. Common causes include aspiration of oral/gastric contents.
- Diagnosis is typically made using chest x-rays or CT scans to identify lung cavities. Cultures can identify pathogens like anaerobes, S. aureus, and K. pneumoniae.
- Treatment involves antibiotics like penicillins, carbapenems, or quinolones that are effective against common causative bacteria. Outcomes remain poor for patients with large or right lower lobe abscesses.
Lung abscess
This document discusses lung abscesses, which occur when microbial infection causes necrosis and cavitation of lung tissue. There are two main types: primary lung abscesses arise from aspiration of oral bacteria and usually affect middle-aged men with risk factors like alcoholism or gastroesophageal reflux; secondary lung abscesses have an underlying cause like obstruction or immunosuppression. Symptoms include fever, cough, and chest pain. Diagnosis involves chest imaging like x-ray or CT scan. Primary abscesses are generally treated with antibiotics like clindamycin or beta-lactam combinations for 3-14 weeks. Secondary abscesses require treatment of the underlying condition as well as antibiotics targeting the identified pathogen. Complications can include recurrence,
PneumoniaCheck, the link between the diagnosis and treatment of pneumonia wit...
This document discusses the need for an improved method of diagnosing pneumonia. Current methods often cannot identify the specific pathogen causing pneumonia, resulting in overuse of broad-spectrum antibiotics and increased antibiotic resistance. It introduces PneumoniaCheck, a new device that uses fluid mechanics to separate upper airway particles from lower airway particles collected from a patient's cough, allowing identification of the pathogen. This more targeted approach can reduce unnecessary antibiotic use and complications by precisely diagnosing the type of pneumonia.
The respiratory system - Pneumonia
Pneumonia is inflammation of the lungs caused by infection, usually bacterial but sometimes viral or fungal. Bacterial pneumonia is most commonly caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae. It involves inflammation in the lung parenchyma beyond the terminal bronchioles. Other types include viral or atypical pneumonia caused by pathogens like influenza, and other rarer types like Pneumocystis jirovecii or Legionella pneumonia. Symptoms include fever, cough, chest pain, and difficulty breathing. Treatment involves antibiotics for bacterial cases or antivirals depending on the pathogen involved.
classification of pnemonia
Pneumonia can be classified in several ways, including by anatomical location (lobar, bronchopneumonia, interstitial), etiology (bacterial, viral, fungal, mycobacterial, parasitic, non-infectious), and age of the patient. Common causative pathogens vary by age group. Hospitalization is often required for young children, immunocompromised patients, or those with severe symptoms. Recurrent pneumonia can be caused by hereditary disorders impacting immunity or airway function. Bacterial pneumonia results in different pathology depending on the invading organism. Viral pneumonia predisposes to secondary bacterial infection by disrupting host defenses.
aspergillus lecture
The document discusses several fungal infections including aspergillosis and systemic mycoses. It describes how aspergillus is an opportunistic infection that can cause invasive pulmonary disease in severely immunocompromised patients. A variety of laboratory tests can help diagnose aspergillosis including microscopy, culture, galactomannan assay and PCR. True systemic endemic mycoses like coccidioidomycosis, histoplasmosis, blastomycosis and paracoccidioidomycosis are also described with details on their causative agents, geographic distribution and methods for laboratory diagnosis.
5 pneumonia
This document discusses pneumonia, including its definition, causes, classification, prevalence, and treatment. Key points include:
- Pneumonia is an inflammatory lung disease that can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi or other particles. The most common type is bacterial pneumonia.
- Risk factors for pneumonia include aging, smoking, underlying diseases, and immunosuppression. It is classified based on location (lobar, foliar, interstitial), cause (bacterial, viral, fungal), and place of infection (community-acquired, hospital-acquired).
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Lung Abscess, Pulmonolgy
Abstract Lung Abscess is a liquefactive necrosis of the lung tissue and arrangement of cavitation (in excess of 2 cm) containing necrotic debris and liquid brought about by parenchymal infection. It very well may be brought about by yearning, which may happen during changed cognizance and it for the most part causes a discharge filled depression. In addition, liquor addiction is the most widely recognized condition inclining to lung abscesses. Lung abscess is viewed as essential (60%) when it comes about because of existing lung parenchymal process and is named auxiliary when it entangles another procedure, e.g., vascular emboli or follows rupture of extrapulmonary abscess into lung. There are a few imaging strategies which can distinguish the material inside the thorax, for example, electronic tomography (CT) output of the thorax and ultrasound of the thorax. Broad Spectrum anti-biotics to cover blended vegetation is the pillar of treatment. Pneumonic physiotherapy and postural drainage are additionally significant. Surgeries are required in specific patients for pneumonic resection Keywords: Lung abscess, anti-bodies, video-assissted thoracoscopic medical procedure (VATS), thoracoscopy
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This document discusses lung abscess, including its diagnosis, treatment, and association with mortality. Key points include:
- Lung abscess is caused by bacterial infection leading to pulmonary tissue necrosis and cavity formation. Common causes include aspiration of oral/gastric contents.
- Diagnosis is typically made using chest x-rays or CT scans to identify lung cavities. Cultures can identify pathogens like anaerobes, S. aureus, and K. pneumoniae.
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This document discusses lung abscesses, which occur when microbial infection causes necrosis and cavitation of lung tissue. There are two main types: primary lung abscesses arise from aspiration of oral bacteria and usually affect middle-aged men with risk factors like alcoholism or gastroesophageal reflux; secondary lung abscesses have an underlying cause like obstruction or immunosuppression. Symptoms include fever, cough, and chest pain. Diagnosis involves chest imaging like x-ray or CT scan. Primary abscesses are generally treated with antibiotics like clindamycin or beta-lactam combinations for 3-14 weeks. Secondary abscesses require treatment of the underlying condition as well as antibiotics targeting the identified pathogen. Complications can include recurrence,
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This document discusses the need for an improved method of diagnosing pneumonia. Current methods often cannot identify the specific pathogen causing pneumonia, resulting in overuse of broad-spectrum antibiotics and increased antibiotic resistance. It introduces PneumoniaCheck, a new device that uses fluid mechanics to separate upper airway particles from lower airway particles collected from a patient's cough, allowing identification of the pathogen. This more targeted approach can reduce unnecessary antibiotic use and complications by precisely diagnosing the type of pneumonia.
The respiratory system - Pneumonia
Pneumonia is inflammation of the lungs caused by infection, usually bacterial but sometimes viral or fungal. Bacterial pneumonia is most commonly caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae. It involves inflammation in the lung parenchyma beyond the terminal bronchioles. Other types include viral or atypical pneumonia caused by pathogens like influenza, and other rarer types like Pneumocystis jirovecii or Legionella pneumonia. Symptoms include fever, cough, chest pain, and difficulty breathing. Treatment involves antibiotics for bacterial cases or antivirals depending on the pathogen involved.
classification of pnemonia
Pneumonia can be classified in several ways, including by anatomical location (lobar, bronchopneumonia, interstitial), etiology (bacterial, viral, fungal, mycobacterial, parasitic, non-infectious), and age of the patient. Common causative pathogens vary by age group. Hospitalization is often required for young children, immunocompromised patients, or those with severe symptoms. Recurrent pneumonia can be caused by hereditary disorders impacting immunity or airway function. Bacterial pneumonia results in different pathology depending on the invading organism. Viral pneumonia predisposes to secondary bacterial infection by disrupting host defenses.
aspergillus lecture
The document discusses several fungal infections including aspergillosis and systemic mycoses. It describes how aspergillus is an opportunistic infection that can cause invasive pulmonary disease in severely immunocompromised patients. A variety of laboratory tests can help diagnose aspergillosis including microscopy, culture, galactomannan assay and PCR. True systemic endemic mycoses like coccidioidomycosis, histoplasmosis, blastomycosis and paracoccidioidomycosis are also described with details on their causative agents, geographic distribution and methods for laboratory diagnosis.
5 pneumonia
This document discusses pneumonia, including its definition, causes, classification, prevalence, and treatment. Key points include:
- Pneumonia is an inflammatory lung disease that can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi or other particles. The most common type is bacterial pneumonia.
- Risk factors for pneumonia include aging, smoking, underlying diseases, and immunosuppression. It is classified based on location (lobar, foliar, interstitial), cause (bacterial, viral, fungal), and place of infection (community-acquired, hospital-acquired).
- Common bacterial causes are Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Staphylococcus aureus. Diagn
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Abstract Lung Abscess is a liquefactive necrosis of the lung tissue and arrangement of cavitation (in excess of 2 cm) containing necrotic debris and liquid brought about by parenchymal infection. It very well may be brought about by yearning, which may happen during changed cognizance and it for the most part causes a discharge filled depression. In addition, liquor addiction is the most widely recognized condition inclining to lung abscesses. Lung abscess is viewed as essential (60%) when it comes about because of existing lung parenchymal process and is named auxiliary when it entangles another procedure, e.g., vascular emboli or follows rupture of extrapulmonary abscess into lung. There are a few imaging strategies which can distinguish the material inside the thorax, for example, electronic tomography (CT) output of the thorax and ultrasound of the thorax. Broad Spectrum anti-biotics to cover blended vegetation is the pillar of treatment. Pneumonic physiotherapy and postural drainage are additionally significant. Surgeries are required in specific patients for pneumonic resection Keywords: Lung abscess, anti-bodies, video-assissted thoracoscopic medical procedure (VATS), thoracoscopy
PneumoniaCheck by ARC Medical, The link between diagnosis and treatment of Pn...
The Need:
Pneumonia is a leading cause of death in children worldwide. Over 2 million children die from pneumonia each year and one child dies every 20 seconds. The problem with current diagnosis methods is one of sampling. Mouth and nose samples have contaminating bacteria, which result in many false positives. Additionally, the samples are unable to identify the pathogen; hospital stays are lengthened increasing the chances that cases will become complicated. Since the pathogen cannot be identified, patients receive broad-spectrum antibiotics, which are often unnecessary and can cause antibiotic resistance. Other methods, such as a chest x-ray, can identify fluid in the lungs, but cannot identify the specific pathogen causing the pneumonia.
The Device:
PneumoniaCheck uses fluid mechanics to separate the upper airway particles from the lower airway particles. The separation means that only a lung specimen is captured on the filter at the end of the device. This filter can then be analyzed using traditional microbiology methods or mor sensitive molecular DNA analysis to identify the specific pathogen causing pneumonia, or other lower respiratory infections. The ability to identify the specific pathogen will allow for more targeted antibiotic treatment or none at all if viral, which should reduce antibiotic resistance and other complications. PneumoniaCheck is an easy-to-use, noninvasive, disposable solution for collecting respiratory specimens to help reduce one of the world’s largest health problems. PneumoniaCheck may be used on patients three feet and taller.
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Pulmonary abscesses are necrotizing lung infections usually caused by aspiration of oral or gastric contents. Common pathogens include anaerobic bacteria from the mouth or enteric gram-negative bacilli in elderly patients. There are three main types: aspiration lung abscess caused by unconscious aspiration, secondary lung abscess caused by underlying conditions, and hematogenous lung abscess from distant infections. Symptoms include fever, cough with purulent sputum, chest pain, and potential hemoptysis. Diagnosis involves chest imaging showing cavitary lesions and microbiological testing of sputum or biopsy samples. Treatment primarily involves prolonged courses of antibiotics along with drainage procedures in some cases.
Tuberculosis- Oral Pathology
Tuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It most commonly affects the lungs but can affect any organ. Clinical features vary depending on the site of involvement but may include cough, fever, weight loss, and night sweats. Diagnosis involves identification of the bacteria in tissues or secretions using acid-fast staining or other tests. Treatment involves a combination of antibiotics over a prolonged period. Tuberculosis remains a major global health problem and drug-resistant strains are an increasing concern.
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This document discusses pulmonary abscesses in children. It defines a lung abscess as a localized collection of thick-walled purulent material within the lung parenchyma caused by infection and tissue destruction. Lung abscesses can be primary, occurring in previously healthy patients, or secondary, occurring in patients with underlying conditions. Common predisposing factors include aspiration, pneumonia, cystic fibrosis, and immunosuppression. Symptoms include cough, fever, dyspnea, and chest pain. Diagnosis involves chest X-ray and CT scan identifying a cavity containing air-fluid levels. Treatment consists of antibiotics for 2-3 weeks, with surgical drainage for severe or unimproving cases. Prognosis is generally excellent.
Atypical pneumonia
Atypical pneumonia refers to pneumonia caused by certain atypical pathogens rather than typical bacteria. In the 1930s, pneumonia cases emerged that were clinically distinct from bacterial pneumonia. Over decades, research identified the pathogens responsible as Chlamydia, Legionella, and Mycoplasma species. Through the 1930s-1960s, scientists like Eaton, Liu, and Chanock used techniques like cold agglutination testing, animal inoculation and staining to determine that Mycoplasma pneumoniae was the causative agent of the majority of atypical pneumonia cases, which they named the Eaton agent. This resolved the nature of the atypical pneumonia-causing organism.
Atypical pneumonia
Atypical pneumonia is caused by certain bacteria including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Chlamydia psittaci, and Legionella pneumophila. It tends to cause milder symptoms than typical pneumonia and does not usually require hospitalization. Different antibiotics are required to treat atypical versus typical pneumonia. Common symptoms include a persistent cough, headache, and low-grade fever.
Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia
Members of the fungal genus now known as Pneumocystis were first identified in 1909 by Chagas in the lung of guinea pigs that had been experimentally infected with Trypanosoma cruzi. Chagas thought he had identified a new trypanosomal life form. In 1910, Carini noted morphologically similar organisms in the lung of rats infected with Trypanosoma lewisi, and likewise thought they were a new type of trypanosome.
In 1912, Delanoe and Delanoe, working at the Institut Pasteur, Paris, reviewed Carini’s data and observed the cysts in the lung of Parisian sewer rats. Delanoe and Delanoe realized this was a unique organism and a separate species from Trypanosoma, and named it Pneumocystis carinii, Pneumocystis highlighting the pulmonary tropism and pathogenesis of the organism, carinii in honor of A. Carini.
Pneumonia
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Systemic fungal infections venkat
The document discusses systemic fungal infections and their treatment. It notes that fungi normally live in soil and vegetation and humans are relatively resistant, but immunosuppressed individuals can develop opportunistic fungal infections. True fungal pathogens can also cause systemic infections, especially those inhaled from the environment such as Histoplasmosis. Diagnosis involves microscopy, culture, serology and imaging of samples. Treatment involves various antifungal drugs that work by binding to ergosterol in fungal cell membranes or inhibiting ergosterol synthesis, including polyenes like Amphotericin B, azoles, and echinocandins.
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Pneumonia
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Dr seham pneumonia treatment protocol
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Pneumonia
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Pneumonia, lung abscess, bronchiectasis
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Post Covid-19: Outbreak of Mucormycosis
The main aim of Corona is transmission of disease from person to person, and it had also been declared as a global pandemic which has caused disaster in the respiratory system of more than five million people and killed more than half a billion people across the world. Patients surviving from Covid-19 have lower immunosuppressive CD4+ T and CD8+ T Cells. And most of the patients are in severe need of mechanical ventilation. This is the reason for a longer stay in hospital for a particular patient. Gradually, these patients have been discovered to develop fungal co-infection. This infection is deadly leading to loss of hearing, loss of sight and eventually death. The fungal infection is referred to as Mucormycosis, the black fungus. The causative agent for this infection is Mucormycotina which is a member of Mucorales. Mucormycotina usually habitats in soil and decaying organic matter. The infection of Mucormycotina is associated with a wide range of human diseases including arthritis, gastritis, renal disorders and pulmonary diseases. This infection is closely associated with the mucous layer of skin, precisely cutaneous layer. This infection is present in the nasal and upper respiratory tract. In the lower respiratory tract these infections are difficult to diagnose and treat due to the lack of precise methods. It was found those neutroponia patients are more
prone to this infection. This is caused by extensive use of chemotherapy resulting in impaired immunity. In recent times, in the case of pulmonary Mucormycosis, necrotizing pneumonia is a major symptom. A combination of antifungal and antimicrobial
agents is being used for a higher clinical recovery in the Mucormycosis case.
PNEUMONIAS BY DR BASHIR AHMED DAR ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR MEDICINE SOPORE KASHMIR
PNEUMONIAS BY DR BASHIR AHMED DAR ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR MEDICINE SOPORE KASHMIRProf Dr Bashir Ahmed Dar
pneumonias made very easy for medical students and doctors.stress given on history taking and to arrive at correct diagnosis.EMAIL-drbashir123@gmail.comPneumonia
Pneumonia is an infection that inflames the lungs and causes symptoms like cough, fever, and difficulty breathing. It can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi. Diagnosis involves chest x-rays, sputum tests, and blood tests. Treatment depends on the cause but may include antibiotics, oxygen therapy, or fluids. Complications can include lung abscesses or fluid in the chest. Vaccines can help prevent pneumonia.
Lung abscess pdf
- Lung abscess is defined as necrosis of lung tissue forming cavities containing necrotic debris caused by microbial infection. It is most commonly caused by aspiration, necrotizing pneumonia, chronic pneumonia, or tuberculosis.
- Symptoms include fever, cough, and shortness of breath. CT scan is the most sensitive imaging method and shows rounded cavities that may contain fluid or air-fluid levels with surrounding consolidation.
- Treatment involves prolonged antibiotics and physiotherapy. Larger abscesses over 4cm have worse prognosis and sometimes require drainage procedures or surgery. Complications can include empyema or bronchopleural fistula.
INFECTIOUS DISEASE (Diseases caused by bacteria, spirochaetes, mycobacteria &...
This document discusses diseases caused by various microorganisms including bacteria, fungi, and parasites. It provides details on staphylococcal infections including those caused by Staphylococcus aureus and the wide range of clinical manifestations. It also discusses streptococcal infections focusing on different disease-causing species and their associated diseases. Finally, it covers clostridial diseases including gas gangrene caused by Clostridium perfringens and tetanus caused by Clostridium tetani.
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PneumoniaCheck by ARC Medical, The link between diagnosis and treatment of Pn...
The Need:
Pneumonia is a leading cause of death in children worldwide. Over 2 million children die from pneumonia each year and one child dies every 20 seconds. The problem with current diagnosis methods is one of sampling. Mouth and nose samples have contaminating bacteria, which result in many false positives. Additionally, the samples are unable to identify the pathogen; hospital stays are lengthened increasing the chances that cases will become complicated. Since the pathogen cannot be identified, patients receive broad-spectrum antibiotics, which are often unnecessary and can cause antibiotic resistance. Other methods, such as a chest x-ray, can identify fluid in the lungs, but cannot identify the specific pathogen causing the pneumonia.
The Device:
PneumoniaCheck uses fluid mechanics to separate the upper airway particles from the lower airway particles. The separation means that only a lung specimen is captured on the filter at the end of the device. This filter can then be analyzed using traditional microbiology methods or mor sensitive molecular DNA analysis to identify the specific pathogen causing pneumonia, or other lower respiratory infections. The ability to identify the specific pathogen will allow for more targeted antibiotic treatment or none at all if viral, which should reduce antibiotic resistance and other complications. PneumoniaCheck is an easy-to-use, noninvasive, disposable solution for collecting respiratory specimens to help reduce one of the world’s largest health problems. PneumoniaCheck may be used on patients three feet and taller.
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Pulmonary abscesses are necrotizing lung infections usually caused by aspiration of oral or gastric contents. Common pathogens include anaerobic bacteria from the mouth or enteric gram-negative bacilli in elderly patients. There are three main types: aspiration lung abscess caused by unconscious aspiration, secondary lung abscess caused by underlying conditions, and hematogenous lung abscess from distant infections. Symptoms include fever, cough with purulent sputum, chest pain, and potential hemoptysis. Diagnosis involves chest imaging showing cavitary lesions and microbiological testing of sputum or biopsy samples. Treatment primarily involves prolonged courses of antibiotics along with drainage procedures in some cases.
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Tuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It most commonly affects the lungs but can affect any organ. Clinical features vary depending on the site of involvement but may include cough, fever, weight loss, and night sweats. Diagnosis involves identification of the bacteria in tissues or secretions using acid-fast staining or other tests. Treatment involves a combination of antibiotics over a prolonged period. Tuberculosis remains a major global health problem and drug-resistant strains are an increasing concern.
BACTERIAL PNEUMONIA BY DR BASHIR AHMED DAR ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR MEDICINE SOPOR...
BACTERIAL PNEUMONIA BY DR BASHIR AHMED DAR ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR MEDICINE SOPOR...Prof Dr Bashir Ahmed Dar
DR BASHIR ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR MEDICINE SOPORE KASHMIR PRESENTLY WORKING IN MALAYSIA TEACHING MEDICAL STUDENTS THE ART OF TREATING PATIENTS SPEAKS ABOUT THE IMPORTANCE OF HISTORY TAKING.MEDICAL STUDENTS AND DOCTORS should probe more deeply WHILE TAKING HISTORY OF A PATIENT as it gives the useful information in formulating a diagnosis and providing medical care to the patient.Pulmonary Abscess in Children .. Dr Padmesh
This document discusses pulmonary abscesses in children. It defines a lung abscess as a localized collection of thick-walled purulent material within the lung parenchyma caused by infection and tissue destruction. Lung abscesses can be primary, occurring in previously healthy patients, or secondary, occurring in patients with underlying conditions. Common predisposing factors include aspiration, pneumonia, cystic fibrosis, and immunosuppression. Symptoms include cough, fever, dyspnea, and chest pain. Diagnosis involves chest X-ray and CT scan identifying a cavity containing air-fluid levels. Treatment consists of antibiotics for 2-3 weeks, with surgical drainage for severe or unimproving cases. Prognosis is generally excellent.
Atypical pneumonia
Atypical pneumonia refers to pneumonia caused by certain atypical pathogens rather than typical bacteria. In the 1930s, pneumonia cases emerged that were clinically distinct from bacterial pneumonia. Over decades, research identified the pathogens responsible as Chlamydia, Legionella, and Mycoplasma species. Through the 1930s-1960s, scientists like Eaton, Liu, and Chanock used techniques like cold agglutination testing, animal inoculation and staining to determine that Mycoplasma pneumoniae was the causative agent of the majority of atypical pneumonia cases, which they named the Eaton agent. This resolved the nature of the atypical pneumonia-causing organism.
Atypical pneumonia
Atypical pneumonia is caused by certain bacteria including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Chlamydia psittaci, and Legionella pneumophila. It tends to cause milder symptoms than typical pneumonia and does not usually require hospitalization. Different antibiotics are required to treat atypical versus typical pneumonia. Common symptoms include a persistent cough, headache, and low-grade fever.
Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia
Members of the fungal genus now known as Pneumocystis were first identified in 1909 by Chagas in the lung of guinea pigs that had been experimentally infected with Trypanosoma cruzi. Chagas thought he had identified a new trypanosomal life form. In 1910, Carini noted morphologically similar organisms in the lung of rats infected with Trypanosoma lewisi, and likewise thought they were a new type of trypanosome.
In 1912, Delanoe and Delanoe, working at the Institut Pasteur, Paris, reviewed Carini’s data and observed the cysts in the lung of Parisian sewer rats. Delanoe and Delanoe realized this was a unique organism and a separate species from Trypanosoma, and named it Pneumocystis carinii, Pneumocystis highlighting the pulmonary tropism and pathogenesis of the organism, carinii in honor of A. Carini.
Pneumonia
Pneumonia is an inflammatory process of the lung parenchyma that is commonly caused by infectious agents like bacteria, viruses, or due to aspiration. It is classified based on its causes and the areas of lung involvement. Common symptoms include fever, cough with purulent sputum, shortness of breath, and chest pain. Diagnosis involves physical examination, chest x-ray, and tests of sputum or blood samples. Treatment depends on the causative agent but generally involves antibiotics, oxygen therapy, and chest physiotherapy. Nursing care focuses on preventing infection spread, maintaining nutrition, clearing secretions, and providing patient education.
Systemic fungal infections venkat
The document discusses systemic fungal infections and their treatment. It notes that fungi normally live in soil and vegetation and humans are relatively resistant, but immunosuppressed individuals can develop opportunistic fungal infections. True fungal pathogens can also cause systemic infections, especially those inhaled from the environment such as Histoplasmosis. Diagnosis involves microscopy, culture, serology and imaging of samples. Treatment involves various antifungal drugs that work by binding to ergosterol in fungal cell membranes or inhibiting ergosterol synthesis, including polyenes like Amphotericin B, azoles, and echinocandins.
Suppurative lung diseases, Dr Inofomoh Francisca,
This document summarizes a presentation on respiratory suppuration (pus formation) in the lungs. It discusses various lung conditions associated with pus formation, including bronchiectasis (pus in the bronchi), lung abscess (pus in the lung parenchyma), and empyema (pus in the pleural space). The presentation covers topics such as definitions, classifications, epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment and complications of these respiratory conditions involving pus formation.
Pneumonia
This document discusses pneumonia, including its pathogenesis, stages, classification, causative agents, and pre-disposing factors. Pneumonia is an inflammatory process of the lung parenchyma that is usually caused by bacteria, viruses, or other microorganisms entering the lungs. It affects the small air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs and can cause symptoms like cough, fever, and difficulty breathing. The document outlines the four stages of pneumonia and provides details on the various types based on location, duration, etiology, immunity, and source of infection. Common causative organisms are also identified based on patient age and immune status. Pre-disposing factors that increase risk include young age, preexisting lung conditions,
Dr seham pneumonia treatment protocol
This document outlines protocols for treating various types of pneumonia, including community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP), and aspiration pneumonia. It details definitions, clinical features, common pathogens, investigations and workup, severity assessments, empirical antibiotic treatment options and durations, and monitoring considerations for each type. Empirical treatment regimens are tailored based on severity and risk factors. Duration of treatment typically ranges from 7-10 days but may be longer for complicated cases.
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This document discusses pneumonia, including its definition, causes, risk factors, diagnosis, and treatment. Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lungs caused by an infectious agent. Microorganisms can gain access to the lungs through various routes like aspiration or inhalation. The lungs are vulnerable because of their gas exchange function. Clinical features include cough, dyspnea, fever, and chest pain. Pneumonia is diagnosed based on clinical symptoms and chest x-ray findings. Community-acquired pneumonia is the most common type and is usually bacterial in nature.
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This document summarizes common respiratory tract infections by anatomical site. It outlines the main pathogens that cause infections in the upper respiratory tract, sinuses, ears, and lungs. It also describes diagnostic approaches for identifying respiratory pathogens, including sputum culture, blood culture, serology, and molecular detection methods. Specific sections cover tuberculosis diagnosis using acid-fast smear, culture, and interferon-gamma release assays.
Post Covid-19: Outbreak of Mucormycosis
The main aim of Corona is transmission of disease from person to person, and it had also been declared as a global pandemic which has caused disaster in the respiratory system of more than five million people and killed more than half a billion people across the world. Patients surviving from Covid-19 have lower immunosuppressive CD4+ T and CD8+ T Cells. And most of the patients are in severe need of mechanical ventilation. This is the reason for a longer stay in hospital for a particular patient. Gradually, these patients have been discovered to develop fungal co-infection. This infection is deadly leading to loss of hearing, loss of sight and eventually death. The fungal infection is referred to as Mucormycosis, the black fungus. The causative agent for this infection is Mucormycotina which is a member of Mucorales. Mucormycotina usually habitats in soil and decaying organic matter. The infection of Mucormycotina is associated with a wide range of human diseases including arthritis, gastritis, renal disorders and pulmonary diseases. This infection is closely associated with the mucous layer of skin, precisely cutaneous layer. This infection is present in the nasal and upper respiratory tract. In the lower respiratory tract these infections are difficult to diagnose and treat due to the lack of precise methods. It was found those neutroponia patients are more
prone to this infection. This is caused by extensive use of chemotherapy resulting in impaired immunity. In recent times, in the case of pulmonary Mucormycosis, necrotizing pneumonia is a major symptom. A combination of antifungal and antimicrobial
agents is being used for a higher clinical recovery in the Mucormycosis case.
PNEUMONIAS BY DR BASHIR AHMED DAR ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR MEDICINE SOPORE KASHMIR
PNEUMONIAS BY DR BASHIR AHMED DAR ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR MEDICINE SOPORE KASHMIRProf Dr Bashir Ahmed Dar
pneumonias made very easy for medical students and doctors.stress given on history taking and to arrive at correct diagnosis.EMAIL-drbashir123@gmail.comPneumonia
Pneumonia is an infection that inflames the lungs and causes symptoms like cough, fever, and difficulty breathing. It can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi. Diagnosis involves chest x-rays, sputum tests, and blood tests. Treatment depends on the cause but may include antibiotics, oxygen therapy, or fluids. Complications can include lung abscesses or fluid in the chest. Vaccines can help prevent pneumonia.
Lung abscess pdf
- Lung abscess is defined as necrosis of lung tissue forming cavities containing necrotic debris caused by microbial infection. It is most commonly caused by aspiration, necrotizing pneumonia, chronic pneumonia, or tuberculosis.
- Symptoms include fever, cough, and shortness of breath. CT scan is the most sensitive imaging method and shows rounded cavities that may contain fluid or air-fluid levels with surrounding consolidation.
- Treatment involves prolonged antibiotics and physiotherapy. Larger abscesses over 4cm have worse prognosis and sometimes require drainage procedures or surgery. Complications can include empyema or bronchopleural fistula.
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This document discusses diseases caused by various microorganisms including bacteria, fungi, and parasites. It provides details on staphylococcal infections including those caused by Staphylococcus aureus and the wide range of clinical manifestations. It also discusses streptococcal infections focusing on different disease-causing species and their associated diseases. Finally, it covers clostridial diseases including gas gangrene caused by Clostridium perfringens and tetanus caused by Clostridium tetani.
Pathogen safety data sheet
Pathogen safety data sheet, Bacillus anthracis pathogen safety data sheet, Histoplasma capsulatum pathogen safety data sheet, Herpes virus pathogen safety data sheet
Covid 19 disease information ppt
covid-19 disease or novel corona virus disease or sars-cov 2 information includes all about virology,patho physiology, taxonomy of virus, taxonomy of intermediary host pangolin,and preventive measures needed to be followed by public etc, in a most possible concised manner illustrated in this presentation.
Fungal infections
The document summarizes various fungal infections that can affect the oral cavity. It discusses candidiasis, the most common fungal infection caused by Candida albicans. Candidiasis ranges from mild to severe and can manifest as white plaques (pseudomembranous candidiasis), erythematous lesions, or cause denture stomatitis. Risk factors include immunocompromise, antibiotics, and dentures. Diagnosis involves microscopy and culture. Treatment involves antifungal medications like amphotericin B and fluconazole.
poultry fungal diseases candidiasis infection.pdf
Candidiasis is a disease of the digestive tract caused by the yeast-like fungus Candida albicans. It generally involves the upper digestive tract and usually occurs as a secondary infection. Candida albicans is a common yeast-like fungus that has been recognized as a commensal organism in poultry and mammals for many years. Lesions from candidiasis vary in severity and most commonly involve the crop, mouth, pharynx and esophagus, but may also affect the proventriculus and intestines. Diagnosis is generally made through observation of characteristic gross lesions, and histopathologic examination can confirm fungal hyphae invasion of affected mucosa. Control involves practicing high sanitation standards
Diseases caused by Bacteria, Spirochaetes & Mycobacteria BY Dr. ROOPAM JAIN
This document discusses diseases caused by bacteria, spirochaetes, and mycobacteria. It covers staphylococcal infections including skin, respiratory, bone, and blood infections. It also discusses streptococcal infections caused by different streptococcal groups. Clostridial diseases covered include gas gangrene, tetanus, and clostridial food poisoning. Fungal diseases discussed are mycetoma, candidiasis, and cutaneous superficial mycosis caused by dermatophytes.
Non resolving pneumonia
Dr. Firoz Hakkim discusses non-resolving pneumonia, which is defined as pulmonary infiltrates that fail to resolve within 12 weeks despite at least 10 days of antibiotics. Potential causes include inappropriate antibiotic therapy, complications of the initial pneumonia, host factors like age or immunosuppression, resistant pathogens, unusual organisms, and diseases mimicking pneumonia. Diagnostic evaluation may involve reassessing treatment and evaluating for infectious complications, atypical organisms, or underlying conditions through imaging, bronchoscopy, and biopsy.
Aerobic actinomycetes
This document discusses the aerobic actinomycete Nocardia. It begins by classifying Nocardia taxonomically and noting it is an opportunistic pathogen found in soil. The document then covers the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations including pulmonary, skin and disseminated infections, diagnosis through microscopy, culture and molecular methods, and treatment with antimicrobials. In summary, Nocardia is an environmental actinomycete that can cause infection in immunocompromised individuals, with pulmonary disease being most common and diagnosis relying on microscopy, culture and molecular identification methods.
Infeksi jamur pada paru 3
Infeksi Jamur pada Paru
Infeksi jamur pada paru yang dikenal sebagai coccidioidomycosis disebabkan oleh jamur Coccidioides immitis yang hidup di tanah alkali di daerah semi gurun dan berbahaya bagi manusia. Jamur ini dapat masuk ke paru-paru melalui debu yang dihirup dan menyebabkan gejala seperti demam, batuk berdahak, dan kesulitan bernafas. Penyakit ini dapat berlangsung akut atau
FUNGAL ZOONOSES.pptx
Dermatophytosis is a common fungal infection caused by dermatophytes that can infect the skin, hair, and nails. It is transmitted through direct contact with infected humans or animals or contact with contaminated surfaces. Common symptoms depend on the infected area and include ring-shaped lesions, hair loss, scaling, and inflammation. Treatment involves topical or oral antifungal medications.
Lung Abscess
Lung abscess is a necrotic pulmonary infection that forms cavities containing fluid or debris. It is usually caused by microbial infection following aspiration or pneumonia. Without treatment, lung abscess was often fatal, but antibiotics have greatly improved outcomes. Most lung abscesses are now cured with prolonged antibiotic therapy targeting the usual culprits of anaerobic bacteria and occasionally aerobic pathogens. Imaging helps confirm the diagnosis and monitor response to medical management, with surgery rarely needed for uncomplicated cases.
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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
1. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) refers to a group of lung diseases including chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and asthma.
2. Emphysema is characterized by enlargement of the air spaces in the lungs and destruction of their walls, causing shortness of breath.
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Fungal infections lec
This document discusses several types of fungal infections. It describes the characteristics of fungi and how they can cause superficial infections like ringworm or deeper infections in immunocompromised individuals. It provides details on specimen collection and diagnostic tests for fungi. Common fungal infections discussed include candidiasis, dermatophytosis, mucormycosis, and aspergillosis. Treatment involves topical and oral antifungal medications.
Systemic mycoses m
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aero microbiology
This document discusses aero-microbiology, which is the study of living microbes suspended in air. It covers topics like the transmission of airborne microorganisms through coughing, sneezing, and being carried by dust particles or droplet nuclei. It also discusses indoor and outdoor aero-microbiology, including microorganisms found in indoor environments like hospitals, homes, and storage areas. Additionally, it examines aeroallergens that can cause allergies and discusses various airborne bacterial and fungal diseases like diphtheria, tuberculosis, meningitis, smallpox, measles, and influenza. Finally, it outlines methods to control microorganisms in air, such as through ultraviolet
Airborne a Disease
This document discusses aero-microbiology, which is the study of living microbes suspended in air. It covers topics such as the transmission of airborne microorganisms through coughing, sneezing, and being carried by dust particles or droplet nuclei. It also discusses indoor and outdoor aero-microbiology, including the microorganisms present in indoor environments and those that can cause diseases when inhaled, such as bacteria that cause diphtheria, tuberculosis, and meningitis, as well as viruses that cause smallpox, measles, and influenza. Additionally, it covers fungal diseases transmitted through the air, environmental factors affecting airborne microbes, and methods for controlling microorganisms in air
Lung abscess
This document provides information on lung abscesses, including:
- Dr. David Smith postulated in the 1920s that aspiration of oral bacteria was the main mechanism of lung abscess infection.
- A lung abscess is a localized area of lung tissue destruction greater than 2cm in diameter caused by pyogenic bacterial infection.
- In the pre-antibiotic era, 1/3 of lung abscess patients died, another 1/3 recovered, and the remaining 1/3 developed chronic illnesses.
- Risk factors include dental/sinus infections, impaired swallowing, gastric issues, and pre-existing lung diseases. Common causative organisms are described.
Pseudomonas
Pseudomonas is a type of bacteria that can cause infections. Pseudomonas is a common genus of bacteria, which can create infections in the body under certain circumstances. There are many different types of Pseudomonas bacteria
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Infeksi jamur pada paru 4.
- 1. Infeksi Jamur pada Paru 1
- 2. PARACOCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS A chronic granulomatous disease of the lungs, mucous membranes, skin and lymph nodes.
- 3. ECOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION Probably soil Armadillos
- 4. Paracoccidioidomycosis Triad 1. Pulmonary lesion 2. Cervical adenopathy 3. Edentulous
- 7. Paracoccidioidomycosis Triad 1. Pulmonary lesions 2. Cervical adenopathy
- 9. Paracoccidioidomycosis Triad 1. Pulmonary lesion 2. Cervical adenopathy 3. Edentulous
- 11. Prolonged latency 10 – 20 years
- 12. CLINICAL SPECIMENS • Sputum • Biopsy material • Pus • Crusts • Bronchial washings
- 13. SEROLOGICAL TEST IMMUNODIFFUSION Sensitivity - 99 % Specificity - 84 %
- 14. DRUGS OF CHOICE • Amphotericin B • Sulphonamide-trimethoprim • Itraconazole • Voriconazole