Blt19 14 Jan 09 A Prof Raymond Lin Respiratory Tract Infections
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This document summarizes common respiratory tract infections by anatomical site. It outlines the main pathogens that cause infections in the upper respiratory tract, sinuses, ears, and lungs. It also describes diagnostic approaches for identifying respiratory pathogens, including sputum culture, blood culture, serology, and molecular detection methods. Specific sections cover tuberculosis diagnosis using acid-fast smear, culture, and interferon-gamma release assays.
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The document discusses various respiratory infections including upper and lower respiratory tract infections. It covers topics such as pneumonia, tuberculosis, lung abscess, and bronchiectasis. Pneumonia can be lobar or bronchopneumonia and is classified based on clinical setting, organism, and morphology. Tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium and presents as a chronic infection characterized by granulomas and tissue necrosis. Complications of respiratory infections include abscesses, bronchiectasis, and spread to other organs.
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This document discusses respiratory tract infections, specifically focusing on infections of the upper respiratory tract. It defines otitis media as an inflammation of the middle ear and describes its three subtypes. Otitis media is common, especially in young children, and can be caused by bacteria like Streptococcus pneumoniae that enter the middle ear following a viral upper respiratory infection. Symptoms include ear pain, fever, and hearing loss. The document also discusses acute bacterial rhinosinusitis, noting that it is commonly caused by the same bacteria as otitis media and that differentiating between viral and bacterial infections is important to avoid overprescribing antibiotics.
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The document provides guidelines for collecting and transporting respiratory tract specimen for various infections, including proper labeling and storage. It describes common respiratory tract infections like pneumonia, their causes, symptoms, and treatment options. Pneumonia is classified as lobar, bronchopneumonia, or interstitial based on anatomical location and involvement; and as typical, atypical, community-acquired, or hospital-acquired based on etiology.
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Pneumonia
This document discusses pneumonia in children. Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs that makes it difficult for oxygen to reach the bloodstream. Symptoms can include fever, cough, trouble breathing, and chest pain. Pneumonia in children is usually caused by viruses, but sometimes bacteria. Diagnosis involves listening to the chest, x-rays, and blood tests. Treatment focuses on antibiotics for bacterial pneumonia, fever reduction, rest, and fluids. Children may need hospital care if they have breathing problems, fever, or another illness affecting their immune system.
Acute respiratory diseases in children
This document discusses acute respiratory diseases in children. It covers the etiology, transmission, clinical signs, and treatment of acute respiratory diseases. The main points are:
1. Acute respiratory diseases are caused by viruses, bacteria, and other infectious agents. They commonly cause symptoms like cough, runny nose, and fever.
2. Viruses spread through the air or contact. Children under 3 are most susceptible due to lack of prior immunity.
3. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms like fever. Paracetamol and ibuprofen are generally safe and effective antipyretics. More severe cases may require anticonvulsants or lytic mixtures.
Pneumonia ppt
Details about pneumonia, its demographics, classification, types, common symptoms, pathophysiology, brief introduction to different types of pneumonia
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This document provides an overview of different types of pneumonia, including classifications, typical causative organisms, and key characteristics. Community-acquired pneumonias are most commonly caused by bacteria such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, while hospital-acquired pneumonias often involve drug-resistant organisms. Viral pneumonias tend to involve the interstitium rather than alveoli. Immunocompromised individuals are at risk for opportunistic fungal and viral pathogens. Granulomatous pneumonias like tuberculosis can appear chronic.
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2.respiratory infections
The document discusses various respiratory infections including upper and lower respiratory tract infections. It covers topics such as pneumonia, tuberculosis, lung abscess, and bronchiectasis. Pneumonia can be lobar or bronchopneumonia and is classified based on clinical setting, organism, and morphology. Tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium and presents as a chronic infection characterized by granulomas and tissue necrosis. Complications of respiratory infections include abscesses, bronchiectasis, and spread to other organs.
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This document discusses respiratory tract infections, specifically focusing on infections of the upper respiratory tract. It defines otitis media as an inflammation of the middle ear and describes its three subtypes. Otitis media is common, especially in young children, and can be caused by bacteria like Streptococcus pneumoniae that enter the middle ear following a viral upper respiratory infection. Symptoms include ear pain, fever, and hearing loss. The document also discusses acute bacterial rhinosinusitis, noting that it is commonly caused by the same bacteria as otitis media and that differentiating between viral and bacterial infections is important to avoid overprescribing antibiotics.
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Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs that can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or other pathogens. Common symptoms include cough, fever, shortness of breath, and chest pain. Pneumonia is usually spread through airborne droplets from coughing or sneezing. Treatment involves antibiotics if bacterial or antivirals if viral. Prevention strategies include vaccination, reducing indoor smoke and pollution, and improving nutrition and primary healthcare access.
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This document discusses pneumonia in children. Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs that makes it difficult for oxygen to reach the bloodstream. Symptoms can include fever, cough, trouble breathing, and chest pain. Pneumonia in children is usually caused by viruses, but sometimes bacteria. Diagnosis involves listening to the chest, x-rays, and blood tests. Treatment focuses on antibiotics for bacterial pneumonia, fever reduction, rest, and fluids. Children may need hospital care if they have breathing problems, fever, or another illness affecting their immune system.
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This document discusses acute respiratory diseases in children. It covers the etiology, transmission, clinical signs, and treatment of acute respiratory diseases. The main points are:
1. Acute respiratory diseases are caused by viruses, bacteria, and other infectious agents. They commonly cause symptoms like cough, runny nose, and fever.
2. Viruses spread through the air or contact. Children under 3 are most susceptible due to lack of prior immunity.
3. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms like fever. Paracetamol and ibuprofen are generally safe and effective antipyretics. More severe cases may require anticonvulsants or lytic mixtures.
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Details about pneumonia, its demographics, classification, types, common symptoms, pathophysiology, brief introduction to different types of pneumonia
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This document provides an overview of different types of pneumonia, including classifications, typical causative organisms, and key characteristics. Community-acquired pneumonias are most commonly caused by bacteria such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, while hospital-acquired pneumonias often involve drug-resistant organisms. Viral pneumonias tend to involve the interstitium rather than alveoli. Immunocompromised individuals are at risk for opportunistic fungal and viral pathogens. Granulomatous pneumonias like tuberculosis can appear chronic.
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This document discusses pneumonia, including its definition, causes, classification, prevalence, and treatment. Key points include:
- Pneumonia is an inflammatory lung disease that can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi or other particles. The most common type is bacterial pneumonia.
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The document discusses various aspects of respiratory tract infections including the anatomy and functions of the upper and lower respiratory tract. It describes common respiratory infections such as common cold, pharyngitis, pneumonia, and others; their causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. Diagnostic methods for respiratory infections include microscopy, culture, biochemical tests, nucleic acid amplification tests and serology. Organisms that commonly cause respiratory infections including bacteria, fungi and viruses are also discussed. Radiographic features of tuberculosis and images of diagnostic kits are presented.
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classification of pnemonia
Pneumonia can be classified in several ways, including by anatomical location (lobar, bronchopneumonia, interstitial), etiology (bacterial, viral, fungal, mycobacterial, parasitic, non-infectious), and age of the patient. Common causative pathogens vary by age group. Hospitalization is often required for young children, immunocompromised patients, or those with severe symptoms. Recurrent pneumonia can be caused by hereditary disorders impacting immunity or airway function. Bacterial pneumonia results in different pathology depending on the invading organism. Viral pneumonia predisposes to secondary bacterial infection by disrupting host defenses.
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Pneumonia is a serious lung infection that occurs when germs enter the lungs and inflame the air sacs, reducing oxygen levels in the blood. Common symptoms include cough, fever, chest pain, and shortness of breath. Pneumonia can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi and is most dangerous for young children, older adults, and those with weak immune systems or underlying health conditions. Immediate medical care is needed if symptoms are severe or the patient is at high risk. Doctors diagnose pneumonia through examination, chest x-rays, and testing samples from the lungs. Treatment focuses on antibiotics if bacterial, rest, nutrition, and vaccination in high risk groups.
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This document discusses pneumonia, including its definition, causes, classification, prevalence, and treatment. Key points include:
- Pneumonia is an inflammatory lung disease that can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi or other particles. The most common type is bacterial pneumonia.
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Diagnosis of Upper and Lower Respiratory Tract Infections
The document discusses various aspects of respiratory tract infections including the anatomy and functions of the upper and lower respiratory tract. It describes common respiratory infections such as common cold, pharyngitis, pneumonia, and others; their causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. Diagnostic methods for respiratory infections include microscopy, culture, biochemical tests, nucleic acid amplification tests and serology. Organisms that commonly cause respiratory infections including bacteria, fungi and viruses are also discussed. Radiographic features of tuberculosis and images of diagnostic kits are presented.
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Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs that is commonly caused by bacteria or viruses. It presents with symptoms like cough, fever, and chest pain. Pneumonia can be classified based on location in the lungs (lobar vs. bronchopneumonia) or cause (typical bacterial vs. atypical vs. viral). Common types include pneumococcal, mycoplasma, and viral pneumonia. Diagnosis involves chest x-ray, sputum culture, and clinical assessment. Treatment depends on severity but generally involves antibiotics and symptom relief. Complications can include lung abscesses or empyema if the infection spreads to the pleural space.
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Pneumonia is a serious lung infection that remains a major cause of death worldwide, especially among young children and the elderly. It poses a significant public health issue as it is more prevalent in developing countries and among vulnerable populations with limited access to healthcare. Effective prevention of pneumonia requires vaccination programs, education, treatment of underlying risk factors, and access to medical care for early diagnosis and management of the infection.
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Bronchopneumonia is an inflammation of the lungs caused by a bacterial infection, usually from a pre-existing bronchitis. It is characterized by small, hardened, grey lesions in the lung tissue containing pus. Common bacteria that cause bronchopneumonia include Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus, Klebsiella, E. coli, and Pseudomonas. Symptoms include dyspnea, chest pain, cough, fever, and fatigue. Diagnosis involves x-rays showing small focal shadows and examination of sputum samples. Treatment involves chest drainage, oxygen therapy, and antibiotics.
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The document provides information on different types of pneumonia, including viral, bacterial, fungal, and others. It discusses symptoms, assessments, and treatment interventions for each type. Common causative organisms are described along with appropriate antibiotic treatments. The document concludes with Philippine community-acquired pneumonia guidelines that recommend empiric therapy based on a patient's risk level.
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This document discusses the common cold (acute viral upper respiratory tract infection). It defines the common cold and lists the most common causative viruses. It describes the incubation period and period of infectivity. It discusses the pathophysiology of how viral replication leads to symptoms through immune response and increased vascular permeability. Symptoms in infants and children are outlined. Diagnosis is clinical based on symptoms and exposure. Differential diagnoses and potential complications are provided. Treatment focuses on supportive care and symptomatic relief. Antibiotics are not recommended.
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Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lungs caused by infections that fill the air sacs with fluid or pus. It can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or other agents. The main symptoms include cough, fever, chills, and difficulty breathing. Pneumonia is usually treated with antibiotics or antiviral medications, along with measures to relieve symptoms and aid recovery. Complications can arise if not properly treated.
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Pneumonia is a lung infection caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi. It can affect one or both lungs. Common symptoms include coughing, fever, and difficulty breathing. Those with underlying health conditions are more susceptible. Pneumonia spreads through air droplets from coughs or sneezes or touching contaminated surfaces. Treatment depends on the cause, with antibiotics used for bacterial pneumonia and antivirals for viral pneumonia. The document then discusses types of pneumonia, common causes, and the mechanism of how pathogens invade the lungs and cause inflammation.
Pathology of Pneumonia
The document discusses Mr. Turner, a 38-year-old Vietnamese cane farmer who presents to the emergency department with pneumonia, having high fever, shortness of breath, and cough. It lists potential differential diagnoses for his condition and asks questions to further evaluate his medical history and risk factors. The pathogenesis of pneumonia is also briefly outlined, noting how pathogens can enter the lungs and cause inflammation.
Pneumonia
This document defines pneumonia as an inflammation of the lungs caused by infection. It can affect 450 million people annually and is a major cause of death worldwide. Pneumonia has several classifications including bacterial, atypical, fungal, and viral. It also distinguishes between community acquired pneumonia and hospital acquired pneumonia. Risk factors include age, lung diseases like emphysema, and conditions that weaken the immune system. The document outlines the pathophysiology of pneumonia and discusses some common causes by age group like bacteria in adults and viruses in children.
Pneumonia
This document discusses pneumonia, including its pathogenesis, stages, classification, causative agents, and pre-disposing factors. Pneumonia is an inflammatory process of the lung parenchyma that is usually caused by bacteria, viruses, or other microorganisms entering the lungs. It affects the small air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs and can cause symptoms like cough, fever, and difficulty breathing. The document outlines the four stages of pneumonia and provides details on the various types based on location, duration, etiology, immunity, and source of infection. Common causative organisms are also identified based on patient age and immune status. Pre-disposing factors that increase risk include young age, preexisting lung conditions,
Chapter 3 Lower Respiratory Tract Infections
This document provides an overview of lower respiratory tract infections, including acute bronchitis, chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis, and community-acquired pneumonia. It discusses the typical causes, symptoms, and presentation of each condition. For acute bronchitis, the most common causes are viruses, though Bordetella pertussis can also cause cases. Chronic bronchitis is defined by excessive sputum production for at least two years and is mainly caused by cigarette smoking. Acute exacerbations are often due to viruses or non-infectious factors. Bronchiectasis is characterized by dilated airways and is associated with recurrent infections or conditions like cystic fibrosis. Community-acquired pneumonia has many causes and remains an important
Pertusis or Whooping cough class presentation
Pertussis, also known as whooping cough, is a highly contagious respiratory disease caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis. It is characterized by severe coughing fits that can end in a "whooping" sound. It primarily affects children under 5 years old. The disease spreads through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes. It can be prevented through active immunization with the DPT vaccine, which is recommended in 5 doses for children up to age 6.
Pneumonia
The document discusses the causative agent, mode of transmission, signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests, drug choices, treatment, and prevention of diphtheria. Diphtheria is caused by the bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae and spreads through respiratory droplets or contact with skin lesions. It causes a membrane in the throat and can lead to breathing difficulty. Diagnosis involves examination of the throat and blood tests. Treatment includes diphtheria antitoxin, antibiotics, intubation if needed, and isolation of exposed individuals. The disease can be prevented through vaccination with the DTaP or Td/Tdap vaccines.
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Diagnosis of Upper and Lower Respiratory Tract Infections
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This document discusses several pediatric respiratory disorders including differences between adult and pediatric clients, otitis media, tonsillitis, croup, bronchitis, bronchiolitis, reactive airway disease/asthma, apnea, SIDS, cystic fibrosis, and their associated nursing care. Key points include increased risk of respiratory infections in young children, importance of pain management and drainage for otitis media, monitoring for bleeding after tonsillectomy, distinguishing features and treatments of croup and epiglottitis, risk factors for SIDS, and multi-system involvement of thick mucus in cystic fibrosis.
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Respiratory tract infection
This document discusses various respiratory tract infections including upper and lower respiratory tract infections. It defines respiratory tract infection and further classifies them as upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) or lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs), noting that LRTIs such as pneumonia are more serious. It then discusses specific URTIs including the common cold, tonsillitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis, sinusitis and their causes, symptoms, diagnoses and treatments. It also discusses specific LRTIs including bronchitis and pneumonia, their classifications, causes, symptoms, diagnoses and treatment approaches.
Drugs used in urinary tract infection
This document discusses drugs used to treat urinary tract infections. It describes urinary antiseptics like nitrofurantoin and methenamine that have antibacterial effects in the urine but not systemically. Nitrofurantoin is primarily bacteriostatic against E. coli through damaging bacterial DNA. Methenamine releases formaldehyde in acidic urine to inhibit bacteria. Nalidixic acid is a nonfluorinated quinolone that interferes with bacterial DNA replication. Phenazopyridine provides symptomatic relief from urinary symptoms without antibacterial effects. Treatment depends on whether the infection is acute or chronic, involving the lower or upper tract, and the causative organisms. Proper drug choice, dosage,
Mycoplasma y ureaplasma
Este documento describe las características de los mollicutes Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Mycoplasma hominis, Mycoplasma genitalium y Ureaplasma urealyticum. Son patógenos oportunistas que causan infecciones del tracto reproductivo y respiratorio. Son cocobacilos anaerobios facultativos que no se tiñen con Gram y requieren colesterol para su crecimiento. Se transmiten principalmente por vía sexual y causan enfermedades como infertilidad, aborto espontáneo y vaginitis.
Bronchiolitis
This document discusses bronchiolitis, a common lower respiratory tract infection in young children caused by viruses like RSV. It describes two cases of infants presenting with symptoms of bronchiolitis like nasal congestion, cough, poor feeding and respiratory distress. It covers assessing severity, investigations, management including oxygen, nutrition, monitoring and intensive care if needed. While bronchodilators and corticosteroids are often used, the document notes clinical trials have not found clear benefits for their use in viral bronchiolitis. Mild cases can be managed at home without specific therapy, while moderate to severe cases require admission.
Infecciones vias respiratorias bajas
El documento habla sobre las infecciones de vías respiratorias bajas, en particular la neumonía adquirida en la comunidad. Explica los agentes etiológicos más comunes como Streptococcus pneumoniae y Mycoplasma pneumoniae, así como factores que afectan el riesgo de contraer diferentes patógenos. También describe la clasificación, manifestaciones clínicas, tratamiento y consideraciones especiales de la neumonía en ancianos y nosocomial.
2 mycoplasma y ureaplasma
Este documento describe varias especies de micoplasmas, incluidos Mycoplasma orale, Mycoplasma salivarium, Ureaplasma parvum y M. fermentans. Los micoplasmas carecen de pared celular y no son sensibles a muchos antibióticos como la penicilina. M. orale es un contaminante común de laboratorio que se transmite por estornudos. M. salivarium se encuentra comúnmente en la boca y generalmente es comensal, pero se ha relacionado con varias infecciones. U. parvum puede causar
mycoplasma
Mycoplasmas are the smallest free-living organisms that can cause diseases in humans. They lack cell walls and have minimal genetic material. Several Mycoplasma species can cause respiratory illnesses like pneumonia from M. pneumoniae or urogenital infections from M. hominis, U. urealyticum, and M. genitalium. They are difficult to culture but can be identified using PCR or serological tests. Mycoplasma pneumonia is most common in children aged 5-15 years old and is typically treated with tetracyclines or macrolides.
Mycoplasma
Mycoplasma are the smallest free-living microorganisms lacking a cell wall. They can cause respiratory infections like pneumonia through surface adhesion to the respiratory tract. Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a common cause of atypical pneumonia where symptoms include a gradual onset of fever, malaise, headache, and cough. Laboratory diagnosis involves isolation from throat swabs and serological tests. Mycoplasma can also cause genital infections transmitted sexually, associated with conditions like urethritis, pelvic inflammatory disease, and infertility.
Presentaciòn Mycoplasma
Los Mycoplasmas son las bacterias más pequeñas conocidas, rodeadas solo por una membrana plasmática. La mayoría son anaerobios facultativos que obtienen energía del metabolismo de carbohidratos, aunque algunas especies usan otros sustratos. Mycoplasma pneumoniae causa infecciones respiratorias mientras que M. hominis y Ureaplasma están relacionados con enfermedades genitales.
Mycoplasma complete
This document discusses Mycoplasma, a class of bacteria that lack cell walls. It describes their general characteristics, examples of pathogenic species and diseases they cause, laboratory techniques for isolation and identification of Mycoplasma pneumoniae and genital Mycoplasmas, and serological tests for diagnosis of Mycoplasma infections. Key points are that Mycoplasma are the smallest free-living organisms, are difficult to culture, and cause respiratory and genital tract infections in humans.
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This document provides an overview of histoplasmosis, including its epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment. It describes how histoplasmosis is caused by the dimorphic fungus Histoplasma capsulatum, which exists as a mold in the environment and a yeast in tissues. Most infections are asymptomatic, but symptomatic cases can range from mild acute pulmonary infection to potentially fatal disseminated infection. Diagnosis involves antigen detection, culture, histopathology, or serologic testing. Treatment with antifungals is recommended for severe or disseminated cases.
ACUTE AND CHRONIC CONDITION OF PHARYNX & LARYNX.ppt
This document provides information about pharyngitis (inflammation of the pharynx). It discusses the different causes of pharyngitis including bacterial (e.g. Streptococcus pyogenes), viral (e.g. rhinovirus), and fungal. It provides details on symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and complications of various types of pharyngitis. It also discusses other conditions that can cause pharyngeal inflammation like diphtheria, tuberculosis, and mononucleosis.
COMMUNITY ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA.pptx
This document discusses pneumonia, including its causes, types, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. Pneumonia can be caused by bacteria, viruses or other pathogens. It defines pneumonia as an inflammation of the lung parenchyma, characterized by consolidation of the affected part. The document outlines typical and atypical bacterial organisms commonly responsible, and various viral pneumonias. It covers clinical features, examination findings, investigations, treatment approaches, potential complications and poor prognostic factors. Prevention methods like vaccines are also mentioned.
Yersinia & pasteurella
Yersinia and Pasteurella are important bacterial pathogens. Yersinia pestis causes plague via transmission from rodents and their fleas to humans. It can cause bubonic, septicemic or pneumonic plague. Yersinia enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis can cause gastroenteritis and mesenteric lymphadenitis via the fecal-oral route. Pasteurella multocida is a zoonotic pathogen that can cause abscesses and meningitis in rare cases of human infection. Laboratory diagnosis involves culture, staining and serology of specimens depending on the suspected infection. Control relies on surveillance, treatment of cases, and measures to reduce rodent and flea
Pneumonia
This document discusses various types and causes of pneumonia in children. It describes the differences between lobar pneumonia, bronchopneumonia, and interstitial pneumonitis. Common infectious causes include respiratory viruses in young children and Streptococcus pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae in older children. Clinical features, investigations, treatment, and prognosis are outlined. Pneumonia is a major cause of illness and death in developing countries. Immunizations have reduced cases of pneumonia from certain pathogens.
Paramyxoviruses
The document discusses Myxoviruses, which are RNA viruses that infect the respiratory mucosa. It specifically focuses on Orthomyxoviruses like influenza virus and Paramyxoviruses such as parainfluenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, measles virus, and mumps virus. It provides details on the structure, transmission, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of these important respiratory viruses.
Diptheria & pertussis
This document discusses diphtheria, an infectious disease caused by the bacteria Corynebacterium diphtheriae. It produces an exotoxin that can cause local infection in the throat and airways and lead to complications affecting the heart, kidneys and nerves if the toxin spreads systemically. Clinical manifestations depend on the site of infection and may include pseudomembrane formation. Diagnosis involves culture, microscopy and toxin testing. Treatment is with antitoxin to neutralize the toxin as well as antibiotics. Active immunization with diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis vaccine (DwPT or TdaP) provides protection.
Bacterial Infection (แพทย์)
The document discusses various bacterial diseases categorized by pathogenic bacteria, symptoms caused, and mechanisms of infection. Key points include:
1) Common bacterial infections in children include those caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae type b, which can cause pneumonia, meningitis, and other diseases.
2) Sexually transmitted diseases discussed are gonorrhea (caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae), chancroid (Haemophilus ducreyi), granuloma inguinale, and syphilis (Treponema pallidum).
3) Enteropathogenic bacteria like Salmonella, Shigella,
Pathology of Pneumonia
The patient is a 58-year-old male who presents with progressive shortness of breath, cough with green sputum, wheezing, fever, and loss of appetite. On examination, he has signs of respiratory distress, decreased breath sounds, and crackles in the lower left chest. Differential diagnoses include pneumonia.
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This document provides information on evaluating and diagnosing recurrent or chronic pneumonia in children. It discusses obtaining a thorough medical history including details of pneumonia episodes, risk factors, and associated symptoms. A complete physical exam focuses on the respiratory system, lymph nodes, growth, and other organ systems. Diagnostic tests include complete blood count, chest x-ray, pulmonary function tests, bronchoscopy, sweat test, and genetic testing to identify potential causes like cystic fibrosis, immunodeficiencies, structural lung abnormalities, or gastroesophageal reflux. The goal is to determine if episodes are due to infectious, anatomical, immune, or aspiration-related factors.
Approach to recurrent pneumonia
This document provides information on evaluating and diagnosing children with recurrent pneumonia. It discusses obtaining a thorough medical history including details of pneumonia episodes, risk factors, and associated symptoms. A complete physical exam focuses on the respiratory system and signs of underlying conditions. Initial tests include a CBC, chest X-ray, and Mantoux test. Further tests like CT, PFTs, bronchoscopy may help identify structural abnormalities, aspiration, or immunodeficiencies causing recurrent pneumonia. Treatment involves managing the specific illness and providing nutritional/respiratory support.
Pneumonia-.pptx
Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common cause of community-acquired pneumonia. Pneumonia has several classifications including lobar, bronchopneumonia, and interstitial pneumonia. Typical bacteria that cause pneumonia include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Atypical bacteria include Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila, and Chlamydophila pneumoniae. Risk factors include age, smoking, and comorbidities. Diagnosis involves physical exam, chest x-ray, sputum culture, and pneumonia severity assessment to determine treatment approach. Antibiotics are selected based on suspected pathogen and severity of illness.
Viral pneumonia
The document discusses viral pneumonia, providing details on:
1) Common viruses that cause viral pneumonia include influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza, and adenovirus.
2) Diagnostic tests for viral pneumonia include viral culture, antigen detection, PCR, chest x-rays, and analyzing white blood cell counts and other biomarkers.
3) Treatment involves antiviral medications like oseltamivir, while prevention includes vaccines for influenza.
Opportunistic respiratory tract infections-PR.pptx
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Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lungs that can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or non-infectious causes. It is classified anatomically based on the location of lung involvement and etiologically based on the causative agent. The document discusses the various causes of pneumonia, pathological processes, clinical manifestations, diagnostic methods, and treatment approaches based on the identified type and severity of pneumonia.
Pulmonary Tuberculosis
Pulmonary tuberculosis is caused by infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis or Mycobacterium bovis. It is transmitted through inhalation of droplets from infected individuals. In the Philippines it is one of the leading causes of morbidity. Risk factors include close contact with active cases, immunosuppression, malnutrition, and other diseases like HIV. Diagnosis involves tuberculin skin testing, sputum smear and culture, chest x-rays, and biopsy when needed. Treatment consists of a combination of antibiotics over several months.
Pulmonary Tuberculosis
Pulmonary tuberculosis is caused by infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis or Mycobacterium bovis. It is transmitted through inhalation of droplets from infected individuals. In the Philippines it is one of the leading causes of morbidity. Risk factors include close contact with active cases, immunosuppression, malnutrition, and other diseases like HIV. Diagnosis involves tuberculin skin testing, sputum smear and culture, chest x-rays, and biopsy when needed. Treatment consists of a combination of antibiotics over several months.
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- 1. Respiratory Tract Infections Associate Professor Raymond Lin Head, Clinical Microbiology BLT18/2008
- 10. Eustachian tube in infants – wider & horizontal
- 14. Otitis externa
- 15. sinusitis
- 16. “ CROUP” laryngo-tracheo-bronchitis hoarse voice, barking cough severe cases - airway obstruction Laryngitis Parainfluenza viruses
- 18. Pleural effusion Empyema Pneumothorax
- 22. Cooling tower - a possible source of Legionella infection
- 31. Sputum specimen composed of saliva and purulent material
- 35. Organisms that can be missed in a sputum BAL - Legionella - Pneumocystis jiroveci Respiratory Tract Specimens
- 42. Mycobacteria TB bacillus Mycobacterium tuberculosis Non-TB bacilli many species M leprae, M avium, M kansasi etc
- 43. TB bacillus Mycobacterium tuberculosis Acid fast bacilli (AFB) when stained with ZN technique Normal habitat infected humans infected cattle Pathogenicity about 10 million people affected 3 million deaths Spread droplets > lungs > lymph / blood > kidney, bone, joints