Prevention of Accidents in An Operation Theatre Part 2-NURSINGMariaKuriakose5
This contains a detailed information about what causes accidents in an operation theater,its preventive measures and what else to be done to prevent such hazards taking place in an OT
Prevention of Accidents in An Operation Theatre Part 2-NURSINGMariaKuriakose5
This contains a detailed information about what causes accidents in an operation theater,its preventive measures and what else to be done to prevent such hazards taking place in an OT
Surgical instrumentation is critical to surgical procedure.
The performance of OR team is enhance when team members know each instrument by name, know how each is safely handled and know how each is used.
Preparing the instrument for appropriate processing will prolong its use in patient care and decrease the costs for repair and replacement.
Standard precautions are meant to reduce the risk of transmission of blood borne and other pathogens from both recognized and unrecognized sources.
They are the basic level of infection control precautions which are to be used, as a minimum, in the care of all patients.
Standard safety precautions are the basic infection prevention and control measures necessary to reduce the risk of transmission of infectious agent from both unrecognized and unrecognized sources of infection.
The elements of Standard Precautions include:
Hand hygiene.
Use of gloves and other barriers (e.g., mask, eye protection, face shield, gown).
Handling of patient care equipment and linen.
Environmental control.
Prevention of injury from sharps devices, and patient placement.
Respiratory hygiene and cough etiquette
Environmental cleaning depends on Infection Control risk Assessment as High, Moderate & Low Risk Areas. This document includes Procedures & Practices in Hospital for Environmental Cleaning & Disinfection based on cheapest hospital grade disinfectant i.e Clorox / Household Bleach available for especially third world countries.
Prevention of Accidents in An Operation Theatre-NURSINGMariaKuriakose5
This is a PowerPoint made to explain various hazards in an operation theater and with its preventive measures.This will hepl the nursing students to go through the important points rather than going into deep studies.
Needlestick Injuries: A guide for safe needle handlingMarketLab Inc.
Needlestick injuries are a serious occupational hazard for healthcare workers. Offset your risk by following procedure guidelines and using needle safety devices.
Biomedical waste
‘Bio-medical waste’ means any solid and/or liquid waste including its container and any intermediate product, which is generated during the diagnosis, treatment or immunization of human beings or animals or in research pertaining thereto or in the production or testing thereof.
Needle stick injury and hazards of needle stickNCRIMS, Meerut
Needlestick injuries are wounds caused by sharps that accidentally puncture the skin.
Needlestick injuries are a hazard for people who work with hypodermic syringes and other needle equipment.
These injuries can occur at any time when people use, disassemble, or dispose of needles.
Surgical instrumentation is critical to surgical procedure.
The performance of OR team is enhance when team members know each instrument by name, know how each is safely handled and know how each is used.
Preparing the instrument for appropriate processing will prolong its use in patient care and decrease the costs for repair and replacement.
Standard precautions are meant to reduce the risk of transmission of blood borne and other pathogens from both recognized and unrecognized sources.
They are the basic level of infection control precautions which are to be used, as a minimum, in the care of all patients.
Standard safety precautions are the basic infection prevention and control measures necessary to reduce the risk of transmission of infectious agent from both unrecognized and unrecognized sources of infection.
The elements of Standard Precautions include:
Hand hygiene.
Use of gloves and other barriers (e.g., mask, eye protection, face shield, gown).
Handling of patient care equipment and linen.
Environmental control.
Prevention of injury from sharps devices, and patient placement.
Respiratory hygiene and cough etiquette
Environmental cleaning depends on Infection Control risk Assessment as High, Moderate & Low Risk Areas. This document includes Procedures & Practices in Hospital for Environmental Cleaning & Disinfection based on cheapest hospital grade disinfectant i.e Clorox / Household Bleach available for especially third world countries.
Prevention of Accidents in An Operation Theatre-NURSINGMariaKuriakose5
This is a PowerPoint made to explain various hazards in an operation theater and with its preventive measures.This will hepl the nursing students to go through the important points rather than going into deep studies.
Needlestick Injuries: A guide for safe needle handlingMarketLab Inc.
Needlestick injuries are a serious occupational hazard for healthcare workers. Offset your risk by following procedure guidelines and using needle safety devices.
Biomedical waste
‘Bio-medical waste’ means any solid and/or liquid waste including its container and any intermediate product, which is generated during the diagnosis, treatment or immunization of human beings or animals or in research pertaining thereto or in the production or testing thereof.
Needle stick injury and hazards of needle stickNCRIMS, Meerut
Needlestick injuries are wounds caused by sharps that accidentally puncture the skin.
Needlestick injuries are a hazard for people who work with hypodermic syringes and other needle equipment.
These injuries can occur at any time when people use, disassemble, or dispose of needles.
Microbial Sterilization Demystified: A Comprehensive Visual GuideVamsi kumar
about the various sterilization techniques used to combat them. This detailed presentation discusses the principles, procedures, and equipment involved in maintaining a pathogen-free environment.
Infection control prevents or stops the spread of infections in healthcare settings
sterilization is a process which kills all forms of microbial life including transmissible agents such as virus, bacteria, fungi and spore forms
disinfection is define as a destruction or inhibition of most pathogenic agent on the surface of inanimate object by chemical or physical means.
Methods of Handwashing are
A.Short Scrub
B. Short Standard Handwash
C. Surgical Hand Scrub
The very first requirement in a hospital that it should do the sick no harm" - Florence Nightingale
Health care associated infections economic loss, prolonged hospital stay & adverse patient outcomes.
Spauldings classification ppt by Dr C P PRINCEDR.PRINCE C P
Disinfection of medical instruments is important for preventing the spread of disease. Cleaning and disinfecting reusable equipment after it comes into contact with patients can be expensive, both in the cost of the disinfection procedure, but also in terms of time away from the patients themselves.
Not all medical instruments can be fully sterilized after each use. Thankfully, not all reusable instruments need the highest level of disinfection. But how to determine the minimum level of disinfection in a given situation?
Earle H. Spaulding devised a rational approach to disinfection and sterilization of patient-care items and equipment
Spaulding believed the nature of disinfection could be understood readily if instruments and items for patient care were categorized as critical, semi-critical, and non-critical according to the degree of risk for infection involved in use of the items.
Spaulding recognized that the need for disinfection of equipment in medical settings ranged from non-critical to semi-critical to critical, depending on the likelihood of spreading disease.
For example, sterilization is necessary for equipment that comes into contact with a patient’s bloodstream or sterile tissue. This category of equipment, such as surgical knives, is designated “critical” because it presents a high risk of disease transmission from patient to patient.
Equipment that only touches healthy, unbroken skin presents a low risk of contamination because intact skin acts as an effective barrier to most microorganisms. Examples in this “non-critical” category include bedpans, blood-pressure cuffs, and bedrails.
In between those two scenarios, a “semi-critical” level of disinfection presents a medium risk of contamination. This would include equipment such as endoscopes used on mucous membranes or areas of broken skin.
Diseases that are spread by arthropod or small animal vectors.
Vectors act as the main mode of transmission of infection from one host to another, & as such form an essential stage in the transmission cycle.
Zoonoses : are infections which are naturally transmitted between vertebrate animals and people.
The term zoonosis'Derived from the Greek
ZOON (animals) and NOSES (diseases)
People, animals, birds, arthropods and the inanimate environment are all involved in cycles of zoonotic infection
There is no specific format But every institute have their own guideline and instructions,
In preparing Synopsis you should restrict the size of your research area in line with the length of dissertation/Research paper/Theses required by College/University
Screening is the testing of apparently healthy populations to identify previously undiagnosed diseases or people at high risk of developing a disease.
Screening aims to detect early disease before it becomes symptomatic.
Screening is an important aspect of prevention, but not all diseases are suitable for screening.
Lecture for Post and Undergraduate.
From the past two decades Non Communicable diseases are increasing in both developing and developed countries due to which developing are experiencing double burden of diseases.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
2. LectureObjectives
By the end of this lecture the students
will be able to distinguish between
various types of disinfection and
isolation.
3/31/2019 Prof Dr Muhammad Tauseef 2
4. Cleaning
• Cleaning of instruments before
decontamination is an essential procedure.
• This allows the physical removal of
microorganisms.
• Individuals are recommended to maintain a
good hygiene by hand washing.
3/31/2019 Prof Dr Muhammad Tauseef 4
6. Disinfection
• Disinfectants are used on inanimate objects
only.
• Canbe done by:
• Using liquid chemicals on surfaces and at
room temperature tokill the microorganisms.
3/31/2019 Prof Dr Muhammad Tauseef 6
7. Disinfection cont.
• Ultraviolet light to disinfect the
patients infected with
rooms of
Clostridium
difficile after discharge.
• Disinfection is lesseffective than sterilization
becauseit does not kill bacterialendospores.
3/31/2019 Prof Dr Muhammad Tauseef 7
8. Chemical Disinfectants
should have high• Basically, a disinfectant
germicidal activity.
• They should rapidly kill a wide range of
microorganisms, including spores.
3/31/2019 Prof Dr Muhammad Tauseef 8
9. Chemical Disinfectants cont.
• Chemical disinfectants are hazardous
substances and may cause damage on contact
with skin, eyes or mucous membranes, by
inhalation of vapours or by absorption
through the skin.
3/31/2019 Prof Dr Muhammad Tauseef 9
10. Chemical Disinfectants
• All chemical disinfectants must be
labeled and used within the expiry
clearly
date,
freshly prepared and in correct concentration
and stored in an appropriatecontainer.
• It must not be mixed or detergents added
unless they are compatible.
3/31/2019 Prof Dr Muhammad Tauseef 10
11. Chemical Disinfectants and Antiseptics
• Alcohol
• Uses:for disinfection of skin prior toinjection.
• Todisinfect pre-operativeskin.
• It canbe used asabasefor other antiseptics.
• Alcohol-alcohol mixtures areflammable.
3/31/2019 Prof Dr Muhammad Tauseef 11
12. Chemical Disinfectants and Antiseptics
• Chlorine-based disinfectants
• Hypochlorites are most widely used.
• Aqueous solutions of sodium hypochlorite are
widely used ashousehold bleach.
3/31/2019 Prof Dr Muhammad Tauseef 12
13. Chemical Disinfectants and Antiseptics
• Phenolic: (carbolic acid) is the oldest
recognized disinfectant.
• Its useasagermicide in operating rooms.
• It disrupt plasma membranes,
enzymes, and denature proteins,
inactive
thereby
exerting antimicrobial activities.
3/31/2019 Prof Dr Muhammad Tauseef 13
14. Chemical Disinfectants and Antiseptics
• Other chemicals:
• Chlorhexidine, Quaternary ammonium
compounds (QAC), Hexachlorophane,
Triclosan phenol, Aldehydes, Glutaraldehyde,
Formaldehyde, Hydrogen peroxide, Ortho-
phthaladehyde (OPA)and Ethylene oxide.
3/31/2019 Prof Dr Muhammad Tauseef 14
15. Procedure ForTerminal Cleaning of ARoom
• Domestic staff should wear appropriate PPE.
• Discard all disposable items or equipment.
• Sealclinical waste bagsand dispose it.
• Removeany items or equipment to the dirtyarea.
• Sendappropriate items for sterilization.
• Wipe bed mattresses with warm water and
detergent and dried thoroughly.
3/31/2019 Prof Dr Muhammad Tauseef 15
16. Procedure ForTerminal Cleaning of ARoom
• Washsink with warm water anddetergent.
• Rinseand dry thoroughly.
• Wash floor and spot clean walls with detergent
solution.
• Open windows to facilitate thorough drying of all
surfaces.
3/31/2019 Prof Dr Muhammad Tauseef 16
17. Sterilization
• It is aprocess intended to kill allmicroorganisms.
• Sterilizers may be heat only, steam, or liquid
chemical.
• It is an effective way of preventing bacteria from
spreading.
• It should be used for the cleaning of the medical
instruments or gloves.
3/31/2019 Prof Dr Muhammad Tauseef 17
18. Ways of Sterilization
• Autoclave (by using high-pressure steam).
• dry heat (in anoven).
• by using chemical sterilants (glutaraldehydes,
formaldehyde).
• radiation (with the help ofphysical agents).
3/31/2019 Prof Dr Muhammad Tauseef 18
19. Ways of Sterilizationcont.
• Steamsterilization done at atemperature of
121 C(250 F)with apressure of 209kPa.
• Dry heat sterilization is performed at 170 Cfor
one hour
– 160 Cfor two hours.
– 121 Cfor at least 16hours.
3/31/2019 Prof Dr Muhammad Tauseef 19
20. Chemical Sterilization
• Called cold sterilization, it is moreexpensive
• It used to sterilize instruments that cannot
disinfected through the temperature.
• Commonly, glutaraldehydes and formaldehyde
are used in this process.
• than steamsterilization.
3/31/2019 Prof Dr Muhammad Tauseef 20
21. Isolation
• It is defined as “the voluntary or compulsory
separation and confinement of those known
or suspected to be infected with a contagious
disease agent (whether ill or not) to prevent
further infections”.
3/31/2019 Prof Dr Muhammad Tauseef 21
24. Types of Isolation
• Strict isolation
• It is used for diseasesspread through theair.
• Useaspecial room at the facility designed for
that purpose.
• It equipped with special equipment and waste
disposal.
3/31/2019 Prof Dr Muhammad Tauseef 24
25. Types of Isolation
• Contact isolation:
• It is used to prevent the spread of diseases
that can be spread through contact with open
wounds.
• Health care workers should wear gloves and
gown.
3/31/2019 Prof Dr Muhammad Tauseef 25
26. Types of Isolation
• Respiratoryisolation
• It is used for diseasesthat are spread through
particles that areexhaled.
• Thosehaving contact with or exposure to such
apatient are required to wear amask.
3/31/2019 Prof Dr Muhammad Tauseef 26
27. Types of Isolation
• Reverse isolation (Protectiveisolation):
• Usedfor Immunocompromisedpatients.
• Theyneed protection from personnel and the
environment.
• Isolation measures are usually maximal for
patients undergoing transplantation.
3/31/2019 Prof Dr Muhammad Tauseef 27
28. Types of Isolation
• High isolation:
• It is used to prevent the spread of highly contagious
infectious diseases(e.g., smallpox, Ebola virus).
• Mandatory use of: Gloves, Protective eyewear
(goggles or face shield), Waterproof gown andmask.
3/31/2019 Prof Dr Muhammad Tauseef 28
29. Alvarado CJ,StolzSM,Maki DG.Nosocomial infections from contaminated
endoscopes:
A flawed automatic endoscope washer. An investigation using molecular
epidemiology.
TheAmerican Journal of Medicine 1991; 91 (Suppl. 3B):S272–S280.
Alvarado CJ,Reichelderfer M. APICguideline for infection prevention and
control in
flexible endoscopy.American Journal of InfectionControl 2000; 28: 138–155.
American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. Ad Hoc Committee on
Disinfection:
Position Statement. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy1996; 43:540–545.
Sterilization of arthroscopes andAyliffe GAJ, Babb JR, Bradley CR.
laparoscopes.Journal
of Hospital Infection 1992; 22:265–269.
References
3/31/2019 Prof Dr Muhammad Tauseef 29
30. Spach DH, Silverstein FE, Stamm WE. Transmission of infection by
gastrointestinal endoscopy and bronchoscopy. Annals of Internal Medicine
1993; 118:117–128.
Spaulding EH. Chemical disinfection of medical and surgical materials. In:
Lawrence CA, Block SS (eds): Disinfection, Sterilization and Preservation.
Philadelphia: Lea& Febiger,1968:517–531.
Spaulding EH. Role of chemical disinfection in prevention of nosocomial
infections. In: Proceedings of the international conference on nosocomial
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