Canine pyometra is a uterine infection in intact female dogs that occurs during diestrus. It is caused by bacterial infection, usually E. coli, within the uterus under the influence of progesterone. Clinical signs include vaginal discharge, fever, lethargy, vomiting, and polyuria/polydipsia. Diagnosis involves abdominal palpation, ultrasonography, and clinical pathology. Treatment of choice is ovariohysterectomy, while antibiotics and prostaglandins may be used for medical management in some cases. Prognosis is good with early diagnosis and intervention to prevent systemic complications.
The document discusses various methods for diagnosing pregnancy in cows, including managemental observation of estrus cycles, ultrasound, laboratory tests of progesterone levels, and rectal palpation. Rectal palpation is described as the most practical and reliable method. During palpation at different gestational stages, structures including the uterus, cervix, ovaries, amniotic vesicle, placentomes, fetus, and pulse in the uterine artery can be examined to determine pregnancy and estimate gestational age. An accurate early diagnosis is important for herd management purposes.
Hereditary factors can cause various forms of infertility in females. Some key hereditary causes mentioned in the document include true hermaphroditism, where both ovarian and testicular tissue is present; White Heifer Disease, where recessive genes cause Mullerian duct abnormalities leading to issues like uterine unicorns; and ovarian aplasia or hypoplasia, where one or both ovaries are missing or underdeveloped causing sterility. Developmental abnormalities of the uterus, cervix or vagina can also persist due to genetic factors. Females with these hereditary conditions often have impaired fertility or are completely sterile.
This document discusses vaginal and uterine prolapse in cattle. It defines prolapse as the downward displacement of an organ from its normal position. It describes the types and signs of simple, moderate, and severe vaginal prolapse and provides their causes, clinical signs, and treatments. Uterine prolapse is defined as the falling of the uterus from its normal position, often occurring after difficult calving. Its causes, signs, and treatments involving reduction and replacement or amputation are summarized. Surgical techniques for correcting vaginal prolapse like trusses, sutures, and Caslick's operation are also briefly outlined.
This document discusses the clinical management of anestrum, or lack of estrus cycles, in cows. It begins by classifying anestrum cases based on the presence or absence of a corpus luteum on the ovaries. Causes of anestrum include hereditary conditions, low nutrition, aging, disease, pregnancy, functional anestrum (silent heat), persistent corpus luteum, and cystic ovaries. The document provides details on diagnosing and treating each cause, with an emphasis on improving nutrition, synchronization of estrus, and use of prostaglandins or GnRH to resolve persistent structures and resume estrus cycles.
This document discusses various managemental strategies for reducing calving interval in farm animals. It covers factors that affect calving interval such as genetics, nutrition, year/season of calving, sex of calf. Management practices to improve calving interval include keeping accurate breeding records, detecting heat accurately, synchronizing estrus and breeding cycles, culling unhealthy animals, and providing proper nutrition and health programs. Hormonal treatments can also be used to reduce the postpartum anestrus period and tighten the calving interval.
Canine pyometra is a uterine infection in intact female dogs that occurs during diestrus. It is caused by bacterial infection, usually E. coli, within the uterus under the influence of progesterone. Clinical signs include vaginal discharge, fever, lethargy, vomiting, and polyuria/polydipsia. Diagnosis involves abdominal palpation, ultrasonography, and clinical pathology. Treatment of choice is ovariohysterectomy, while antibiotics and prostaglandins may be used for medical management in some cases. Prognosis is good with early diagnosis and intervention to prevent systemic complications.
The document discusses various methods for diagnosing pregnancy in cows, including managemental observation of estrus cycles, ultrasound, laboratory tests of progesterone levels, and rectal palpation. Rectal palpation is described as the most practical and reliable method. During palpation at different gestational stages, structures including the uterus, cervix, ovaries, amniotic vesicle, placentomes, fetus, and pulse in the uterine artery can be examined to determine pregnancy and estimate gestational age. An accurate early diagnosis is important for herd management purposes.
Hereditary factors can cause various forms of infertility in females. Some key hereditary causes mentioned in the document include true hermaphroditism, where both ovarian and testicular tissue is present; White Heifer Disease, where recessive genes cause Mullerian duct abnormalities leading to issues like uterine unicorns; and ovarian aplasia or hypoplasia, where one or both ovaries are missing or underdeveloped causing sterility. Developmental abnormalities of the uterus, cervix or vagina can also persist due to genetic factors. Females with these hereditary conditions often have impaired fertility or are completely sterile.
This document discusses vaginal and uterine prolapse in cattle. It defines prolapse as the downward displacement of an organ from its normal position. It describes the types and signs of simple, moderate, and severe vaginal prolapse and provides their causes, clinical signs, and treatments. Uterine prolapse is defined as the falling of the uterus from its normal position, often occurring after difficult calving. Its causes, signs, and treatments involving reduction and replacement or amputation are summarized. Surgical techniques for correcting vaginal prolapse like trusses, sutures, and Caslick's operation are also briefly outlined.
This document discusses the clinical management of anestrum, or lack of estrus cycles, in cows. It begins by classifying anestrum cases based on the presence or absence of a corpus luteum on the ovaries. Causes of anestrum include hereditary conditions, low nutrition, aging, disease, pregnancy, functional anestrum (silent heat), persistent corpus luteum, and cystic ovaries. The document provides details on diagnosing and treating each cause, with an emphasis on improving nutrition, synchronization of estrus, and use of prostaglandins or GnRH to resolve persistent structures and resume estrus cycles.
This document discusses various managemental strategies for reducing calving interval in farm animals. It covers factors that affect calving interval such as genetics, nutrition, year/season of calving, sex of calf. Management practices to improve calving interval include keeping accurate breeding records, detecting heat accurately, synchronizing estrus and breeding cycles, culling unhealthy animals, and providing proper nutrition and health programs. Hormonal treatments can also be used to reduce the postpartum anestrus period and tighten the calving interval.
Camels are seasonal breeders, with males and females becoming sexually active during the late fall and winter months. Females have an estrous cycle of 23-27 days that is strictly follicular, without ovulation or luteal phase occurring spontaneously. Ovulation requires copulation to be induced. Males also enter periods of increased sexual activity and aggression called "rutting" during the breeding season, accompanied by higher testosterone and behaviors like soft palate ejection and smudging secretions to mark territory. The reproductive cycles of both males and females are adapted for breeding during the rainy/cold season.
This document discusses the management of dystocia, or difficult birth, in bovines. It defines dystocia and outlines the normal stages of pregnancy and birth. Causes of dystocia include issues with the dam such as uterine inertia, abnormalities of the birth canal, and feto-maternal disproportion. Fetal causes include abnormal presentation and oversize. Guidelines for intervention and various obstetrical operations for assisting with difficult births are provided, such as mutation, traction, fetotomy, and caesarian section.
Estrus detection methods and their technichal reasons, in different species o...Dr. Muhammad Awais
This document discusses various methods for detecting estrus or heat periods in female animals. It covers physical, biological, chemical, and miscellaneous methods used in cattle, mares, bitches, and queens. Physical methods for cattle include visual observation, pedometers, tail paints, and cameras. Biological methods involve using teaser animals or trained dogs. Chemical detection uses progesterone, estrogen, or pheromone tests. Temperature, behavior changes, and ultrasound are also discussed as detection techniques.
This document discusses various methods for determining pregnancy in mares, including failure to return to estrus, vaginal examination, uterine tone, rectal palpation of the conceptus, and laboratory tests measuring progesterone, equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG), estrogens, and early pregnancy factor. Each method is described and potential sources of false positive and false negative results are outlined. Optimal timing for each test to accurately detect pregnancy is provided.
The document describes the three stages of parturition or birth in various animal species. It discusses the signs, onset, duration and key events of each stage of labor and delivery for cows, mares, ewes, sows, camels, and bitches. The three stages are cervical dilation (1st stage), delivery of the fetus (2nd stage), and expulsion of the placenta (3rd stage). The document provides details on the physiology, timing, and observable behaviors associated with each stage of parturition for different animals.
The document summarizes current approaches for pregnancy diagnosis in domestic animals. It discusses the importance of early pregnancy diagnosis for improved reproductive management. Various visual, clinical, and laboratory methods are described for determining pregnancy in cows, buffaloes, mares, sows, dogs, sheep, goats and camels. Clinical methods like rectal palpation and ultrasonography can detect pregnancy as early as 18-30 days depending on the species. Laboratory tests on hormones, urine, milk, and mucus can also indicate pregnancy but often have lower accuracy. The goal of diagnosis methods is to accurately determine pregnancy status very early with no false positives or negatives.
EVALUATION OF BREEDING SOUNDNESS IN BREEDING BULLAnoop Yadav
This document discusses breeding soundness evaluation of bulls. The evaluation identifies bulls with poor breeding ability and suboptimal fertility to improve herd fertility. It involves physical examination, measuring scrotal size, semen evaluation, and testing libido. Key parts of the physical exam include examining the reproductive, digestive, urinary, and locomotor systems. Scrotal circumference is also measured as it correlates with testicular weight and sperm production. Semen is evaluated for motility, morphology, and abnormal sperm. Libido and mating ability are also assessed to identify bulls with inadequate sexual desire or ability to complete service.
The document discusses factors that can cause repeat breeding in cattle, which is when a female shows normal heat symptoms but does not conceive after more than 2-3 services. It lists congenital and acquired factors in both females and males that can be responsible, including defects in the genital tract, endocrine disorders, disease, semen quality issues, and nutritional/management deficiencies. It provides examples for each category and recommends treatments like hormones, antibiotics, vitamins, and improved management practices.
Hereditary and acquired causes of infertilityTushar Watane
This document discusses hereditary and acquired causes of infertility in animals. It outlines several hereditary conditions including freemartinism, hermaphroditism, white heifer disease, and ovarian abnormalities. It also discusses acquired causes such as somatic diseases, genital infections, improper feeding, climatic factors, and mismanagement. Overall, the document provides an overview of genetic and non-genetic factors that can contribute to infertility.
The document discusses buffalo follicular dynamics, covering topics such as fetal development, the pre-pubertal period, puberty, the estrous cycle, anoestrus, superovulation, and hormonally intervened cycles. Some key points include:
1) Follicular growth occurs in waves in buffaloes, similar to cattle.
2) Puberty is delayed in buffaloes, typically occurring between 18-46 months when buffaloes reach 55-60% of adult body weight.
3) Estrous cycles typically involve 2 or 3 waves of follicular growth, with the dominant follicle of the last wave ovulating.
4) Continuous waves occur during ano
Brucellosis, also known as Bang's disease, is a contagious disease in animals caused by the bacterium Brucella abortus. It is transmitted between animals through ingestion or inhalation of contaminated materials from aborted fetuses or birthing discharges. Symptoms include abortion in late pregnancy as well as retained placentas and weak newborn calves. Diagnosis involves isolating the bacterium from aborted fetal tissues or testing milk and blood samples. While antibiotics can treat infected animals, vaccination of young cattle is the most effective control method for preventing transmission and economic losses to livestock operations.
Uterine torsion in cattle occurs when the pregnant uterus rotates around its longitudinal axis, obstructing the birth canal and preventing the calf from entering the cervix. It is more common in multiparous cows and can result from sudden movements that cause the fetus to move violently within the uterus. Left untreated, it can lead to fetal death from reduced blood flow and oxygen. Veterinarians diagnose uterine torsion based on symptoms like pain and straining, as well as physical exams that reveal a twisted vagina and evidence of broad ligament twisting seen rectally. Treatment methods include manually rotating the fetus and uterus if slight, rolling the cow, using a plank to roll the cow and fix the uterus, or a cesare
Genital prolapse, or the distal displacement and eversion of pelvic genital organs, can occur in domestic animals. Vaginal prolapse is most common around gestation and post-partum in cattle, buffalo, and sheep. Uterine prolapse only occurs post-partum. Risk factors include high estrogen levels, injuries, poor conformation, and increased abdominal pressure. Treatment depends on the degree but may include replacement, sutures, trusses, and regional anesthesia. Surgical options like cervicopexy and vaginopexy can also be used to fix the organs. Vaginal prolapse in dogs is seen in certain breeds near estrus. Uterine prolapse requires
1) Cystic ovarian degeneration is a condition in dairy cows where ovarian follicles fail to ovulate, continuing to grow into cysts. It commonly occurs 30-60 days after calving and can impair fertility.
2) Ovarian cysts are diagnosed using history, palpation, ultrasound to detect enlarged follicles over 17mm in the absence of a corpus luteum, and progesterone assays.
3) Common treatments include a single injection of GnRH or hCG to induce luteinization and ovulation, followed by a prostaglandin injection 9 days later if needed to induce estrus. This summary effectively captures the key details about cystic ovarian degeneration in cattle.
This document discusses causes of abortion in large animals. It describes infectious causes such as bacterial (e.g. Brucella abortus, Campylobacter fetus, Listeria monocytogenes), fungal (e.g. Aspergillus sp.), and protozoal (e.g. Neospora caninum, Tritrichomonas foetus) agents. It also discusses non-infectious causes including genetic factors, nutritional deficiencies, heat stress, and various toxins. The document provides details on abortion rates, timing, lesion presentation, and samples needed for diagnosis for many of the common infectious causes. It emphasizes the importance of rapid and proper sample collection and handling for determining the etiology of abortion
Camels are seasonal breeders, with males and females becoming sexually active during the late fall and winter months. Females have an estrous cycle of 23-27 days that is strictly follicular, without ovulation or luteal phase occurring spontaneously. Ovulation requires copulation to be induced. Males also enter periods of increased sexual activity and aggression called "rutting" during the breeding season, accompanied by higher testosterone and behaviors like soft palate ejection and smudging secretions to mark territory. The reproductive cycles of both males and females are adapted for breeding during the rainy/cold season.
This document discusses the management of dystocia, or difficult birth, in bovines. It defines dystocia and outlines the normal stages of pregnancy and birth. Causes of dystocia include issues with the dam such as uterine inertia, abnormalities of the birth canal, and feto-maternal disproportion. Fetal causes include abnormal presentation and oversize. Guidelines for intervention and various obstetrical operations for assisting with difficult births are provided, such as mutation, traction, fetotomy, and caesarian section.
Estrus detection methods and their technichal reasons, in different species o...Dr. Muhammad Awais
This document discusses various methods for detecting estrus or heat periods in female animals. It covers physical, biological, chemical, and miscellaneous methods used in cattle, mares, bitches, and queens. Physical methods for cattle include visual observation, pedometers, tail paints, and cameras. Biological methods involve using teaser animals or trained dogs. Chemical detection uses progesterone, estrogen, or pheromone tests. Temperature, behavior changes, and ultrasound are also discussed as detection techniques.
This document discusses various methods for determining pregnancy in mares, including failure to return to estrus, vaginal examination, uterine tone, rectal palpation of the conceptus, and laboratory tests measuring progesterone, equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG), estrogens, and early pregnancy factor. Each method is described and potential sources of false positive and false negative results are outlined. Optimal timing for each test to accurately detect pregnancy is provided.
The document describes the three stages of parturition or birth in various animal species. It discusses the signs, onset, duration and key events of each stage of labor and delivery for cows, mares, ewes, sows, camels, and bitches. The three stages are cervical dilation (1st stage), delivery of the fetus (2nd stage), and expulsion of the placenta (3rd stage). The document provides details on the physiology, timing, and observable behaviors associated with each stage of parturition for different animals.
The document summarizes current approaches for pregnancy diagnosis in domestic animals. It discusses the importance of early pregnancy diagnosis for improved reproductive management. Various visual, clinical, and laboratory methods are described for determining pregnancy in cows, buffaloes, mares, sows, dogs, sheep, goats and camels. Clinical methods like rectal palpation and ultrasonography can detect pregnancy as early as 18-30 days depending on the species. Laboratory tests on hormones, urine, milk, and mucus can also indicate pregnancy but often have lower accuracy. The goal of diagnosis methods is to accurately determine pregnancy status very early with no false positives or negatives.
EVALUATION OF BREEDING SOUNDNESS IN BREEDING BULLAnoop Yadav
This document discusses breeding soundness evaluation of bulls. The evaluation identifies bulls with poor breeding ability and suboptimal fertility to improve herd fertility. It involves physical examination, measuring scrotal size, semen evaluation, and testing libido. Key parts of the physical exam include examining the reproductive, digestive, urinary, and locomotor systems. Scrotal circumference is also measured as it correlates with testicular weight and sperm production. Semen is evaluated for motility, morphology, and abnormal sperm. Libido and mating ability are also assessed to identify bulls with inadequate sexual desire or ability to complete service.
The document discusses factors that can cause repeat breeding in cattle, which is when a female shows normal heat symptoms but does not conceive after more than 2-3 services. It lists congenital and acquired factors in both females and males that can be responsible, including defects in the genital tract, endocrine disorders, disease, semen quality issues, and nutritional/management deficiencies. It provides examples for each category and recommends treatments like hormones, antibiotics, vitamins, and improved management practices.
Hereditary and acquired causes of infertilityTushar Watane
This document discusses hereditary and acquired causes of infertility in animals. It outlines several hereditary conditions including freemartinism, hermaphroditism, white heifer disease, and ovarian abnormalities. It also discusses acquired causes such as somatic diseases, genital infections, improper feeding, climatic factors, and mismanagement. Overall, the document provides an overview of genetic and non-genetic factors that can contribute to infertility.
The document discusses buffalo follicular dynamics, covering topics such as fetal development, the pre-pubertal period, puberty, the estrous cycle, anoestrus, superovulation, and hormonally intervened cycles. Some key points include:
1) Follicular growth occurs in waves in buffaloes, similar to cattle.
2) Puberty is delayed in buffaloes, typically occurring between 18-46 months when buffaloes reach 55-60% of adult body weight.
3) Estrous cycles typically involve 2 or 3 waves of follicular growth, with the dominant follicle of the last wave ovulating.
4) Continuous waves occur during ano
Brucellosis, also known as Bang's disease, is a contagious disease in animals caused by the bacterium Brucella abortus. It is transmitted between animals through ingestion or inhalation of contaminated materials from aborted fetuses or birthing discharges. Symptoms include abortion in late pregnancy as well as retained placentas and weak newborn calves. Diagnosis involves isolating the bacterium from aborted fetal tissues or testing milk and blood samples. While antibiotics can treat infected animals, vaccination of young cattle is the most effective control method for preventing transmission and economic losses to livestock operations.
Uterine torsion in cattle occurs when the pregnant uterus rotates around its longitudinal axis, obstructing the birth canal and preventing the calf from entering the cervix. It is more common in multiparous cows and can result from sudden movements that cause the fetus to move violently within the uterus. Left untreated, it can lead to fetal death from reduced blood flow and oxygen. Veterinarians diagnose uterine torsion based on symptoms like pain and straining, as well as physical exams that reveal a twisted vagina and evidence of broad ligament twisting seen rectally. Treatment methods include manually rotating the fetus and uterus if slight, rolling the cow, using a plank to roll the cow and fix the uterus, or a cesare
Genital prolapse, or the distal displacement and eversion of pelvic genital organs, can occur in domestic animals. Vaginal prolapse is most common around gestation and post-partum in cattle, buffalo, and sheep. Uterine prolapse only occurs post-partum. Risk factors include high estrogen levels, injuries, poor conformation, and increased abdominal pressure. Treatment depends on the degree but may include replacement, sutures, trusses, and regional anesthesia. Surgical options like cervicopexy and vaginopexy can also be used to fix the organs. Vaginal prolapse in dogs is seen in certain breeds near estrus. Uterine prolapse requires
1) Cystic ovarian degeneration is a condition in dairy cows where ovarian follicles fail to ovulate, continuing to grow into cysts. It commonly occurs 30-60 days after calving and can impair fertility.
2) Ovarian cysts are diagnosed using history, palpation, ultrasound to detect enlarged follicles over 17mm in the absence of a corpus luteum, and progesterone assays.
3) Common treatments include a single injection of GnRH or hCG to induce luteinization and ovulation, followed by a prostaglandin injection 9 days later if needed to induce estrus. This summary effectively captures the key details about cystic ovarian degeneration in cattle.
This document discusses causes of abortion in large animals. It describes infectious causes such as bacterial (e.g. Brucella abortus, Campylobacter fetus, Listeria monocytogenes), fungal (e.g. Aspergillus sp.), and protozoal (e.g. Neospora caninum, Tritrichomonas foetus) agents. It also discusses non-infectious causes including genetic factors, nutritional deficiencies, heat stress, and various toxins. The document provides details on abortion rates, timing, lesion presentation, and samples needed for diagnosis for many of the common infectious causes. It emphasizes the importance of rapid and proper sample collection and handling for determining the etiology of abortion
Sheep Abortions: What Causes Them & What Can We Do About It?
Dr. Jocelyn Jansen, Disease Prevention Veterinarian—Small Ruminants, OMAF
The presentation will cover the reasons for abortions in sheep but will focus on the 3 most common infectious causes in Ontario. Prevalence of disease in Ontario, diagnosis, management of the aborting flock and prevention will also be discussed.
Dairy cattle terminology and industry facts were provided. Key points included definitions of terms like cow, bull, calf and heifer. The average milk production per cow is 18,200 lbs over a 305 day lactation period. Main dairy breeds discussed were Holstein, Jersey, Ayrshire and Guernsey. Body condition scoring was also summarized to monitor cow health and productivity. Several zoonotic diseases transmissible from cattle to humans like anthrax, brucellosis, rabies, ringworm and salmonellosis were outlined.
Brucellosis is a contagious disease caused by bacteria of the genus Brucella that mainly infects cattle, goats, sheep, and pigs. It is characterized by abortion in late pregnancy and subsequent infertility in animals. The disease is transmitted through contact with aborted fetuses or birth tissues and causes significant economic losses. Diagnosis involves isolating the bacteria from infected tissues and testing for antibodies. Vaccination with Brucella abortus strain 19 is used for prevention in cattle.
Brucellosis is a widespread zoonotic disease caused by Brucella bacteria, which are small, non-motile, gram-negative coccobacilli. It is transmitted to humans through direct contact with infected animals or consumption of contaminated dairy products. In Nepal, brucellosis was first reported in 1977. For simple infections, doxycycline 100 mg twice daily for 6 weeks is recommended. For more severe cases, combinations of doxycycline, rifampin, and streptomycin are used. High-risk groups include those working with livestock like cattle, pigs, and goats. Prevention involves vaccination of animals and pasteurization of dairy products.
this is short and descriptive ppt on trichomoniasis covering every small point of disease from causing agent to diagnosis and treatment and prevention with sign and symptoms.
- Blue tongue virus is an orbivirus that causes blue tongue disease, a non-contagious disease of domestic and wild ruminants spread by midges. It primarily affects sheep but can also infect cattle and goats.
- The virus replicates in lymph nodes after infection and spreads through the bloodstream. In sheep, it causes fever, swelling of the lips and tongue (which become purple) and lameness. Mortality can be high in infected sheep. Cattle typically only show mild or subclinical symptoms.
- The virus is transmitted between ruminants by bites from infected midges of the culicoides genus. Live attenuated and inactivated vaccines provide effective control of the disease.
Brucellosis, Name - Vidit jain , group no.8.pptViditjain59
This document provides an overview of Brucellosis, including the causative bacteria, epidemiology, transmission, clinical signs and diagnosis in humans and animals, treatment and prevention. It discusses the various Brucella species that cause disease in different hosts. The key points are that Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease transmitted from animals to humans, it causes abortions and infertility in livestock, and control relies on vaccination, testing and movement restrictions of infected animals.
This document provides an overview of brucellosis, a zoonotic bacterial disease caused by ingestion of infected animal products. It discusses the Brucella bacteria species and their hosts, epidemiology, transmission between humans and animals, clinical signs in various species, pathology, diagnosis and prevention/control methods. Prevention focuses on education, personal protective measures, vaccination of livestock in endemic areas, and eradication programs that identify and cull infected animals.
This document provides an overview of brucellosis, a zoonotic bacterial disease caused by ingestion of unpasteurized dairy or contact with infected animals. It discusses the Brucella bacteria species and their hosts, epidemiology, transmission between humans and animals, clinical signs in various species, pathology, diagnosis and prevention/control methods like vaccination and culling infected herds.
Enterobius vermicularis, commonly known as pinworm, is a parasitic nematode that infects the large intestine of humans. It has a worldwide distribution and infects approximately 209 million people globally, predominantly among school-aged children between 5-10 years old. The parasite has a direct life cycle where humans are the only host. Female pinworms emerge from the anus at night to lay eggs, causing perianal pruritus and restlessness in infected individuals. Diagnosis involves examining perianal swabs, stool samples, or fingernails for the presence of pinworm eggs under a microscope.
E. coli is a rod-shaped, facultative anaerobic bacterium that lives in the intestines. There are over 700 serotypes distinguished by surface antigens. E. coli can be pathogenic, causing illnesses ranging from diarrhea to urinary tract infections. Pathogenic strains are identified by their virulence factors and O:H antigen serotypes. Treatment involves antibiotics such as amoxicillin, cephalosporins, or fluoroquinolones depending on the strain and sensitivities.
This document summarizes a webinar on disease management in sheep and goats. It discusses several chronic wasting diseases including caseous lymphadenitis (CL), ovine progressive pneumonia (OPP), caprine arthritic encephalitis (CAE), Johne's disease, and scrapie. For each disease, it covers causative agents, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, control/management, and eradication. CL is caused by bacteria and causes abscesses while OPP and CAE are viral diseases. Johne's disease is caused by Mycobacterium and may have zoonotic potential. Proper testing, isolation, culling and hygiene are emphasized for control and eradication of these
1) Johne's disease, also known as paratuberculosis, is a chronic, infectious disease of ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis.
2) It is characterized by chronic diarrhea and weight loss. Young calves are most susceptible to infection through ingestion of contaminated feces or milk.
3) The disease has a long incubation period, usually 2-5 years, before clinical signs appear. It causes thickening of the intestinal wall and infiltration of the intestine by macrophages containing acid-fast bacilli.
This document summarizes a webinar on preventative health management for sheep and goats. It discusses vaccination protocols for various diseases like clostridial diseases, soremouth, caseous lymphadenitis, and abortion. It also covers internal parasite control through management practices, anthelmintic drugs, copper boluses, and natural options like sericea lespedeza. Coccidiosis prevention focuses on management and the use of coccidiostats in feed. Clinical cases should be treated with amprolium or sulfa drugs.
brucellosis and clinical features , .pdfShaliniN51
Brucellosis is caused by Brucella bacteria and is considered one of the most widespread zoonotic diseases globally. It primarily affects livestock such as cattle, goats, sheep, and pigs, causing reproductive issues like abortions and sterility. Humans can contract brucellosis through direct contact with infected animals or consumption of unpasteurized dairy products. Diagnosis involves microscopy, culture, and serological tests. There are multiple Brucella species that differ in hosts, symptoms caused, and biochemical characteristics to help with identification.
Ascariasis is an infection of the small intestine caused by Ascaris lumbricoides, a species of roundworm. Infections have no symptoms in more than 85% of cases, especially if the number of worms is small. Symptomatic ascariasis may manifest as growth retardation, pneumonitis, intestinal obstruction, or hepatobiliary and pancreatic injury.
Common causes of abortions in dairy animals and their managementveterinary worlds
Common causes of abortions in dairy animals and their management
various bacterial and viral causes of the abortion has been explained with the help of the slide
Similar to Lecture 12 Bovine infectious infertility (20)
The mechanism of action of reproductive hormones and their clinical use is explained as useful for students, practitioners, and aspirants of competitive exams.
The document discusses the reproductive anatomy of female animals, focusing on the tubular structures and external genitals. It describes the embryonic origin, structure, and features of the oviducts, uterus, cervix, and vagina in various species. Key points covered include the layers of the uterus, shapes and attachments of the uterus and uterine horns, cervical rings and folds, and differences in reproductive anatomy between species like cows, sheep, sows, mares, bitches and camels. Diagrams and images supplement the detailed explanatory text.
The document discusses the anatomy and embryonic origin of female reproductive organs, specifically the ovaries. It describes how ovaries form from the embryonic genital ridges and migrate to different locations in different species during fetal development. The structure of ovaries is explained as having an outer epithelial layer, inner cortex and medulla layers, and a connective tissue stroma. Functional ovarian structures like primordial and primary follicles are also discussed. Location of ovaries in various animal species is outlined.
The document discusses optimizing dog mating for pregnancy. It recommends checking dogs for hereditary health problems before breeding and preparing them by ensuring they are the right age, weight, and temperament. The ideal environment for mating is outside at the stud's home without distractions. Supervision is important to ensure safety, and multiple matings may be needed over the bitch's estrus cycle, which can be determined through vaginal cytology. Proper timing of breeding in relation to the bitch's ovulation cycle is important for achieving pregnancy.
This document discusses infertility in male domestic animals. It covers various congenital and acquired causes of infertility affecting the testes, epididymis, and accessory sex glands. Congenital issues discussed include testicular hypoplasia, freemartinism, cryptorchidism, and hermaphroditism. Acquired causes include testicular degeneration due to thermal, vascular, infectious, chemical, autoimmune, and neoplastic factors. Specific diseases covered are orchitis and testicular fibrosis. Diagnosis involves semen analysis, ultrasound, and biopsy, with treatment focusing on removing causal factors and antibiotics.
The document discusses infertility in male domestic animals. It identifies several potential causes of infertility including infectious diseases like brucellosis, leptospirosis, and trichomoniasis. Inherited sperm defects are also discussed, such as the knobbed acrosome defect. Prevention methods for infectious diseases include quarantining animals and regularly testing semen. The author is identified as Prof. Dr. G.N. Purohit, who provides contact information to learn more about infertility in male domestic animals.
The document discusses infertility in male domestic animals. It begins by defining infertility as a temporary loss of fertility characterized by a reduced number of viable sperm. It then describes Nils Lagerlof's classification of infertility which includes impotentia coeundi (inability to copulate), impotentia generandi (inability to fertilize), and miscellaneous forms. The majority of the document provides details on causes, diagnosis, and treatment of various conditions that can cause impotentia coeundi such as injuries, diseases of the penis/prepuce, environmental factors, and more. It focuses on conditions like low sex drive, inflammation, tumors, deviations and injuries of the penis.
Andrology lecture 16 Semen collection from male animals and its evaluationDrGovindNarayanPuroh
This document discusses techniques for collecting and evaluating semen from male animals. There are three main techniques for collecting semen: using an artificial vagina, digital manipulation, or electro-ejaculation. The artificial vagina uses thermal and mechanical stimulation and comes in different models for various species. Semen is evaluated based on volume, sperm concentration, motility, morphology, and other characteristics to assess fertility potential. Abnormal color, consistency or presence of flakes could indicate health issues.
In this lecture, the approaches for breeding soundness evaluation of bulls are explained for veterinary students, practitioners, and aspirants of IAS, RAS, and other examinations.
Andrology lecture 14 semen and its composition in male animals (1)DrGovindNarayanPuroh
This lecture explains the semen and its components in domestic animals useful for veterinary graduates, clinicians and aspirants of IAS, RAS and other examinations.
Puberty and sexual maturity in male animals is defined as the period when accessory organs and secondary sexual characteristics develop under the influence of the testes and the animal first becomes fertile. Puberty is brought about by the release of gonadotropic hormones from the anterior pituitary gland stimulating the testes to secrete steroid hormones, causing growth of genital organs and secondary sex characteristics. Puberty is characterized by the first appearance of spermatozoa in the ejaculate between 6-18 months depending on the species. Sexual maturity follows puberty and is the age at which males attain full reproductive capacity, usually several months after the onset of puberty. Factors like nutrition, genetics, environment, and disease can influence the
The document summarizes sexual behavior in male domestic animals. It discusses libido and mating ability as two components of sexual behavior in males. It describes the three stages of mating behavior as pre-copulatory, copulatory, and post-copulatory. Pre-copulatory behavior involves searching, courtship, and sexual arousal leading to penile erection. Copulatory behavior includes mounting, intromission, and ejaculation. Post-copulatory behavior is when the male dismounts and enters a refractory period. The document provides details on the behaviors that fall within each stage for various species of domesticated animals.
The mechanism of puberty and age of puberty in domestic animals is explained in this lecture useful for students, practitioners and aspirants of examinations
The functional physiology of the female genital organs of domestic animals are explained in this lecture useful for students, practitioners and aspirants of examinations.
Collapsing Narratives: Exploring Non-Linearity • a micro report by Rosie WellsRosie Wells
Insight: In a landscape where traditional narrative structures are giving way to fragmented and non-linear forms of storytelling, there lies immense potential for creativity and exploration.
'Collapsing Narratives: Exploring Non-Linearity' is a micro report from Rosie Wells.
Rosie Wells is an Arts & Cultural Strategist uniquely positioned at the intersection of grassroots and mainstream storytelling.
Their work is focused on developing meaningful and lasting connections that can drive social change.
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This presentation by OECD, OECD Secretariat, was made during the discussion “Artificial Intelligence, Data and Competition” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 12 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/aicomp.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
This presentation by OECD, OECD Secretariat, was made during the discussion “Competition and Regulation in Professions and Occupations” held at the 77th meeting of the OECD Working Party No. 2 on Competition and Regulation on 10 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/crps.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
Mastering the Concepts Tested in the Databricks Certified Data Engineer Assoc...SkillCertProExams
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Carrer goals.pptx and their importance in real lifeartemacademy2
Career goals serve as a roadmap for individuals, guiding them toward achieving long-term professional aspirations and personal fulfillment. Establishing clear career goals enables professionals to focus their efforts on developing specific skills, gaining relevant experience, and making strategic decisions that align with their desired career trajectory. By setting both short-term and long-term objectives, individuals can systematically track their progress, make necessary adjustments, and stay motivated. Short-term goals often include acquiring new qualifications, mastering particular competencies, or securing a specific role, while long-term goals might encompass reaching executive positions, becoming industry experts, or launching entrepreneurial ventures.
Moreover, having well-defined career goals fosters a sense of purpose and direction, enhancing job satisfaction and overall productivity. It encourages continuous learning and adaptation, as professionals remain attuned to industry trends and evolving job market demands. Career goals also facilitate better time management and resource allocation, as individuals prioritize tasks and opportunities that advance their professional growth. In addition, articulating career goals can aid in networking and mentorship, as it allows individuals to communicate their aspirations clearly to potential mentors, colleagues, and employers, thereby opening doors to valuable guidance and support. Ultimately, career goals are integral to personal and professional development, driving individuals toward sustained success and fulfillment in their chosen fields.
This presentation by OECD, OECD Secretariat, was made during the discussion “Pro-competitive Industrial Policy” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 12 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/pcip.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
This presentation by Thibault Schrepel, Associate Professor of Law at Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam University, was made during the discussion “Artificial Intelligence, Data and Competition” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 12 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/aicomp.
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Why Psychological Safety Matters for Software Teams - ACE 2024 - Ben Linders.pdfBen Linders
Psychological safety in teams is important; team members must feel safe and able to communicate and collaborate effectively to deliver value. It’s also necessary to build long-lasting teams since things will happen and relationships will be strained.
But, how safe is a team? How can we determine if there are any factors that make the team unsafe or have an impact on the team’s culture?
In this mini-workshop, we’ll play games for psychological safety and team culture utilizing a deck of coaching cards, The Psychological Safety Cards. We will learn how to use gamification to gain a better understanding of what’s going on in teams. Individuals share what they have learned from working in teams, what has impacted the team’s safety and culture, and what has led to positive change.
Different game formats will be played in groups in parallel. Examples are an ice-breaker to get people talking about psychological safety, a constellation where people take positions about aspects of psychological safety in their team or organization, and collaborative card games where people work together to create an environment that fosters psychological safety.
XP 2024 presentation: A New Look to Leadershipsamililja
Presentation slides from XP2024 conference, Bolzano IT. The slides describe a new view to leadership and combines it with anthro-complexity (aka cynefin).
This presentation by Juraj Čorba, Chair of OECD Working Party on Artificial Intelligence Governance (AIGO), was made during the discussion “Artificial Intelligence, Data and Competition” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 12 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/aicomp.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
This presentation by Nathaniel Lane, Associate Professor in Economics at Oxford University, was made during the discussion “Pro-competitive Industrial Policy” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 12 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/pcip.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
This presentation by Professor Alex Robson, Deputy Chair of Australia’s Productivity Commission, was made during the discussion “Competition and Regulation in Professions and Occupations” held at the 77th meeting of the OECD Working Party No. 2 on Competition and Regulation on 10 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/crps.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
This presentation by Yong Lim, Professor of Economic Law at Seoul National University School of Law, was made during the discussion “Artificial Intelligence, Data and Competition” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 12 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/aicomp.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
3. Venereal diseases
• Venereal disease in cattle can be caused by
bacteria, viruses, and protozoal organisms.
Campylobacter fetus (Vibrio), Trichomonas
fetus, Bovine Herpes Virus (a form of IBR),
Hemophilus somnus, ureaplasma,
mycoplasma, and Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD)
are the most commonly recognized causes of
venereal disease in cattle
4. Venereal diseases
• Diseases spread by the act of coitus
• The major venereal diseases of cattle are Campylobacteriosis and
Trichomoniasis
• Trichomonas and Campylobacter infections can cause early embryonic
death or first trimester abortions. Young bulls usually 'clear' the
organisms quite rapidly, but become re-infected upon breeding a cow that
is carrying an infection.
• Once the organisms are present in the herd, they can be passed from cow
to cow by the herd bull(s) or by contaminated breeding equipment.
• Older bulls (aged 4-5 yrs and above) are
• more often chronically infected
5. Bovine Venereal Diseases: Trichomonas &
Campylobacteriosis
Trichomoniasis:
Caused by a Mobile, complex, three-haired, single-celled
protozoan, called Tritrichomonas foetus;
Organism survives in microscopic folds of skin that line the
bull’s penis and internal sheath
Prevalence World over
Insidous disease causing sterility abortion and
pyometra
6. Transmission
Transmitted from cow to cow by the bull – nearly
always a disease of cattle who are naturally bred
Transmitted via sexual contact with an infected
mate
Rare cases of transmission through artificial
insemination
7. Clinical signs in cows
Repeat breeding, Abortion in 1st half of gestation,
Post service pyometra
Cow does not appear ill
Infected during breeding
The cow may show a subtle, mild, vaginal discharge,
1 – 3 weeks later (pyometra)
Protozoa attach to the lining of the reproductive tract
An inflammatory response occurs, resulting in the
death of the embryo and hence repeated breedings
8. Trichomoniasis in the bull
No signs: semen quality and sexual behavior
are not affected
Trich lives in the crypts (folds) inside the sheath.
Crypts deeper in older bulls
As the bull ages, the skin grows, folds increase in
the penis and sheath, creating additional places
for the organism to thrive
Older bulls (over 3 years) more likely to become
chronically infected than younger bulls
9. Diagnosis
• Bull becomes lifetime carrier
• Best to test after 2 weeks of sexual rest
• Sometimes observed under scope immediately
• Usually culture for 1 to 7 days
• If even one bull is positive, you have
to assume that the herd has been exposed!
********************
• Cows usually clear infection rapidly
Test soon after embryo death or pyometra
• History of new bull introduction
10. Direct smear: abomasal contents of aborted fetus
Wet smear: vaginal discharge/ prepeutial washings
Org culture: Diamonds/ Tobies media transport at 4
degree C
Vaginal mucus agglutination test / FAT
Virgin heifer test mating
11. Prevention and control
It is easier to prevent the infection than to try to
control it after it enters the herd;
Avoid contact of uninfected cattle to other cows & new
bulls
For infected cows give Sexual rest for 8-12 weeks
Avoid renting or leasing bulls/ replace culled bulls with
young bulls
Use AI for breeding
Therapy of infected animals: Imidazole derivatives, Sodium
Iodide, local application in bulls, Vaccination
13. Campylobacteriosis
is caused by campylobacter fetus a gram negative bacteria
affecting cattle, buffalo, sheep and goats. The disease is
venereal in cattle and is characterized by early embryonic
deaths, increased services per conception and abortions at
4-6 months.
• Causes of infertility
and abortion
– C. jejuni
– C. fetus subsp. venerealis
– C. fetus subsp. Fetus
14. The Organism
• Survives in moist environments
– Weeks to months
• Some strains tolerate cold
• Remains viable in:
– Feces
– Milk
– Water
– Vaginal discharges
– Poultry litter
Center for Food Security and
Public Health, Iowa State
University, 2012
15. Clinical Signs
Infertility
Early embryonic deaths
Abortions uncommon
The male is asymptomatic carrier
Adult bulls are more affected and may carry infection for long
times.
Sheep aborting one year are resistant next year.
16. Diagnosis
• Bovine genital campylobacteriosis
• History of increased services per conception, repeat breeding
• Org identification in samples is difficult. Clarks or diamonds media
must be used
• Vaginal mucus agglutination test
• Virgin heifer test mating
• Fluorescent antibody test
– Detection of IgA in cervical mucus
– ELISA
– Culture
• Sheath washings
• Vaginal cultures
Center for Food Security and
Public Health, Iowa State
University, 2012
18. Control:
Widespread use of AI has limited the
disease
Vaccine is available
Avoid renting or leasing bulls
Replace culled bulls with
young bulls
Test all new bulls
19. Disinfection
• Campylobacter spp. susceptible to:
– 1% sodium hypochlorite
– 70% ethanol
– 2% glutaraldehyde
– Iodine-based disinfectants
– Phenolic disinfectants
– Formaldehyde
– Moist or dry heat
– Gamma irradiation and UV radiation
Center for Food Security and
Public Health, Iowa State
University, 2012
20. Brucellosis
Undulant Fever,
Contagious Abortion,
Bang’s Disease
A zoonotic bacterial disease affecting cows
buffaloes, goats, sheep, horses and dogs
causing late gestation abortions in cattle
and orchitis in bulls many times seen in the
form of outbreaks.
21. The Organism
• Brucella abortus
– Gram negative
coccobacillus
– Facultative
intracellular pathogen
– Nine biovars
• Additional Brucellae that affect cattle
– B. melitensis and B. suis
• Can persist in the environment
23. Geographic Distribution
• Distribution
– Worldwide
– Eradicated in
some countries
• Notifiable disease
in many countries
– World Organization for Animal Health (OIE)
• Poor surveillance and reporting due to lack of
recognition
Center for Food Security and Public Health,
Iowa State University, 2012
24. Mode of infection: Ingestion of contaminated
pasture/water licking aborted fetuses
Organisms shed in milk & uterine discharges
Uterus of pregnant cows get infected from blood.
The erythritol sugar in uterus is a good medium
for growth of Brucella
After abortion and uterine involution organisms
colonize the udder
27. Stained smears from aborted
material Koster & Zeihl Nelson method
Orgs can be cultured from fetal
stomach/placenta which has a Morrocan
leather appearance
ELISA
Serological tests
Rose Bengal Plate Test CFT/FAT/MRT
28. The Rose Bengal plate test can be used as an initial
screening test of serum samples. All positive samples
are re-examined using the serum agglutination test or
complement fixation test. Rose Bengal negative samples
are not normally retested.
A Serum Agglutination Test (SAT) is very widely used
but detects non-specific antibodies as well as specific
antibodies from Brucella infection and vaccination.
The Compliment Fixation Test is a more definitive test
than the SAT, especially in differentiating titers arising
from infection from vaccination.
The Milk Ring Test (MRT), which detects Brucella
antibodies in milk, is very useful in screening the
presence of brucellosis in herds by collecting bulk milk
samples or in individual animals. Positive results can
then be followed up by using other diagnostic tests on
individual animals.
30. Control S19 vaccination calf hood
vaccination 4-8 months RB 51
Eradication: Notification, Isolation of
aborting animals, disposal of aborted
fetuses, placenta
31. Genital Mycoplasmasmosis/ Ureaplasmosis
Cell wall deficient organisms
Mycoplasma cause vulvovaginitis
andd both these organisms can
cause infertility and abortion they
are frequently isolated from semen
and their transmision is through
semen.
32. Genital Tuberculosis: Peritoneal - Adhesions of
uterus, abscess
Glandular - Nodules formed on the uterus
Epithelial Pin head sized granular lesions
The presence of ovaro-bursal adhesions and thickened
tortous fallopian tubes is diagnostic of TB
An animal showing a chronic vaginal discharge must
be examined for acid fast organisms
33. Leptospirosis A zoonotic disease caused by parasitic
spirochaetes and charachterised by fetal death, abortion and
birth of weak calves.
Acute: body temp, haemoblobinuria, icterus, abortion (L.pomona,
canicola, icterohaemorragia, grippityphosa
Chronic: Abortion after 6 months weak calves, mastitis, blood tinged
milk (L.hardjo) Disease most common in september & october
Transmission: Mucus membrane and abraded skin
Diagnosis: antibodies in fetal sera, urine sediments
Treatment: Streptomycin + vaccine
Control: separate cattle from pigs, rodent control & drainage of
water
34. Listeriosis (Gram positive coccobacilli) sporadic
disease of ruminants characterized by
encephalitis, abortion (last trimester), neonatal
septicemia commonly occurring in winter
Transmission: By ingestion
Clinical signs: Abortion, RFM, endometritis, weight loss,
transient infertility
Diagnosis: Fetal tissues
Treatment: Tetracycline
Control Remove fetal tissues, avoid spoiled feed
35. Salmonellar abortions:
Abortions are sporadically caused by S.dublin in
cattle, S. abortus ovis in sheep and S.enteriditis in
pigs however, the most important is S. abortus equi
which causes abortion in mares.
Salmonella are present in the environment
Mares abort at 6-9 months and evidence slight fever.
Streptococcus zoopidemicus is another cause of
abortions in poorly managed farms.
36. VIRAL INFECTIOUS CAUSES OF INFERTILITY AND
ABORTION
Infetious Bovine Rhinotracheitis(IBR, Red Nose) and
Infectious Pustular vulvovaginitis(IPV) Caused by Bovine
herpes virus 1 affects cattle and buffaloes
Respiratory form causes fever congestion of nasal mucosa,
nasal discharge and ulcers on nose, trachea.
Conjuctival form affects all ages of animals and usually
causes conjuctivitis
Abortive form causes abortion in 2nd half of gestation. There
is red colored fluid in body tissues of fetuses
Encephalitic form affects young calves less than 6 months of
age
Vulvo-vaginitis (coital vesicular exanthema) has a venereal
transmission and causes balano-posthitis in bulls and
vulvo-vaginitis in cows with whitish discharge for 2-3 weeks
37. Transmission: contact with infected cattle.
Diagnosis: Organism identification from Vulvar, vaginal
scrappings, nasal conjuctival swabs. Samples should be
refrigerated and send on culture medium to the lab.
Histopathology of fetal liver shows multifocal necrosis.
Treatment: Palliative
Vaccines: Infected animals are life long carriers. Heifers are
immunised at 6-8 months. The immunity is 3 years and
live vaccines often produce latent infection
Control: Destruction of aborted material and movement
restriction
Modified live vaccines (MLV’s) and killed vaccines
for pregnant animals.
38. Bovine Virus diarrhea (BVD-MD) Caused by toga virus 2 types type 1 and
2 causes gastrointestinal disease and abortions
Transmission:Aerosol and contact with persistently infected (PI) animals
Bulls excrete virus in semen following chronic infection
Calves born from infected animals are persistently infected
(PI)
Clinical signs: Pyrexia, diarrhea, occulonasal discharge, ulcers and
abortion at 2-4 months and mummification. The mucosal type of
disease shows diarrhea and nasal discharge
Diagnosis: History of diarrhea, immuno-histochemistry on fetal tissues,
PCR, ELISA
Control: Strict isolation and removal of PI animals
Vaccination of replacement heifers with MLV vaccine 2 months
before 1st breeding
Killed vaccines for other animals
39. Chlamydiosis: most common cause of abortion in sheep and goats and
rarely cattle caused by Chlamydia psittacci is a gram –ve intracellular
organism that have both DNA and RNA
Transmission: Pigeons, sparrows are reservoirs, ticks and insects help in
transmission. The organism persist in feces of infected animals and
shed in uterine discharges for 3 weeks post abortion.
Clinical signs: Abortion during last month in primiparous ewes. Slight
febrile reaction and blood tinged discharge. Placentitis is common.
Diagnosis: Necrotic changes in placenta. Microscopic examination of ZN
stained smears from placenta or fetal tissue.
Treatment and control: Oral feeding of 400-500 mg/animal/day of
oxytetracycline for 2 weeks during an outbreak, or long acting
tetracycline 6-8 weeks before parturition.
Vaccine (Enzovac ) IM or SC 8 weeks prior to breeding. The immunity
lasts for 3 years.
Chlamydia can affect human beings.
40. Neosporosis :is a protozoan infection affecting
cattle and rarely sheep and goat acquired by
ingestion of feed contaminated with feces of dogs
and characterized by abortion between 4-6
months of gestation and birth of congenitally
infected heifers.
Clinical signs: Abortion when animals are stressed.
No other signs
Diagnosis: White foci in muscles, heart, liver of
fetuses. PCR, FAT and ELISA are the tests.
41. Enzootic bovine abortion is a cause of abortion and
premature calving in cattle grazing in California,
Nevada and Oregon of USA. The disease is
caused by an unnamed bacteria a gram –ve
bacteria of myxobacterium family.
Transmission: By an argasid tick
Clinical signs: The abortions are sporadic or
outbreaks can occur in last trimester mostly in
heifers
Diagnosis: Typical lesions on the fetus include
Petechiae on conjunctiva, tongue, oral mucosa.
There is enlargement of pre-scapular lymph nodes
and reduction of thymus with hemorrhages over it.
Control: Control the ticks in the area.
42. Mycotic abortions
Aspergillus fumigatus, mucor spps or candida spps are the
sporadic cause of abortion and infertility in cattle, mares,
sheep, goat and swine.
Abortions are common in winter after a wet summer.
Feeding of straw with fungi is the etiology. Rarely inhalation of
spores can cause the infection.
Abortions occur during 6-8 months in cattle placentitis with
coffee bean or cup shaped cotyledons is characteristic
lesion of mycotic abortions.
Diagnosis: Microscopic examination of placental or skin
lesions after treatment with 10% KOH reveals the fungi or
their hyphae.
43. NON-INFECTIOUS CAUSES OF ABORTION
Include 1) Ingestion of poisonous plants or administration of
chemicals. Plants like locoweeds, sweet clover (fatal
hemorrhages due to dicoumarol), pine needle and
administration of pharmaceuticals like nitrates, xylazine,
anthelmintics etc. can cause abortions.
2) Hormonal deficiencies (like deficiency of progesterone)
or accidental administration of hormones like estrogens,
corticosteroids can result into abortion in animals.
3) Nutritional deficiencies like Vitamin A, E, Iodine or Se
can cause abortion
4) Severe stress like heat, cold, transport and trauma.
5) Accidental AI of pregnant animals
6) Genetic defects of embryo
44. Induced abortions (Vetero-medical termination of
pregnancy VMTP)
Abortions are sometimes desired to be induced in various
farm animals. When they are induced nearer to parturition
they are called induced parturitions.
Reasons for inducing abortions: Diseases of pregnancy like
pregnancy toxaemia in sheep and goats where
continuance of the pregnancy would further worsen the
condition of the patient. Systemic diseases like
hemoglobinuria in buffaloes often indicate the induction of
abortion to reduce the load of the ailing patient.
Abnormal pregnancies like hydrops allantois, ventral hernia,
rupture of the prepubic tendon, fetal mummification also
indicate an induced abortion.
Termination of accidental small age pregnancies of heifers
45. Induced abortion
Cattle and buffaloes
Prostaglandins are the most suitable drugs for inducing
abortion in cows they are effective at all stages of
gestation except during the 5-8 month period when
they should be combined with corticosteroids to
terminate the pregnancy.
Estrogens and Corticosteroids (25 mg dexamethasone)
can be used to terminate bovine pregnancies.
In sheep and goat PG + corticosteroids are effective
whereas in the sow PGs alone are effective in
terminating pregnancies. Estrogens are ineffective in
the sow as they are luteotropic in this species.