This document provides information about demography and population dynamics in Pakistan. It defines key demographic terms and concepts. Some key points:
- Pakistan has a population of over 220 million currently, making it the 6th most populous country. It has a high growth rate of 2.5% and is projected to become the 4th most populous country by 2050.
- Pakistan has a young population, with a median age of around 20 years and over 100 million people under age 30. The total working age population is around 122 million.
- Demography is the scientific study of human populations with respect to their size, distribution, structure and changes. Population dynamics concepts discussed include growth rate, doubling time,
Population growth and economic development of pakistan - Myths and Facts - Population:
Population of an area is the total number of all individuals alive in a particular point in time. (Thomas Frejka, 1973)
Birth Rate is the total number of births per 1000 of a population each year.
Mortality Rate is the total Number of deaths per 1000 individual per year.
Total fertility rate (TFR) is the average number of children that would be born to a woman over her lifetime.
High Birthrate
Low Death rate
Migration
Emigration
Immigration
Many countries like Germany, Japan and China are facing aging population or negative/slow population growth.
Rapid Population growth does not impedes development. A country's most important resource is its people.
Although, population control, at first there are fewer children to feed, clothe, and educate.
However, Population aging also depresses the growth of government revenues.
A country's most important resource is its people, knowledge pool and skills
All natural resources have been getting more available rather than more scarce, as shown by their falling prices over the decades and centuries.
The structure of a population can have a big impact on the wealth and economy of a country.
References:
http://www.indexmundi.com/pakistan/age_structure.html
The Global Baby Bust, Phillip Longman http://nyti.ms/1vlqVaI
No Babies? http://nyti.ms/Tc2MmI
The coming population bust http://nyti.ms/1ncz8YK
The Coming Demographic Crisis http://hvr.co/1zhHOA1
Population Bomb? So Wrong - How electricity, development, and TV reduce fertility http://bit.ly/S79fy6
More people, greater wealth, more resources, healthier environment, Julian Simon http://bit.ly/1aoVXH5
Impact of population growth on national developmentAyaz Mahmood
Contemporary issues and trends
The presentation is all about the impact of population growth on national development. A brief and comprehensive detail about the population growth impact.
if there is any suggestions comment Below
Like and share if you like.
5 year plans of pakistan by brands academyBrands Academy
Brand Academy provides details brand analysis, research, article and insights for free.
Contact us :
brandsmentor@gmail.com
https://www.facebook.com/1stbrandsacademy
Pakistan Five Year Development PlansSince 1955 to 2010An Overview
Introduction
Almost all five-year plans prepared during political or military regimes were shelved in the country’s history after regime change and none of them succeeded in getting the desired results.
Pakistan has a semi-industrialized economy, which mainly encompasses textiles, chemicals, food processing, agriculture and other industries.
The economy has suffered in the past from decades of internal political
disputes, a fast growing population and ongoing confrontation with
neighboring India.
Pakistan's average economic growth rate since independence has been higher than the average growth rate of the world economy during the period.
Average annual real GDP growth rates were 6.8% in the 1960s, 4.8% in the 1970s, and 6.5% in the 1980s. Average annual growth fell to 4.6% in the 1990s with significantly lower growth in the second half of that decade.
Introduction
Two wars with India, in Second Kashmir War 1965 and Bangladesh Liberation War 1971 and separation of Bangladesh adversely affected economic growth. In particular, the latter war brought the economy close to recession, although economic output rebounded sharply until the nationalizations of the mid-1970s.
Pakistan is aggressively cutting tariffs and assisting exports by improving ports, roads, electricity supplies and irrigation projects. Islamabad has doubled development spending from about 2% of GDP in the 1990s to 4% in 2003, a necessary step towards reversing the broad underdevelopment of its social sector.
First Five Year Plan (1955-1960) Highlights
Targets
Emphasis mainly on achieving high national income.
The First Plan was implemented within certain obvious handicaps and limitations and its release was delayed by two Years.
In practice, this plan was not implemented, however, mainly because political instability led to a neglect of economic policy, but government, Deputy Chairman Planning Board (Commission) Said Hassan announces the plan in 1957.
The development expenditures were regarded as the foundation for rapid progress in the future and plans explicitly affirmed that some sectors of the economy must be expanded much more rapidly than others in order to secure maximum gains.
The size of the First Plan initially was Rs. 11.5 billion which was revised and decreased to 10.8 billion out of which Rs. 750 million for the public sector and Rs. 3.3 billion for the private sector was allocated. Of the total plan amount of Rs. 6.6 billion from the internal sources and R.s 4.2 billion was to be achieve from the foreign sources in the form of loans and aid.
First Five Year Plan (1955-1960) Highlights
Achievements/Failure
Pakistan is facing crisis of high density of Population,Economic growth,Energy crisis ,Inequality,Food (poverty), Waste / Circular Economy,Cities(mismanagement),Climate Change, Terrorism/Security, corruption , poor governance (stable political process, mismanagement of resources
I’m a young Pakistani Blogger, Academic Writer, Freelancer, Quaidian & MPhil Scholar, Quote Lover, Co-Founder at Essar Student Fund & Blueprism Academia, belonging from Mehdiabad, Skardu, Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan.
I am an academic writer & freelancer! I can work on Research Paper, Thesis Writing, Academic Research, Research Project, Proposals, Assignments, Business Plans, and Case study research.
Expertise:
Management Sciences, Business Management, Marketing, HRM, Banking, Business Marketing, Corporate Finance, International Business Management
For Order Online:
Whatsapp: +923452502478
Portfolio Link: https://blueprismacademia.wordpress.com/
Email: arguni.hasnain@gmail.com
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Linkedin: arguni_hasnain
Instagram : arguni.hasnain
Facebook: arguni.hasnain
Demography addresses human populations as population per se, that is, their sizes and structures.
It is the scientific study of human population.
Demographic processes :
1. fertility 4. migration &
2. mortality 5. social mobility
3. marriage
Este documento, cujo tema é o desenvolvimento populacional e as políticas populacionais da China, foi apresentado durante a reunião plenária da Comissão Nacional sobre População e Desenvolvimento (CNPD), realizada no dia 20 de fevereiro, em Brasília. Autor: Mr. Wang Qian. Leia mais em: www.sae.gov.br
In this presentation, I am gonna tell you about Pakistan's economy it's crises, sources and it's possible solutions and the valid sources from where I prepared my presentation up to 2k19
Population growth and economic development of pakistan - Myths and Facts - Population:
Population of an area is the total number of all individuals alive in a particular point in time. (Thomas Frejka, 1973)
Birth Rate is the total number of births per 1000 of a population each year.
Mortality Rate is the total Number of deaths per 1000 individual per year.
Total fertility rate (TFR) is the average number of children that would be born to a woman over her lifetime.
High Birthrate
Low Death rate
Migration
Emigration
Immigration
Many countries like Germany, Japan and China are facing aging population or negative/slow population growth.
Rapid Population growth does not impedes development. A country's most important resource is its people.
Although, population control, at first there are fewer children to feed, clothe, and educate.
However, Population aging also depresses the growth of government revenues.
A country's most important resource is its people, knowledge pool and skills
All natural resources have been getting more available rather than more scarce, as shown by their falling prices over the decades and centuries.
The structure of a population can have a big impact on the wealth and economy of a country.
References:
http://www.indexmundi.com/pakistan/age_structure.html
The Global Baby Bust, Phillip Longman http://nyti.ms/1vlqVaI
No Babies? http://nyti.ms/Tc2MmI
The coming population bust http://nyti.ms/1ncz8YK
The Coming Demographic Crisis http://hvr.co/1zhHOA1
Population Bomb? So Wrong - How electricity, development, and TV reduce fertility http://bit.ly/S79fy6
More people, greater wealth, more resources, healthier environment, Julian Simon http://bit.ly/1aoVXH5
Impact of population growth on national developmentAyaz Mahmood
Contemporary issues and trends
The presentation is all about the impact of population growth on national development. A brief and comprehensive detail about the population growth impact.
if there is any suggestions comment Below
Like and share if you like.
5 year plans of pakistan by brands academyBrands Academy
Brand Academy provides details brand analysis, research, article and insights for free.
Contact us :
brandsmentor@gmail.com
https://www.facebook.com/1stbrandsacademy
Pakistan Five Year Development PlansSince 1955 to 2010An Overview
Introduction
Almost all five-year plans prepared during political or military regimes were shelved in the country’s history after regime change and none of them succeeded in getting the desired results.
Pakistan has a semi-industrialized economy, which mainly encompasses textiles, chemicals, food processing, agriculture and other industries.
The economy has suffered in the past from decades of internal political
disputes, a fast growing population and ongoing confrontation with
neighboring India.
Pakistan's average economic growth rate since independence has been higher than the average growth rate of the world economy during the period.
Average annual real GDP growth rates were 6.8% in the 1960s, 4.8% in the 1970s, and 6.5% in the 1980s. Average annual growth fell to 4.6% in the 1990s with significantly lower growth in the second half of that decade.
Introduction
Two wars with India, in Second Kashmir War 1965 and Bangladesh Liberation War 1971 and separation of Bangladesh adversely affected economic growth. In particular, the latter war brought the economy close to recession, although economic output rebounded sharply until the nationalizations of the mid-1970s.
Pakistan is aggressively cutting tariffs and assisting exports by improving ports, roads, electricity supplies and irrigation projects. Islamabad has doubled development spending from about 2% of GDP in the 1990s to 4% in 2003, a necessary step towards reversing the broad underdevelopment of its social sector.
First Five Year Plan (1955-1960) Highlights
Targets
Emphasis mainly on achieving high national income.
The First Plan was implemented within certain obvious handicaps and limitations and its release was delayed by two Years.
In practice, this plan was not implemented, however, mainly because political instability led to a neglect of economic policy, but government, Deputy Chairman Planning Board (Commission) Said Hassan announces the plan in 1957.
The development expenditures were regarded as the foundation for rapid progress in the future and plans explicitly affirmed that some sectors of the economy must be expanded much more rapidly than others in order to secure maximum gains.
The size of the First Plan initially was Rs. 11.5 billion which was revised and decreased to 10.8 billion out of which Rs. 750 million for the public sector and Rs. 3.3 billion for the private sector was allocated. Of the total plan amount of Rs. 6.6 billion from the internal sources and R.s 4.2 billion was to be achieve from the foreign sources in the form of loans and aid.
First Five Year Plan (1955-1960) Highlights
Achievements/Failure
Pakistan is facing crisis of high density of Population,Economic growth,Energy crisis ,Inequality,Food (poverty), Waste / Circular Economy,Cities(mismanagement),Climate Change, Terrorism/Security, corruption , poor governance (stable political process, mismanagement of resources
I’m a young Pakistani Blogger, Academic Writer, Freelancer, Quaidian & MPhil Scholar, Quote Lover, Co-Founder at Essar Student Fund & Blueprism Academia, belonging from Mehdiabad, Skardu, Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan.
I am an academic writer & freelancer! I can work on Research Paper, Thesis Writing, Academic Research, Research Project, Proposals, Assignments, Business Plans, and Case study research.
Expertise:
Management Sciences, Business Management, Marketing, HRM, Banking, Business Marketing, Corporate Finance, International Business Management
For Order Online:
Whatsapp: +923452502478
Portfolio Link: https://blueprismacademia.wordpress.com/
Email: arguni.hasnain@gmail.com
Follow Me:
Linkedin: arguni_hasnain
Instagram : arguni.hasnain
Facebook: arguni.hasnain
Demography addresses human populations as population per se, that is, their sizes and structures.
It is the scientific study of human population.
Demographic processes :
1. fertility 4. migration &
2. mortality 5. social mobility
3. marriage
Este documento, cujo tema é o desenvolvimento populacional e as políticas populacionais da China, foi apresentado durante a reunião plenária da Comissão Nacional sobre População e Desenvolvimento (CNPD), realizada no dia 20 de fevereiro, em Brasília. Autor: Mr. Wang Qian. Leia mais em: www.sae.gov.br
In this presentation, I am gonna tell you about Pakistan's economy it's crises, sources and it's possible solutions and the valid sources from where I prepared my presentation up to 2k19
The world’s population is more than three times larger than it was in the mid-twentieth century. The global human population reached 8.0 billion in mid-November 2022 from an estimated 2.5 billion people in 1950, adding 1 billion people since 2010 and 2 billion since 1998. The world’s population is expected to increase by nearly 2 billion persons in the next 30 years, from the current 8 billion to 9.7 billion in 2050 and could peak at nearly 10.4 billion in the mid-2080s.
Demographic transition in India and its effectsSarinkumar P S
Population expansion around the world has shown a pattern of rapid increase, again stabilization and very small increase or decline after that. This trend is conceptualized as demographic transition. In the following presentation we will look at:
1. PopulationDynamics
2. Demographictransitiontheory
3. PatternofDemographictransitionacrosstheworld
4. DemographictransitioninIndia
5. EffectsofdemographictransitioninIndia
Changing demographics and economic growth bloomDESMOND YUEN
Demography is destiny” is an oft-cited phrase that suggests the size, growth, and structure of a nation’s population deter mines its long-term social, economic, andpolitical fabric. The phrase highlights the role of
demographics in shaping many complex challenges
and opportunities societies face, including several
pertinent to economic growth and development.
Nevertheless, it is an overstatement to say that
demography determines all, as it downplays the
fact that both demographic trajectories and their
development implications are responsive to economic
incentives; to policy and institutional reforms; and to
changes in technology, cultural norms, and behavior.
The world is undergoing a major demographic
upheaval with three key components: population
growth, changes in fertility and mortality, and
associated changes in population age structure.
Population 2020 - Demographics can be a potent driver of the pace and process...DESMOND YUEN
“Demography is destiny” is an oft-cited phrase that suggests the size, growth, and structure of a nation’s population determines its long-term social, economic, and political fabric. The phrase highlights the role of demographics in shaping many complex challenges and opportunities societies face, including several pertinent to economic growth and development.
Nevertheless, it is an overstatement to say that demography determines all, as it downplays the fact that both demographic trajectories and their development implications are responsive to economic incentives; to policy and institutional reforms; and to changes in technology, cultural norms, and behavior.
The world is undergoing a major demographic upheaval with three key components: population growth, changes in fertility and mortality, and associated changes in population age structure.
Diseases that are spread by arthropod or small animal vectors.
Vectors act as the main mode of transmission of infection from one host to another, & as such form an essential stage in the transmission cycle.
Zoonoses : are infections which are naturally transmitted between vertebrate animals and people.
The term zoonosis'Derived from the Greek
ZOON (animals) and NOSES (diseases)
People, animals, birds, arthropods and the inanimate environment are all involved in cycles of zoonotic infection
There is no specific format But every institute have their own guideline and instructions,
In preparing Synopsis you should restrict the size of your research area in line with the length of dissertation/Research paper/Theses required by College/University
Screening is the testing of apparently healthy populations to identify previously undiagnosed diseases or people at high risk of developing a disease.
Screening aims to detect early disease before it becomes symptomatic.
Screening is an important aspect of prevention, but not all diseases are suitable for screening.
Lecture for Post and Undergraduate.
From the past two decades Non Communicable diseases are increasing in both developing and developed countries due to which developing are experiencing double burden of diseases.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
1. MBBS.USMLE, DPH, Dip-Card, M.Phil, FCPS
Assct: Professor Community Medicine
Services Institute Of Medical Sciences
Lahore.
Ex-Asst Professor Community Medicine
UmulQurrah University Makka Saudi Arabia
5. Demography - Definition
The term demography was coined by a
Belgian statistician Achille Guillard in
1855
Derived from Greek word ‘demos’
meaning a human being
Defined as: “ the study of human
populations with respect to their size,
distribution, structure and changes
within them.”
6. Demography - Definition
SIZE: number of people at a given
time
DISTRIBUTION: arrangement of
population in space at a given time
STRUCTURE: distribution of
population in age and sex groupings
CHANGES: occur due to the growth
or decline of the total population due
to births, deaths, immigration and
emigration
7. What is Population?
A group of individuals
or items that share one or more
characteristics from which data can be
gathered and analyzed.
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8. World’s most populous countries are,
China India USA
Indonesia Brazil Pakistan
Bangladesh Russia Nigeria
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9. Demography - Historically
Confucius of China (500 B.C.): believed
that excessive population growth
depresses the living standards of the
people
Ancient Greeks Plato and Aristotle (300
B.C.) were of the view that the optimum
size of the city-state can be achieved
either by restricting or encouraging
births with punishments or rewards
10. Population Theories
Theory:
A description of an event, an
explanation of why it happens, and
gives a prediction about future event
Two kinds of Population Theories:
Macrolevel Theories (Malthus and Marx);
and demographic transition theories
Microlevel Theories – Cost utility theory
12. Old Balance – New Balance
Old Balance: Death rate high, birth
rate high – net result population size
remain the same in balance
Transitional Stage: population
increases because of imbalance in
deaths and births
New balance: Death rates and birth
rates are low and stay in balance with
a threat of decline
13. Epidemiological Transition
THREE STAGES: coined by Omran in
1971
Age of pestilence and famine
Age of receding epidemics and
sanitation awareness
Age of degenerative diseases
14. Demographic Transition
There are FIVE stages of demographic
transition:
Stage 1 – High Stationary
Stage 2 – Early Expanding
Stage 3 – Late Expanding
Stage 4 – Low Stationary
Stage 5 – Declining
15. Pakistan is world 6th most populous country.
With an Estimated population of Pakistan is
220,826,319 as of Sunday, June 28, 2020,
Natural growth rate 2.50 (2020).
With the same growth rate Pakistan will become the
4th largest nation in 2050.
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16. With the median age of around 20 years.
Therefor, it is called a “young” country.
Currently approximately 106 million below the
age of 30 years.
Total working age of population is 122.03
million.
Labour force estimated 55 million as of 2014-
15.
Proportion of population residing in urban
centres has risen to 36%.
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17. Factors affecting Distribution of population
Topography Climate
Soil Water
Minerals
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18. Social
Areas of better housing, education and health facilities are
closely populated.
Cultural
Places with religious and cultural significance attract people.
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19. What is Demography?
Demography is the study of human
populations (their size, composition
and distribution across place, and the
process through which populations
change.
Births, deaths and migration are the
‘big three’ of demography, jointly
producing population stability or
change
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20. Demography is scientific study of
human population
It focuses on 3 phenomena:
i. Changes in population size
ii. Composition of population
iii.Population distribution in space
Important ‘demographic processes’
include: fertility, mortality, marriage,
education & social mobility
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21. In a broader sense, additional characteristics such
as ethnicity (race, mother tongue), social
characteristics (marital status, literacy,
educational attainment, women’s status), and
economic characteristics (employment status,
occupation, income) also need to be considered
when describing population characteristics
1. Census
2. National Survey
3. Registration of vital events
4. Demographic Studies
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22. Population studies are concerned not only with
population variables but also with relationships
between population changes & other variables –
social, economic, political, biological, genetic,
geographical, environmental, health & the like
Definition of Key Words
Size refers to the number persons in the population
Distribution refers to the arrangement of the
population in space at a given time
Structure is the distribution of population among its sex
& age groupings
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23. Change is the growth or decline of the total
population or one of its structural units. The
components of change total population are births,
deaths, & migrations
Age-Sex Composition of a population refers to the
proportion of males & females in different age-groups.
It has a direct bearing on social, economic, health needs
of communities or countries. In an “old” population, for
example, the society has to arrange for the care of the
elderly, & the country’s health system must be
organized accordingly. In a “young” population, on the
other hand, the country has to provide more schools,
immunizations, & economic support for the young
Net-Migration refers to the total number of persons
added or subtracted from a population as a result of
the combined effect of immigration & emigration
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24. Urbanization refers to mass migration of rural
population into urban centers resulting in
increasing the urban population & growth of cities
Population Growth Rate (%/ year) is the rate
at which a given population is expected to
increase in a given period of time.
Population Doubling Time refers to the time
that would take for a population to double.
Because the population increase is on the
compound interest formula, a 1% per year
increase would cause the population to double in
about 70 years. If the population is increasing at
3% per year, than the doubling time will be 23.3
years
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25. Population Pyramid is a pictorial presentation
of the age-sex composition of a population
Replacement Level Fertility (or Zero
population growth) is activated when a couple has
two births during their reproductive life, just
enough to replace themselves. At a community scale,
the replacement level is considered when there are, on the
average, 2.1 births per woman, to compensate for child
deaths
Momentum of Population Growth is the
characteristic of population growth when a sharp
decline in births does not bring in an immediate
reduction in natural increase
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27. Growth Rate
It refers to the rate at which a given population
is expected to increase in a given period of
time. It is shown in percentage per year
Population Growth = Natural Increase + Net
Migration
Natural Increase = (No. of Births – No. of Deaths)
Net Migration = (IM - OM)
Where IM = In migration i.e. No. of persons moving
into an area
OM = No. of persons moving out of an area
28. Population Doubling Time
It is the time that would take for a
population to double itself
Population Doubling time = 70
Growth rate
If the growth rate is 2% and would
remain so than the time for a population
to double itself in number would be 70/2
= 35 years
29. Population Dynamics
How to calculate the size of a
population if we know the growth rate
Pt1 = Pt0 (1 + r)t
Pt1 = Future population
Pt0 = Present Population
r = Growth rate per cent
t = number of years between t0
and t1
30. There are four ways in which the number of people in
an area can change during two time periods t0 & t1
Pt1 = Pto + (B – D) + (IM – OM)
B = number of live births to mothers in the area
D = number of residents died
IM = number of persons moving into the area fro permanent
residence
OM = number of persons moving out of the area to live
elsewhere
Thus the population of an area may change due to
natural reasons (B – D) known as natural increase or
due to migration (IM – OM) known as net-migration.
Subsequently:
Population Growth = Natural Increase
+ Net Migration
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31. Compound Growth
If the population of a city is 100000 and
a growth rate of 5%. After 6 years it
will be using the formula:
Pt1 = Pt0 (1 + r)t
Pt1 = 100000 (1 + 0.05)6
134009
32. Population Growth Rate
…is a measurement that combines both natural increase
and net migration to calculate the overall growth of
a country’s population.
To calculate:
Population Growth Rate = natural increase rate +
net immigration rate/1000 x 100 (%)
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34. While characteristic is an attribute of an individual
(e.g. male, young, healthy, employed etc),
composition is a property of a group of people. It
describes how the total given population is
constituted (e.g. 51% males, 20% below age 5, 85%
healthy 7& 30% employed etc).
Dependency Ratio is an index summarizing an age
distribution. Strictly, this is he ratio of population
who are economically not active to those who are
economically active. However, due to the difficulties
in defining economic activity in many countries,
especially when international comparisons are
made, a ratio of age group is used instead:
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35. Population Composition (Cont’d)
Dependency Ratio
= Children + Elderly X 100
Working Age
= Pop below 15 + 65 & above X 100
Pop 15 – 64 years
Dependency Ratio of Pakistan = 95.1
Dependency Ratio of UK = 66.5
Sex Ratio: The overall sex ratio is simply the ratio of
males to females in the population & is calculated by
taking the number of males in a population & dividing it
by the number of females in the same population
Sex Ratio = Number of Males X 100
Number of Females
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36. Demographic Cycle
World history suggests that every nation passes
through a demographic cycle. The stages are:
1.High Stationary Stage: characterized by
high birth rate and high death rate
2.Early Expanding: The death rate begins to
decline while birth rate remains unchanged
3.Late Expanding: The death rate declined
still further and birth rate tend to fall
4.Low Stationary Stage: Low birth and low
death rates
5.Declining Stage: birth rate is lower than
the death rate and population starts
declining
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37. Old Balance: (High fertility & High Mortality)
A large supply of births was necessary to compensate
for the large number of deaths. MMR & IMR extremely
high
New Balance: (Low fertility & Low Mortality)
Represents an improved condition of human efficiency
& health, with fewer deaths considerably less efforts
required to bring a generation to maturity. Production
of agricultural & industrial commodities is greater & life
style is more comfortable
Imbalance: (High Fertility & Low Mortality)
In between old & new balance is the period of rapid
natural increase. This growth is helpful for under-
populated nations. Too fast growth of population
leading economic, social & political chaos ( being faced
by numerous developing countries including Pakistan)
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38. Europe, Japan &
USA
Zero or very
slow
Low
Low
Europe 19th century, East
Asian countries in the mid
20th century
Slow
Low
Declining
Europe 18th century,
Pakistan 1970s
Rapid
Low
High
Europe 17th century, India
1930s – 40s
Slow
Declining
High
Europe prior to 15th
century, most other
developing countries
till the 19th century
Zero to very
slow
High
High
Example
Natural
Increase
Death Rates
Birth Rates
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39. 39
Demographic Transition Model
Stage 1 : Pre
industrializa
tion: Stable
population
growth
Stage 2:
Rapid
population
growth
Stage 3:
Continued and
decreasing
population
growth
Stage 4:
Stable low
population
growth
CBR
High Birth
rates
High Birth
rates
Falling Birth rates Low Birth rates
Family Size
-- planned
Family
Planning --
The general
plan is to
have many
kids
Family
Planning --
The general
plan is to have
many kids
Family Planning --
The plan is to have
fewer kids
Trends
stabilize with
2 kid families
or less
Infant
Mortality
Rate/
Fertility
Rate
Many children
because few
survive, high
fertility rate
Still many kids
because
expect few to
survive high
fertility
Lower infant
mortality rates --
less pressure to
have children,
fertility declines
Small family
size low
fertility rate
Family
Economics
Many children
are needed to
work the land
Children are
still useful for
work
Increased
mechanization and
industrialization
means less need
for labor/kids
Women are
working in
great
numbers
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40. 40
Demographic Transition
Model
Stage 1 : Pre
industrializati
on: Stable
population
growth
Stage 2: Rapid
population
growth
Stage 3:
Continued and
decreasing
population
growth
Stage 4: Stable
low population
growth
CBR
High Birth
rates
High Birth
rates
Falling Birth
rates
Low Birth rates
Status of
Kids
Children are a
sign of virility &
status and old
age insurance
Children are a
sign of virility &
status and old
age insurance
Increased desire
for material
possessions and
less desire for
large families
Kids are an
expense &
“bling”
Gender
roles
Strong sex
roles
Strong sex
roles
Emancipation of
women
Emancipation of
women
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41
Stage 1 : Pre
industrializatio
n: Stable
population
growth
Stage 2:
Rapid
population
growth
Stage 3:
Continued
and
decreasing
population
growth
Stage 4:
Stable low
populatio
n growth
CDR High Death
Rates
Falling
Death Rates
Death rates
Low
Death rates
Low
Health
Conditi
ons
Poor Diet &
Sanitation,
Famine and
Disease
Improved
diet,
sanitation &
medical
care
Slight
improvemen
t
No change
Transp
ort
Faciliti
es
Limited
transport, trade
& travel
Improved
transport to
move food
and doctors
Slight
Improvemen
t
Stable
Child
Deaths
High child
mortality before
age 5
A decrease
in child
mortality
Child
mortality
very low
Stable
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46. Transition 1
Both high birth rates and death rates fluctuate in the first stage of
the population model giving a small population growth (shown by the
small total population graph). There are many reasons for this:
little access to birth control
many children die in infancy (high infant mortality) so parents tend
to have more children to compensate in the hopes that more will live
children are needed to work on the land to grow food for the family
children are regarded as a sign of virility in some cultures
religious beliefs (e.g. Roman Catholics and Hindus) encourage large
families
high death rates, especially among children because of disease,
famine, poor diet, poor hygiene, little medical science.
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47. Stage 2
Birth rates remain high, but death rates fall
rapidly causing a high population growth (as shown
by the total population graph). The reasons for this
could be:
improvements in medical care - hospitals,
medicines, etc.
improvements in sanitation and water supply
quality and quantity of food produced rises
transport and communications improve the
movements of food and medical supplies
decrease in infant mortality.
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48. Stage 3
Birth rates now fall rapidly while death rates continue to fall.
The total population begins to peak and the population
increase slows to a constant. The reasons for this could be:
increased access to contraception
lower infant mortality rate means there is less need to have a
bigger family
industrialization and mechanization means fewer laborers are
required
the desire for material possessions takes over the desire for
large families as wealth increases
equality for women means that they are able to follow a
career path rather than feeling obligated to have a family.
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49. Stage 4
Both birth rates and death rates remain
low, fluctuating with 'baby booms' and
epidemics of illnesses and disease.
This results in a steady population.
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50. Stage 5?
stage 5 was not originally thought of as
part of the DTM, but some northern
countries are now reaching the stage where
total population is declining where birth
rates have dropped below death rates. One
such country is Germany, which has taken in
foreign workers to fill jobs. The UK's
population is expected to start declining by
2021.
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51. Examples
Population changes over time and space and the
DTM can show both of these. Examples for both of
these are shown below. Firstly, examples of
countries that can be classed as exhibiting the
population traits now, are shown as an example of
how population can change over SPACE. Secondly,
the dates the UK passed through each stage are
indicated as an example of how population in one
country can change over TIME.
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52. Stage 1
Ethiopia / Bangladesh
UK: pre-1780
Stage 2
Sri Lanka / Brazil
UK: 1780 - 1880
Stage 3
Uruguay / China
UK: 1880 - 1940
Stage 4
Canada / Japan
UK: post-1940
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53. World Population Trend/
Population Dynamics:
2000 years ago 250 million population
1800 978 million
1900 1650 million
1950 2.5 billion
1970 3.6 billion
1980 4.4 billion
1985 4.8 billion
2000 To 2016 6 billion to 7.4 billion
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54. The rampant population growth is viewed as the
greatest obstacle to the economic & social
development of the majority of peoples in the
underdeveloped world
Approximately 95% of population growth is in
developing countries
Currently, 1/3 of the world population is < 15, &
will soon enter the reproductive bracket, giving more
potential for population growth
The expected number of births per woman, at
current fertility rate is:
Africa 6.1
Asia 3.2
Latin America 3.4
North America 2.0
Europe 1.6
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55. Economic implications
Due to population explosion there are
Short term pressure affects during 2-3
decade
Long term over next century and beyond
economic affects
Demographic Implications
In population with low birth and death
rate, 20-30% of population is under 15;
9-13% is 65 or more. The median age
for this population is 32 and there is
increased demand for senior citizen
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56. Environmental / Ecological Implications
Due to population explosion there are
Short term pressure affects during 2-3 decade
Long term over next century and beyond
economic affects
Social / Political Implications
In population with low birth and death rate,
20-30% of population is under 15; 9-13%
is 65 or more. The median age for this
population is 32 and there is increased
demand for senior citizens
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57. Age Pakistan U.K.
0 -14 44.5 22.2
15 – 64 51.2 60.0
65 & above 4.2 17.8
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59. Population Of Pakistan
Pakistan is world 6th most populous
country.
With an Estimated population of
Pakistan is 220,826,319 as of Sunday,
June 28, 2020,
Natural growth rate 2.50 (2020).
With the same growth rate Pakistan will
become the 4th largest nation in 2050.
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60. Population of Pakistan (cont’d)
In general, it has also been found that
where there is rapid population growth
and high fertility rates, poverty incidence
is also highest.
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61. Population dynamics in 2020
According to our estimations, daily change rates of
Pakistan population in 2022 will be the following:
12 767 live births average per day (531.97 in a hour)
3 561 deaths average per day (148.38 in a hour)
-1 034 emigrants average per day (-43.10 in a hour)
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62. Population Causes Over Population Obstacles
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63. Population Causes Over Population Obstacles (cont’d)
Dangerous for economic development
Lower per capital income.
Low rate of savings.
Problems for education sector.
Housing problems.
Food shortage
Population and capital formation.
Unemployment.
Population and environment.
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64. Population of Pakistan
How much population of Pakistan in
2022?
229,571,350
The current population of Pakistan
is 229,571,350 as of Wednesday,
July 13, 2022, based on Worldometer
elaboration of the latest United
Nations data.
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64
65. The current population of
Pakistan in
2022 is 235,824,862, a 1.91%
increase from 2021.
The population of Pakistan in 2021
was 231,402,117, a 1.85% increase from
2020.
The population of Pakistan in 2020
was 227,196,741, a 1.75% increase from
2019.
The population of Pakistan in 2019
was 223,293,280, a 1.62% increase from
2018.
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65
66. Demography Of Pakistan
Nationality
Pakistani
Ethnic groups
Punjabi 44.68%, Pashtun (Pathan) 15.42%, Sindhi
14.1%, Sariaki 8.38%, Muhajirs 7.57%, Balochi
3.57%, other 6.28%
Religions
Muslim 96.4% (Sunni 85-90%, Shia 10-15%),
other (includes Christian and Hindu) 3.6%.
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68. Demography Of Pakistan (cont’d)
Languages
Punjabi 48%,
Sindhi 12%,
Saraiki (a Punjabi variant) 10%,
Pashtu 8%,
Urdu (official) 8%,
Balochi 3%,
Hindko 2%,
Brahui 1%,
English (official), Burushaski, and other 8%
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69. Demography Of Pakistan (cont’d)
Literacy ( the ability to read and write)
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 54.9%
male: 68.6%
female: 40.3%
Education expenditures
2.7% of GDP (Gross Domestic Product) (2009)
and 5.5% (2018) 3.3% (2019e) −1.5%
(2020e) 2.0% (2021e)
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70. Demography Of Pakistan (cont’d)
Educational institutions by kind
Primary schools: 156,592
Middle schools: 320,611
High schools: 23,964
College of Arts and Sciences: 3,213
Degree colleges: 1,202
Technical and vocational institutions: 3,125
Universities: 153 ( recognize by HEC)
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71. Demography Of Pakistan (cont’d)
Health expenditures
2.6% of GDP
Urbanization
Urban population
36.2% of total population (2011).
Rate of urbanization
2.68% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)
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72. Let’s Practice...
Calculate Doubling Time:
Country
70/population
growth rate
Doubling Time
Canada 70 / 0.8%
Togo 70 / 2.4%
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76. Objectives
WHAT is a population pyramid?
HOW to read a population pyramid?
Recognise SHAPES of population
pyramids.
IMPORTANCE of population
pyramids.
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77. What is a population pyramid?
It is a diagram that gives information about
the proportion of males and females in
each age group.
Also shows:
- proportion of young people (0 -14 )
- proportion of working people (15 – 59)
- proportion of elderly people (60+)
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78. Population Pyramids
• A population pyramid is two back-to-back
bar graphs, one showing the number of
males and one showing females in a
particular population in five-year age groups
(also called cohorts).
• A great deal of information about the
population broken down by age and sex can
be read from a population pyramid, and this
can shed light on the extent of its
development.
– Birth rate trends
– Death rate trends
– Number of economic dependents (<15, >65)
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79. What is a population pyramid?
Vertical Axis - Age Groups
Horizontal Axis – Percentage / number
Young dependents
Working population
Elderly dependents
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81. How to read a population pyramid?
Read the title e.g. country or city or racial
group
Comment on general shape of the
pyramid
Note the proportion of people in various
age groups
Note the sex ratio
Interpret the data
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82. Types of Population Pyramid
1. Triangular-shaped
2. Beehive-shaped Pyramid
3. Rectangular-shaped Pyramid
Shape of pyramids is controlled by
births,
deaths, &
migrations.
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83. Reading Population Pyramids
Shape of sides:
Concave sides indicate a high death rate and convex sides
indicate a low death rate.
If the population pyramid exhibits concave sides it
indicates a high death rate.
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84. Dependency Ratio
The working age of people varies.
Traditionally people worked until they were 65 years
old.
The common trend now is for people to retire closer
to 55 years of age.
However, for statistic purposes we recognize people
between 15 and 65 as the workers of a society.
People under 15 and over 65 are considered
dependant upon the working population.
The dependency ratio (DR) of a population indicates
how many people are dependant upon every 100
workers.
The formula is
DR = (pop. 0-14) + (pop. 65+)*100
(pop. 15-64)
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85. Descriptions
Bumps in the sides:
Irregularities in the sides indicate a demographic
anomaly.
The 30 -50 age group in the population pyramid
represents the baby boom.
This bump will travel upward as the baby boomers age.
Classification:
Indicates standard of living as described above.
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87. Broad-based Pyramid
Title: India, 2000
Shape: Broad Base - high birth rates
Narrow Top - small elderly pop
- high death rate
Proportion: - Large proportion of young
- high young dependency
ratio
Sex Ratio: Balance pyramid - Balance sex
ratio
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91. Each pyramid tells a story
about the
past, present & future
of a country & its people.
92. Male Female
Population in millions
In this
country the
number of
people in each
age group is
about the
same.
The largest
category of
people were
born about
40 years
ago.
In this country there is a low Birth Rate
and a low Death Rate.
This population pyramid is typical of
countries in the richer parts of the world
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93. Population in millions
Male Female
In this
country the
birth rate is
decreasing.
In the future the
elderly people will make
up the largest section
of the population in this
country.
This is happening
more and more in
many of the world’s
richer countries.
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94. Male Female
Population in thousands
This country has a large
number of temporary
workers. These are people
who migrate here especially
to find a job.
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96. Baby boomers?
Who are the baby boomers?
Baby boomers are the demographic
group born during the post–World
War II baby boom, approximately
between the years 1946 and 1964.
This includes people who
are between 52 and 70 years
old in 2017, according to the U.S.
Census Bureau.
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97. Importance of Population Pyramids
Policy Planning
~ future housing estates
~ future schools
~ future jobs
Comparison with other countries
~ developed (US) vs developing (India)
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103. Analysis of the Italy’s
Pyramid
1. Decline in Birth Rate
2. Baby Boom
3. Low Death Rate with increasing
number of elderly.
4. More women due to: a. longer life
expectancy and World Wars (I and
II)
5. More 75-79 yrs than 0-4 yrs.
Signs of a future worker shortage
and an overall declining population.
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108. Beehive-shaped Pyramid
Title: Singapore, 2000
Shape: Rocket-shaped / Narrow Base
– Low Birth Rates, Slow pop growth
Proportion: Large proportion of working
population, 15-59 yr old - large
group of economically active pop
Sex Ratio: Balanced pyramid
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109. DR MUHAMMAD TAUSEEF JAVED
GMC 2022
Japan showing its
high number of
dependants to
working age
population
•lots of elderly
(nearly black color)
• Working age
population (purple
color)
•few kids (dark
purple color)
Result is high
Dependency Ratio
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112. Rectangular Pyramid
Title: Netherlands, 2000
Shape: Rectangular-shaped - Zero Pop Growth
Narrow Base - Low Birth Rates
- Life-expectancy is high e.g. 80+
- Low death rates
Proportion: Bars of equal length - Balance
Proportion
Sex Ratio: Balance pyramid - Balance Sex
Ratio
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115. Test Yourself
1. What does the vertical axis on the population pyramid
represent?
2. What type of population pyramid is indicative of a lesser
developed country?
3. What does a narrow base to the population pyramid
indicate?
4. What type of population pyramid has a triangular shape?
5. What type of population pyramid is wider at the
reproductive age than at the pre-reproductive ages.
6. _?_ are graphs that show the age structure of a
population by age & gender.
7. What type of population pyramid is depicted below?
What characteristic of this population pyramid indicate
its high death rate?
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