The document summarizes growth and development patterns in infants from birth to 1 year of age. It discusses physical, motor, sensory, language, social, and intellectual development in 3-month intervals. Key physical milestones include weight gain, teething, and growth in height and head circumference. Motor milestones progress from reflexes to rolling, sitting, crawling, and walking with support. Language development starts with crying and progresses to babbling and first words. Play materials appropriate for age are also outlined.
This document discusses oxygen therapy for pediatric COVID-19 patients. It outlines the indications for oxygen therapy including hypoxemia and shock. It then describes the various oxygen delivery systems and methods including nasal cannulas, masks, tents, and positive pressure ventilation. Factors determining the appropriate method are also discussed. The document provides guidance on dosage, monitoring response, and managing complications of oxygen therapy.
This document discusses radiant warmers and incubators used in neonatal care. Radiant warmers use overhead heating elements to provide infrared radiation and maintain a warm microenvironment for the infant. Incubators provide closed environments that reduce heat and moisture losses through conduction, radiation, and evaporation. Both systems aim to control the infant's temperature, but radiant warmers allow for more access while incubators better regulate the environment and reduce infection risks. Precautions must be taken with both to avoid overheating or hypothermia in fragile neonatal patients.
Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC) is a technique for caring for low birth weight babies that provides skin-to-skin contact between the mother and baby to promote thermal control, breastfeeding, infection prevention, and bonding. Key components of KMC include prolonged, continuous skin-to-skin contact; exclusive breastfeeding; and early discharge from the hospital with regular follow-up care. KMC has benefits like increased breastfeeding rates, better temperature control for babies, earlier discharge from the hospital, and lower morbidity for babies. Proper training of medical staff, educational materials, and appropriate facilities are required to successfully implement KMC.
This document discusses different types of restraints used for infants and children in medical settings. It defines restraints as devices that limit freedom of movement. Common purposes of restraints include immobilizing children during procedures to prevent injury and ensure safety. The main types of restraints discussed are mummy restraints, jacket restraints, elbow restraints, extremity restraints, and mittens. Each type is described along with its purpose and application procedure. Potential side effects are also outlined. Proper nursing management of restraints is emphasized, including frequent checks, explanation to families, stimulation of children, and changing positions periodically.
Antenatal exercises are exercises performed by the women in their antenatal period to enhance the circulation and prevent various kind of complications. It also gives a feeling of well being to the women.
The document provides recommendations and guidelines for breast self-examination (BSE). It recommends that all women ages 20 and older perform monthly BSE. Women should be informed of the benefits and limitations of BSE starting in their 20s. All women ages 40 and older should receive regular mammograms. The advantages of regular BSE include the ability to detect any changes in the breasts early. However, the major barrier to BSE is lack of confidence. The document describes how to properly perform BSE through inspection in front of a mirror and breast palpation in both lying and standing positions.
This document provides information on breast self-examination (BSE). It recommends that women over 20 perform monthly BSE, a few days after their period if applicable. The method involves inspection of each breast while standing and lying down, using different hand positions to feel for lumps or abnormalities. Palpation techniques like circular, linear and wedge motions are used. Mammography is also discussed as a screening and diagnostic tool to detect breast cancer early through characteristic masses or microcalcifications.
This document discusses oxygen therapy for pediatric COVID-19 patients. It outlines the indications for oxygen therapy including hypoxemia and shock. It then describes the various oxygen delivery systems and methods including nasal cannulas, masks, tents, and positive pressure ventilation. Factors determining the appropriate method are also discussed. The document provides guidance on dosage, monitoring response, and managing complications of oxygen therapy.
This document discusses radiant warmers and incubators used in neonatal care. Radiant warmers use overhead heating elements to provide infrared radiation and maintain a warm microenvironment for the infant. Incubators provide closed environments that reduce heat and moisture losses through conduction, radiation, and evaporation. Both systems aim to control the infant's temperature, but radiant warmers allow for more access while incubators better regulate the environment and reduce infection risks. Precautions must be taken with both to avoid overheating or hypothermia in fragile neonatal patients.
Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC) is a technique for caring for low birth weight babies that provides skin-to-skin contact between the mother and baby to promote thermal control, breastfeeding, infection prevention, and bonding. Key components of KMC include prolonged, continuous skin-to-skin contact; exclusive breastfeeding; and early discharge from the hospital with regular follow-up care. KMC has benefits like increased breastfeeding rates, better temperature control for babies, earlier discharge from the hospital, and lower morbidity for babies. Proper training of medical staff, educational materials, and appropriate facilities are required to successfully implement KMC.
This document discusses different types of restraints used for infants and children in medical settings. It defines restraints as devices that limit freedom of movement. Common purposes of restraints include immobilizing children during procedures to prevent injury and ensure safety. The main types of restraints discussed are mummy restraints, jacket restraints, elbow restraints, extremity restraints, and mittens. Each type is described along with its purpose and application procedure. Potential side effects are also outlined. Proper nursing management of restraints is emphasized, including frequent checks, explanation to families, stimulation of children, and changing positions periodically.
Antenatal exercises are exercises performed by the women in their antenatal period to enhance the circulation and prevent various kind of complications. It also gives a feeling of well being to the women.
The document provides recommendations and guidelines for breast self-examination (BSE). It recommends that all women ages 20 and older perform monthly BSE. Women should be informed of the benefits and limitations of BSE starting in their 20s. All women ages 40 and older should receive regular mammograms. The advantages of regular BSE include the ability to detect any changes in the breasts early. However, the major barrier to BSE is lack of confidence. The document describes how to properly perform BSE through inspection in front of a mirror and breast palpation in both lying and standing positions.
This document provides information on breast self-examination (BSE). It recommends that women over 20 perform monthly BSE, a few days after their period if applicable. The method involves inspection of each breast while standing and lying down, using different hand positions to feel for lumps or abnormalities. Palpation techniques like circular, linear and wedge motions are used. Mammography is also discussed as a screening and diagnostic tool to detect breast cancer early through characteristic masses or microcalcifications.
POST NATAL EXERCISES AND ITS IMPACT.pptxvirengeeta
This presentation discusses postnatal exercises that are performed by mothers after childbirth. It defines postnatal exercises as a series of physical exercises that optimize body functioning and prevent complications. The purposes of exercises are to improve muscle tone, educate on posture, prevent urinary issues, reduce risk of blood clots, prevent back pain and prolapse. Exercises can start after birth and include abdominal, leg, pelvic and chest movements. Kegel exercises help regain bladder control and should be done for 2-3 months. The presentation recaps the abdominal exercises and benefits of Kegel exercises.
The document discusses nasogastric or gavage feeding, which is an artificial feeding method that involves inserting a tube through the nose and into the stomach. It is used when oral feeding is not possible, such as for children undergoing oral surgery or who are unconscious. The document outlines the procedure for nasogastric tube placement and feeding, including necessary equipment, measuring the tube, inserting the tube into the nose and stomach, securing it, and feeding the patient. It also discusses aftercare once the feeding is complete.
The document provides demographic and clinical information about a 9-year-old female patient named Harshitha who presented with difficulty speaking due to a secondary cleft palate. It includes her medical history, family history, physical exam findings, assessment, treatment plan, and nursing responsibilities. The patient underwent secondary cleft palate repair surgery and received follow-up care including antibiotics and antipyretics. Her development was assessed as appropriate for her age based on standard parameters.
Physical examination of under five childrensKailash Nagar
This document outlines the process for conducting a physical examination of under-five children. It details the purpose of the examination, which is to assess health status, identify existing health problems, evaluate growth and development, and provide health education. The key steps include measuring weight, height, head and chest circumference using tools like a weighing scale, measuring tape, and nutrition cups. The clinical examination examines the child systematically from head to toe, checking vital signs, general appearance, and specific body systems like eyes, ears, nose, mouth and more. Any abnormalities are noted and the findings are recorded in the child's health card before providing health advice or referral if needed.
This document provides guidelines for spoon or paladai feeding for newborns who are unable to breastfeed directly. It indicates that this feeding method can be used for small or premature babies with good swallowing reflexes but poor sucking reflexes. The document outlines the procedure for spoon or paladai feeding, including preparing the necessary items, holding and positioning the baby, slowly feeding small amounts while ensuring swallowing, and post-feeding care steps. It notes advantages of this feeding method include reducing infection risks compared to bottle feeding, while disadvantages include delaying development of sucking reflex and reducing bonding between mother and baby.
Counseling during pregnancy provides advice on maintaining health, reducing stress, and preparing for childbirth. It includes discussing antenatal exercises, nutrition, substance abuse, education on labor and delivery, strengthening the parent-child bond, and alleviating fears. Proper nutrition, rest, immunizations and avoiding risk factors like smoking, alcohol and unnecessary radiation are emphasized. The involvement of family is important for support during pregnancy.
Breast self examination involves women examining their own breasts for lumps or abnormalities. It is recommended to be performed monthly, after a woman's menstrual cycle. The examination involves looking at breasts in the mirror for changes in shape, size or color, then feeling the breasts with circular motions of the fingers to feel for any lumps or thickened tissue. While it can help detect cancers early, breast self examination also runs the risk of false positives which cause unnecessary worry. Overall, evidence shows no clear benefit to mortality rates.
This document provides information about HIV/AIDS in children. It discusses that HIV is typically transmitted to children perinatally or through unprotected sex or intravenous drug use as teenagers. HIV destroys CD4 T cells, leaving children vulnerable to infections. Symptoms include recurrent infections, failure to thrive, and immune system abnormalities. Diagnosis involves HIV testing and CD4 cell counts. Treatment aims to prevent transmission, detect HIV early, reduce progression to AIDS through antiretroviral therapy, and promote child growth. Nursing care focuses on preventing infections, maintaining skin integrity, managing symptoms, improving nutrition, and supporting coping.
This document provides information on incubators and the care of infants placed in incubators. It defines an incubator as an environment used to maintain temperature and humidity for high-risk newborns. The main purposes of an incubator are to regulate temperature and humidity, provide oxygenation, allow for observation of sick infants, and isolate newborns from infection. Indications for incubator care include prematurity, low birth weight, hypothermia, sickness, and transportation between locations. The document describes the parts of an incubator and procedures for placing an infant in an incubator and providing ongoing care.
Tonsillitis slideshare for medical students NehaNupur8
Tonsillitis is an inflammation of the tonsils that is usually caused by a bacterial or viral infection. The tonsils are located in the back of the throat and help the body fight infections. There are different types of tonsillitis, including acute, subacute, and chronic, depending on the causative agent and duration of symptoms. Common symptoms include sore throat, fever, difficulty swallowing, and enlarged lymph nodes in the neck. Tonsillitis is usually diagnosed based on symptoms and signs during a physical exam. It is often treated with antibiotics, pain relievers, and gargling saline for relief. In some cases of recurring tonsillitis, surgery to remove the tonsils (tonsillectomy)
This document provides information on breast self-examination, including its purposes, timing, components, guidelines, procedure, results, indications, precautions, advantages, and the role of nurses. Breast self-examination involves inspecting and feeling the breasts for lumps or abnormalities. It is recommended for both men and women beginning at age 20 to help detect breast cancer early. The procedure involves different examination positions and techniques like circular motions to thoroughly check the breast tissue. Finding a new lump or change should be reported to a healthcare provider for further evaluation. Regular breast self-exams can improve early cancer detection but may also produce false positives, so women should be educated on the proper technique by nurses.
immunization of children is essential to prevent childhood illness, morbidity and mortality. immunization or vaccination is the way of protecting child from infectious diseases.
This document summarizes oxygen therapy in pediatrics. It discusses the indications for oxygen therapy including conditions like pneumonia, asthma, and heart failure. Methods of oxygen delivery include low-flow devices like nasal cannulas and face masks, and high-flow devices like Venturi masks and CPAP/BiPAP. Detection of hypoxemia can be done through clinical evaluation, pulse oximetry, and blood gas analysis. The document also covers treatment considerations like flow rates, interfaces, and humidification needs. Potential complications of oxygen therapy include CO2 narcosis.
Triage is the process of prioritizing patients based on the urgency of their condition. It aims to direct patients to the right care provider and level of care in a timely manner. During triage, patients are assessed and assigned a color code of red, yellow, green, or black to indicate if their condition is immediate, delayed, minor, or expectant. This determines the order and priority of treatment. The triage nurse's role is to quickly assess patients, maintain privacy, control crowds, communicate with staff, and direct patients to the appropriate care.
This document discusses induction of labor, including definitions, purposes, indications, contraindications, factors for success, and methods. Induction of labor is defined as initiating uterine contractions before spontaneous labor, either through medical, surgical, or combined means, to achieve vaginal delivery. Common indications include post-term pregnancy, hypertension, and fetal growth issues. Methods include cervical ripening with prostaglandins or misoprostol followed by oxytocin infusion once the cervix is ripe. Artificial rupture of membranes is also discussed as a surgical induction method. A combined approach using cervical ripening followed by oxytocin is often most effective at inducing labor.
This document discusses various fetal malpresentations and malpositions that can occur during labor and delivery. It defines malpresentation as a non-vertex presentation such as breech, brow, or transverse lie, and malposition as positions other than occiput anterior. Common presentations and positions are described along with their diagnosis, management, and potential complications. Breech presentation management includes external cephalic version, spontaneous version, or caesarean section depending on gestational age and other risk factors. Vaginal breech delivery techniques like Pinard's maneuver and Burns Marshall method are outlined. Face presentations are also summarized.
Tonsillitis is an inflammation of the palatine tonsils caused commonly by Group A Streptococcus bacteria. Symptoms include sore throat, fever, enlarged tonsils, and difficulty swallowing. Diagnosis involves physical examination and rapid strep tests. Treatment involves antibiotics, pain medication, fluids, and sometimes tonsillectomy for recurrent cases. Nurses manage tonsillitis by promoting airway clearance, maintaining fluid volume, and relieving pain. Complications can include peritonsillar abscess. Prevention involves hand washing and avoiding sharing utensils.
Cancer is a life-threatening disease. 80% to 90% of all cancers are the result of the things we do to ourselves. Among women, breast cancer is the second most common cancer.
Health talk on immunization ( presentation, health talk, lesson plan )SADDAM HUSSAIN
A health talk topic on immunization for nursing student .
also usefull for reading and improve knowledge
community health nursing , msc nursing , bsc nursing.
The document summarizes growth and development from infancy (0-1 year). Key physical milestones include tripling birth weight, increases in height/head circumference, tooth eruption. Gross motor skills progress from reflexes to sitting, crawling, standing/walking with support. Fine motor skills develop from grasping to transferring objects. Language progresses from crying/sounds to 1-3 words. Social/emotional development includes attachment, exploration, and responding to caregivers. Sensory and cognitive abilities also rapidly advance in the first year. Play materials should stimulate physical, cognitive and social development.
This document outlines the typical developmental milestones for infants from 1 month to 12 months of age. It provides details on physical, motor, sensory, social, language, and play development expectations at each month. Key milestones include smiling and vocalizing at 2 months, head and neck control at 3 months, sitting with support at 4-6 months, crawling at 7-8 months, standing with support at 9-10 months, and walking with support at 11-12 months. The document serves as a guide for parents to assess their infant's progress through standard developmental stages.
POST NATAL EXERCISES AND ITS IMPACT.pptxvirengeeta
This presentation discusses postnatal exercises that are performed by mothers after childbirth. It defines postnatal exercises as a series of physical exercises that optimize body functioning and prevent complications. The purposes of exercises are to improve muscle tone, educate on posture, prevent urinary issues, reduce risk of blood clots, prevent back pain and prolapse. Exercises can start after birth and include abdominal, leg, pelvic and chest movements. Kegel exercises help regain bladder control and should be done for 2-3 months. The presentation recaps the abdominal exercises and benefits of Kegel exercises.
The document discusses nasogastric or gavage feeding, which is an artificial feeding method that involves inserting a tube through the nose and into the stomach. It is used when oral feeding is not possible, such as for children undergoing oral surgery or who are unconscious. The document outlines the procedure for nasogastric tube placement and feeding, including necessary equipment, measuring the tube, inserting the tube into the nose and stomach, securing it, and feeding the patient. It also discusses aftercare once the feeding is complete.
The document provides demographic and clinical information about a 9-year-old female patient named Harshitha who presented with difficulty speaking due to a secondary cleft palate. It includes her medical history, family history, physical exam findings, assessment, treatment plan, and nursing responsibilities. The patient underwent secondary cleft palate repair surgery and received follow-up care including antibiotics and antipyretics. Her development was assessed as appropriate for her age based on standard parameters.
Physical examination of under five childrensKailash Nagar
This document outlines the process for conducting a physical examination of under-five children. It details the purpose of the examination, which is to assess health status, identify existing health problems, evaluate growth and development, and provide health education. The key steps include measuring weight, height, head and chest circumference using tools like a weighing scale, measuring tape, and nutrition cups. The clinical examination examines the child systematically from head to toe, checking vital signs, general appearance, and specific body systems like eyes, ears, nose, mouth and more. Any abnormalities are noted and the findings are recorded in the child's health card before providing health advice or referral if needed.
This document provides guidelines for spoon or paladai feeding for newborns who are unable to breastfeed directly. It indicates that this feeding method can be used for small or premature babies with good swallowing reflexes but poor sucking reflexes. The document outlines the procedure for spoon or paladai feeding, including preparing the necessary items, holding and positioning the baby, slowly feeding small amounts while ensuring swallowing, and post-feeding care steps. It notes advantages of this feeding method include reducing infection risks compared to bottle feeding, while disadvantages include delaying development of sucking reflex and reducing bonding between mother and baby.
Counseling during pregnancy provides advice on maintaining health, reducing stress, and preparing for childbirth. It includes discussing antenatal exercises, nutrition, substance abuse, education on labor and delivery, strengthening the parent-child bond, and alleviating fears. Proper nutrition, rest, immunizations and avoiding risk factors like smoking, alcohol and unnecessary radiation are emphasized. The involvement of family is important for support during pregnancy.
Breast self examination involves women examining their own breasts for lumps or abnormalities. It is recommended to be performed monthly, after a woman's menstrual cycle. The examination involves looking at breasts in the mirror for changes in shape, size or color, then feeling the breasts with circular motions of the fingers to feel for any lumps or thickened tissue. While it can help detect cancers early, breast self examination also runs the risk of false positives which cause unnecessary worry. Overall, evidence shows no clear benefit to mortality rates.
This document provides information about HIV/AIDS in children. It discusses that HIV is typically transmitted to children perinatally or through unprotected sex or intravenous drug use as teenagers. HIV destroys CD4 T cells, leaving children vulnerable to infections. Symptoms include recurrent infections, failure to thrive, and immune system abnormalities. Diagnosis involves HIV testing and CD4 cell counts. Treatment aims to prevent transmission, detect HIV early, reduce progression to AIDS through antiretroviral therapy, and promote child growth. Nursing care focuses on preventing infections, maintaining skin integrity, managing symptoms, improving nutrition, and supporting coping.
This document provides information on incubators and the care of infants placed in incubators. It defines an incubator as an environment used to maintain temperature and humidity for high-risk newborns. The main purposes of an incubator are to regulate temperature and humidity, provide oxygenation, allow for observation of sick infants, and isolate newborns from infection. Indications for incubator care include prematurity, low birth weight, hypothermia, sickness, and transportation between locations. The document describes the parts of an incubator and procedures for placing an infant in an incubator and providing ongoing care.
Tonsillitis slideshare for medical students NehaNupur8
Tonsillitis is an inflammation of the tonsils that is usually caused by a bacterial or viral infection. The tonsils are located in the back of the throat and help the body fight infections. There are different types of tonsillitis, including acute, subacute, and chronic, depending on the causative agent and duration of symptoms. Common symptoms include sore throat, fever, difficulty swallowing, and enlarged lymph nodes in the neck. Tonsillitis is usually diagnosed based on symptoms and signs during a physical exam. It is often treated with antibiotics, pain relievers, and gargling saline for relief. In some cases of recurring tonsillitis, surgery to remove the tonsils (tonsillectomy)
This document provides information on breast self-examination, including its purposes, timing, components, guidelines, procedure, results, indications, precautions, advantages, and the role of nurses. Breast self-examination involves inspecting and feeling the breasts for lumps or abnormalities. It is recommended for both men and women beginning at age 20 to help detect breast cancer early. The procedure involves different examination positions and techniques like circular motions to thoroughly check the breast tissue. Finding a new lump or change should be reported to a healthcare provider for further evaluation. Regular breast self-exams can improve early cancer detection but may also produce false positives, so women should be educated on the proper technique by nurses.
immunization of children is essential to prevent childhood illness, morbidity and mortality. immunization or vaccination is the way of protecting child from infectious diseases.
This document summarizes oxygen therapy in pediatrics. It discusses the indications for oxygen therapy including conditions like pneumonia, asthma, and heart failure. Methods of oxygen delivery include low-flow devices like nasal cannulas and face masks, and high-flow devices like Venturi masks and CPAP/BiPAP. Detection of hypoxemia can be done through clinical evaluation, pulse oximetry, and blood gas analysis. The document also covers treatment considerations like flow rates, interfaces, and humidification needs. Potential complications of oxygen therapy include CO2 narcosis.
Triage is the process of prioritizing patients based on the urgency of their condition. It aims to direct patients to the right care provider and level of care in a timely manner. During triage, patients are assessed and assigned a color code of red, yellow, green, or black to indicate if their condition is immediate, delayed, minor, or expectant. This determines the order and priority of treatment. The triage nurse's role is to quickly assess patients, maintain privacy, control crowds, communicate with staff, and direct patients to the appropriate care.
This document discusses induction of labor, including definitions, purposes, indications, contraindications, factors for success, and methods. Induction of labor is defined as initiating uterine contractions before spontaneous labor, either through medical, surgical, or combined means, to achieve vaginal delivery. Common indications include post-term pregnancy, hypertension, and fetal growth issues. Methods include cervical ripening with prostaglandins or misoprostol followed by oxytocin infusion once the cervix is ripe. Artificial rupture of membranes is also discussed as a surgical induction method. A combined approach using cervical ripening followed by oxytocin is often most effective at inducing labor.
This document discusses various fetal malpresentations and malpositions that can occur during labor and delivery. It defines malpresentation as a non-vertex presentation such as breech, brow, or transverse lie, and malposition as positions other than occiput anterior. Common presentations and positions are described along with their diagnosis, management, and potential complications. Breech presentation management includes external cephalic version, spontaneous version, or caesarean section depending on gestational age and other risk factors. Vaginal breech delivery techniques like Pinard's maneuver and Burns Marshall method are outlined. Face presentations are also summarized.
Tonsillitis is an inflammation of the palatine tonsils caused commonly by Group A Streptococcus bacteria. Symptoms include sore throat, fever, enlarged tonsils, and difficulty swallowing. Diagnosis involves physical examination and rapid strep tests. Treatment involves antibiotics, pain medication, fluids, and sometimes tonsillectomy for recurrent cases. Nurses manage tonsillitis by promoting airway clearance, maintaining fluid volume, and relieving pain. Complications can include peritonsillar abscess. Prevention involves hand washing and avoiding sharing utensils.
Cancer is a life-threatening disease. 80% to 90% of all cancers are the result of the things we do to ourselves. Among women, breast cancer is the second most common cancer.
Health talk on immunization ( presentation, health talk, lesson plan )SADDAM HUSSAIN
A health talk topic on immunization for nursing student .
also usefull for reading and improve knowledge
community health nursing , msc nursing , bsc nursing.
The document summarizes growth and development from infancy (0-1 year). Key physical milestones include tripling birth weight, increases in height/head circumference, tooth eruption. Gross motor skills progress from reflexes to sitting, crawling, standing/walking with support. Fine motor skills develop from grasping to transferring objects. Language progresses from crying/sounds to 1-3 words. Social/emotional development includes attachment, exploration, and responding to caregivers. Sensory and cognitive abilities also rapidly advance in the first year. Play materials should stimulate physical, cognitive and social development.
This document outlines the typical developmental milestones for infants from 1 month to 12 months of age. It provides details on physical, motor, sensory, social, language, and play development expectations at each month. Key milestones include smiling and vocalizing at 2 months, head and neck control at 3 months, sitting with support at 4-6 months, crawling at 7-8 months, standing with support at 9-10 months, and walking with support at 11-12 months. The document serves as a guide for parents to assess their infant's progress through standard developmental stages.
1) The document discusses the typical growth and development milestones in infants from 1 month to 9 months of age. These include physical growth measures as well as motor, sensory, language, and social/emotional development.
2) Key motor developments include progressing from head lifting to sitting, crawling, and pulling to stand. Fine motor skills advance from grasping to transferring objects between hands.
3) Sensory abilities increase from following objects visually to localizing sounds. Language skills grow from cooing and babbling to understanding words and imitating sounds.
Growth and development of all age groups | Juhin JJuhin J
I searched around Google and haven't found a complete pack of content for "Growth and Development of all age groups"...
This slide has enough content about Growth and Development of all age groups.....!!
This document summarizes physical, cognitive, emotional, and linguistic development from birth to 2 years of age. In the first month, newborns experience rapid growth and development of hearing and sleep patterns. Between 6-12 months, infants sit unsupported, begin tooth eruption, and develop object permanence. In the second year, toddlers experience steady growth, symbolic play, pointing to body parts, and vocabulary growth to 4-6 words.
Growth Development And Behavior 1218304464526583 9Raj Tilak
This document summarizes physical, cognitive, emotional, and linguistic development from birth to 2 years of age. In the first month, newborns experience rapid growth and development of hearing and sleep patterns. Between 6-12 months, infants sit unsupported, begin crawling and walking, and develop object permanence. In the second year, toddlers' vocabulary increases dramatically as they gain independence and understand two-step commands.
1. Infancy is defined as the period from 1 month to 12 months of age. During this time, an infant's growth and development is rapid.
2. Physically, infants will double their birth weight by 4-5 months and triple it by 10-12 months. Their length increases approximately 1-3 cm per month.
3. By 12 months, infants can stand alone for short periods of time, sit down from standing alone, and take a few steps while walking with or without help.
The document provides information about growth and development from newborn to 18 months. It discusses physical growth and milestones in areas like motor skills, senses and social development for each stage. The stages covered are newborn (birth to 1 month), infancy (1-12 months) which is divided into 0-3 months, 3-6 months, 6-12 months, and 12-18 months. It also discusses factors affecting growth and development as well as principles, types and stages of growth and development from prenatal to adolescence.
definition of growth and development, factor affection growth and development, physical, physiological, motor, cognitive, moral, spiritual, language development , social development of infant upto 6 month of age .
Human Development-Chapter 7-Physical Development of Infantsbartlettfcs
This document provides an overview of physical development in infants during the first year. It discusses growth in areas such as weight, length, motor skills, senses, and health. The development follows basic patterns from head to toe, near to far, and simple to complex movements. Caregivers can support healthy development by meeting nutritional needs, ensuring safety, responding to cries, and attending regular checkups.
Physical development in infancy periodMaheswariS22
In the infancy period, infants have physical, social and emotional, and moral development. Out of that development, in this presentation physical development is discussed.
A journey in the stages of human development, the growth from a one-celled zygote into an adult human being! Going through pregnancy, newborns, toddlers, teens, adults, and late adulthood.
This document provides an overview of typical infant development in the first year. It discusses development milestones for gross motor, fine motor, speech/language skills each month. It also outlines red flags that may indicate atypical development and warrant further assessment by pediatric physical, occupational or speech therapists. These include lack of skills such as head control, sitting, crawling, babbling by certain ages. The document also discusses conditions like torticollis and positional plagiocephaly that should be referred to therapists early for treatment.
This document summarizes infant growth and development from birth to one year. It covers physical growth including weight, height and head circumference doubling or tripling in the first year. It also covers developmental milestones in visual development, motor skills progression from rolling to sitting to walking, social-emotional development including attachment and stranger anxiety, language development from crying to first words, and cognitive development in grasping and object permanence.
Babyhood spans from 2 weeks to 2 years of age. During this time, rapid physical and psychological development occurs. Babies grow in their motor skills like sitting, standing, and walking. They also develop cognitively by gaining object permanence and emotionally by displaying love, anger, and other emotions. Language development starts with crying and then progresses to babbling and first words. Moral and spiritual development involves recognizing familiar faces and expressing preferences. Babyhood establishes patterns that influence personal and social adjustments later in life.
The document discusses growth and development from fetal stages through age 3. It provides details on physical, cognitive, linguistic, social, and emotional milestones. Key points include:
1) Fetal development includes organogenesis from 9 weeks to birth. By 26 weeks fetuses can open their eyes and respond to external stimuli.
2) Neonates gain 30g/day initially and exhibit reflexes like Moro. By 2-6 months infants gain control of their trunk, sit supported, and begin babbling.
3) Between 6-12 months, crawling and walking emerge while comprehension and first words develop. By age 2 years, children can name body parts and combine words as growth slows.
Growth and Development of Infant and milestonesJyothiK38
This document summarizes growth and development in infants from birth to 12 months of age. It discusses physical, motor, sensory, cognitive, language and psychosocial development. Key points include rapid physical growth in the first year, especially height and head circumference. Milestones include sitting up at 6-8 months, crawling at 9 months, walking with support at 11-12 months. Communication progresses from crying to babbling and first words. Socially, infants develop trust versus mistrust in their caregivers in the first year.
Adolescence is a period of transition between childhood and adulthood that involves physical, cognitive, social and emotional changes. It is initiated by pubertal changes and involves three stages - early, middle, and late adolescence. During this time, adolescents experience rapid physical growth and development of reproductive organs. They also go through significant cognitive, social, and emotional development as they form their identity, become more independent, experience mood swings and stress, and learn to navigate relationships. The physical, social, and emotional changes that occur during adolescence help prepare youth for adult roles and responsibilities.
This document discusses development in early adulthood between ages 18-40. Key developmental tasks include achieving autonomy, establishing identity and careers, and forming intimate relationships. Physically, adults reach their peak abilities but also face health risks like accidents, cancer, and heart disease. Emotionally, forming relationships is important while work and social pressures can cause tension. Socially, adults move from peer groups to form families and find belonging through work, community involvement, and romantic partnerships.
This document defines functional foods as natural or processed foods that provide health benefits beyond basic nutrition. It discusses the history of functional foods beginning in Japan in the 1980s and provides examples of classifications including by source, nutrients, non-nutrients, and target organ. The document outlines how foods become functional by eliminating antinutrients, increasing beneficial components, or adding new components. It provides examples of foods that are sources of vitamins, minerals, proteins, peptides, prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics which serve functional purposes like supporting bone health, metabolism, immunity, and gut microbiome.
Undernutrition in Children was presented. The key points are:
1. Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM) affects children worldwide and manifests as kwashiorkor (protein deficiency), marasmus (calorie deficiency), or marasmic kwashiorkor (severe protein and calorie deficiencies).
2. Clinical features of kwashiorkor include edema, poor growth, and mental changes while marasmus presents with extreme muscle wasting.
3. Management involves nutritional rehabilitation with diets providing adequate calories and protein, micronutrient supplementation, oral rehydration, infection control, and supplementary feeding programs.
Complementary feeding refers to introducing solid foods along with breastmilk after 6 months of age. WHO recommends starting complementary foods at 6 months with pureed or mashed foods of appropriate texture and consistency. A variety of foods from different food groups should be introduced one at a time to test for allergies while continuing breastfeeding. Nutritious complementary foods provide essential nutrients for growth and development as breastmilk alone is no longer sufficient after 6 months. Appropriate complementary feeding requires careful introduction of diverse, nutrient-dense foods while monitoring for readiness signs and ensuring proper feeding techniques.
The document discusses the characteristics and reflexes of newborns. It describes the vital signs, measurements, skin changes, and features of the head, eyes, gastrointestinal system, and genitals that are typical in newborns. It also outlines the rooting, sucking, Moro, tonic neck, and other reflexes that newborns exhibit and the ages at which they typically disappear. The document concludes by covering the perceptual skills like vision, hearing, touch, taste, and smell that newborns possess and their basic needs for things like nutrition, hygiene, and protection from infection.
The document summarizes growth and development patterns in infants from birth to 1 year of age. It discusses physical, motor, sensory, language, social, and intellectual development in 3-month intervals. Key physical milestones include weight gain, teething, and growth in height and head circumference. Motor milestones progress from reflexes to rolling, sitting, crawling, and walking with support. Language development starts with crying and progresses to babbling and first words. Play materials appropriate for age are also outlined.
The document summarizes growth and development patterns in infants from birth to 1 year of age. It discusses physical, motor, sensory, language, social, and intellectual development milestones in 3-month intervals. Key physical milestones include weight gain, teething, and growth in height and head circumference. Motor milestones progress from reflexes to rolling, sitting, crawling, and walking. Language development advances from crying to babbling to first words. Play materials appropriate for different age groups are also outlined.
Life span development refers to the development period from conception to death of human life. Prenatal development is the period from conception to birth of an infant, which typically lasts 36-40 weeks and involves three phases: the germinal phase, embryonic phase, and foetal phase.
This document discusses infant and young child feeding practices, with a focus on breastfeeding. It defines breastfeeding and notes its benefits for nutrition and development. The composition of human milk is outlined. Exclusive breastfeeding for six months is recommended, and prelacteal feeds that are introduced before breastfeeding are discouraged. Advantages of breastfeeding are described for both babies and mothers. Guidelines are provided around supporting successful breastfeeding.
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This document discusses infant and young child feeding practices, with a focus on breastfeeding. It defines breastfeeding and notes its benefits for nutrition and development. The composition of human milk is outlined. Exclusive breastfeeding for six months is recommended, and prelacteal feeds that are introduced before breastfeeding are discouraged. Advantages of breastfeeding are described for both babies and mothers. Guidelines are provided around supporting successful breastfeeding.
This document defines functional foods and discusses their history, classification, and examples. Key points:
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- They were first called this in Japan in the 1980s and laws around health claims followed in 1991.
- They can be classified by nutrients, non-nutrients, target organ, or source/origin.
- Examples of functional foods include fortified cereals, yogurt, nuts, and berries. Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics are discussed as important non-nutrient types.
DECODING THE RISKS - ALCOHOL, TOBACCO & DRUGS.pdfDr Rachana Gujar
Introduction: Substance use education is crucial due to its prevalence and societal impact.
Alcohol Use: Immediate and long-term risks include impaired judgment, health issues, and social consequences.
Tobacco Use: Immediate effects include increased heart rate, while long-term risks encompass cancer and heart disease.
Drug Use: Risks vary depending on the drug type, including health and psychological implications.
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Harm Reduction Strategies: Safe use practices, medication-assisted treatment, and naloxone availability aim to reduce harm.
Seeking Help for Addiction: Recognizing signs, available treatments, support systems, and resources are essential for recovery.
Personal Stories: Real stories of recovery emphasize hope and resilience.
Interactive Q&A: Engage the audience and encourage discussion.
Conclusion: Recap key points and emphasize the importance of awareness, prevention, and seeking help.
Resources: Provide contact information and links for further support.
Gemma Wean- Nutritional solution for Artemiasmuskaan0008
GEMMA Wean is a high end larval co-feeding and weaning diet aimed at Artemia optimisation and is fortified with a high level of proteins and phospholipids. GEMMA Wean provides the early weaned juveniles with dedicated fish nutrition and is an ideal follow on from GEMMA Micro or Artemia.
GEMMA Wean has an optimised nutritional balance and physical quality so that it flows more freely and spreads readily on the water surface. The balance of phospholipid classes to- gether with the production technology based on a low temperature extrusion process improve the physical aspect of the pellets while still retaining the high phospholipid content.
GEMMA Wean is available in 0.1mm, 0.2mm and 0.3mm. There is also a 0.5mm micro-pellet, GEMMA Wean Diamond, which covers the early nursery stage from post-weaning to pre-growing.
LGBTQ+ Adults: Unique Opportunities and Inclusive Approaches to CareVITASAuthor
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This particular slides consist of- what is hypotension,what are it's causes and it's effect on body, risk factors, symptoms,complications, diagnosis and role of physiotherapy in it.
This slide is very helpful for physiotherapy students and also for other medical and healthcare students.
Here is the summary of hypotension:
Hypotension, or low blood pressure, is when the pressure of blood circulating in the body is lower than normal or expected. It's only a problem if it negatively impacts the body and causes symptoms. Normal blood pressure is usually between 90/60 mmHg and 120/80 mmHg, but pressures below 90/60 are generally considered hypotensive.
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Healthy Eating Habits:
Understanding Nutrition Labels: Teaches how to read and interpret food labels, focusing on serving sizes, calorie intake, and nutrients to limit or include.
Tips for Healthy Eating: Offers practical advice such as incorporating a variety of foods, practicing moderation, staying hydrated, and eating mindfully.
Benefits of Regular Exercise:
Physical Benefits: Discusses how exercise aids in weight management, muscle and bone health, cardiovascular health, and flexibility.
Mental Benefits: Explains the psychological advantages, including stress reduction, improved mood, and better sleep.
Tips for Staying Active:
Encourages consistency, variety in exercises, setting realistic goals, and finding enjoyable activities to maintain motivation.
Maintaining a Balanced Lifestyle:
Integrating Nutrition and Exercise: Suggests meal planning and incorporating physical activity into daily routines.
Monitoring Progress: Recommends tracking food intake and exercise, regular health check-ups, and provides tips for achieving balance, such as getting sufficient sleep, managing stress, and staying socially active.
Let's Talk About It: Breast Cancer (What is Mindset and Does it Really Matter?)bkling
Your mindset is the way you make sense of the world around you. This lens influences the way you think, the way you feel, and how you might behave in certain situations. Let's talk about mindset myths that can get us into trouble and ways to cultivate a mindset to support your cancer survivorship in authentic ways. Let’s Talk About It!
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At Apollo Hospital, Lucknow, U.P., we provide specialized care for children experiencing dehydration and other symptoms. We also offer NICU & PICU Ambulance Facility Services. Consult our expert today for the best pediatric emergency care.
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1. GROWTH AND
DEVELOPMENT OF INFANT
Presented by :
Miss .Shrutika . S .Navilyale
MSc Nursing 1st year
Child Health Nursing
KAHER INS Belagavi
2. INTRODUCTION
The pediatric age group ranges form 0-18 yrs i.e. from the day of
conception to the 18 yrs of age .
They are :
Prenatal period :From conception to birth
Neonatal period :Birth to four weeks
Infancy period :Four weeks to 1 year
Toddler period :From 1-3 years
Preschool period :3-6 years (early childhood )
School period :6-12 years( late childhood )
Adolescence :From puberty to beginning of adulthood (13-18 years)
3. Patterns of Growth and
Development in Infancy
Patterns
of growth
Height &
Weight
Brain Sleep Nutrition
4. Development follows an orderly, step-by-
step sequence in three different patterns:
Cephalo-caudal development is a “head-
to-foot” pattern. Prenatally and at birth
the newborn’s head is proportionately
larger; development continues
downward(for e.g. shoulders, middle trunk
and so on)
Head area : top parts of head eyes and
brain grow faster than the lower jaw
Motor development also follows Cephalo-
caudal development principle
• see objects before they can control
their torso
• Use hands long before they crawl and
walk
5. Proximal-distal (proximodistal) development
is an “inward-to-outward” pattern.
Development starts at the trunk of the body
and moves further outward.
Simple-to-complex development is a pattern
relating to the difficulty of tasks. Babies start
with simply eating and sleeping and progress
from there. Tasks involving a combination of
motions is more complex.
6. GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF INFANT (0-1 YEAR)
PHYSICAL GROWTH:
• Weight :
Average weight of newborn is 2.5kgs which decreases by 10% in first 10
days of life and then increases at the rate of 500 to 600 gms per
month for first 6 months .
• Length :
At birth the length of newborn is 45-50 cm . It increases approximately
2-2.5 cm per month during first 6 months .
• Head circumference:
At birth it is approximately 33-35cm and increases at the rate of 1.5 cm
per month during the first 6 months .
• Chest circumference :
About 31-33 cm .
•Pulse rate :
130 ± 20 / min
7. • Respiration rate:
35 ± 10 /minute
• Blood pressure:
80/50 ± 20/10 mm Hg
• Reflexes :
The baby has well developed sucking, rooting , swallowing , and
extrusion reflex. The baby also has moro’s reflex ., tonic neck reflex
and crossed extensor reflex
8. Conti…
MOTOR DEVELOPMENT:
a)Gross motor development :
• Lies in flexed position with hands clenched .
• Turns head when in prone position.
• Head lags behind when baby is pulled up from
supine to sitting position.
b)Fine motor development:
• Grasp reflex is strong .
• Baby can grasp an object placed in hand but
drops it immediately.
SENSORY DEVELOPMENT :
• Protective blinking reflex is present.
• Indefinite stare at surrounding .
• Notice faces and bright objects but if only if
they are in line vision.
9. Conti..
LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT :
• Startles to loud noise .
• Responds to human voice.
• Makes comfort sounds during feeding .
• Begins to coo.
NEWBORN SENSES:
Touch:
• It is most highly developed senses.
• It is mostly at lips , tongue, ears, and forehead.
• Newborn is usually comfortable with touch.
Vision :
• pupils react to light.
• Follow objects in line of vision .
• Bright lights is unpleasant to newborns.
10. Conti….
Hearing:
The newborn infant usually makes some response to sound from
birth.
The newborn infant responds to sounds with cry or eye movements ,
cessation of activity and /or startle activity.
Taste:
Well developed as bitter and sour fluids are resisted while sweet
fluids are accepted.
Smell :
Only evidence in newborn infants search for nipple .
11. 2 months
Physical development:
Posterior fontanel closes at 3-6 weeks age.
Tears starts appearing .
Drooling begins.
Motor development:
Gross motor:
Less fixed prone position – arms flexed , hip flat and legs extended.
Lifts head almost to 45 degree flat surface when lying prone.
Fine motor:
Hands may be open.
Holds rattle when placed in hand.
12. Conti...
Sensory development:
Turns head to side when sound occurs at ear level.
Eyes follow moving objects and persons nearby.
Visual acuity is hyper active.
Language :
Laughs and squeals .
Crying becomes differentiated.
Utters single vowel sounds.
Social development:
Smiles to mother/ caregivers.
Knows that cry will bring attention.
13. 3 months
Physical development:
Flexion posture is reduced .
Grasping , crossed extensor and moro’s reflex disappears.
Landavu reflex appears.
Motor development:
Gross motor:
Able to lift head to 90 degree when in prone position.
Able to hold head erect but head still bobs forward.
Rolls over back to front.
Fine motor:
Can grasp toy but lacks firm hold.
Carries objects and hands to mouth at will.
14.
15. Conti...
Sensory development:
Turns head and looks at same direction to locate sound.
Blinks at objects that threaten the eyes.
Language development:
Cries less.
Shows pleasure in making sounds.
Chuckles and coos.
Social development:
May lough loud.
Looks in direction of speaker.
16. 4 months
Physical development:
Drooling indicates appearance of saliva.
Tonic neck reflex and rooting reflex disappears.
Motor development:
Gross development:
Holds head erect and steady when placed sitting
position.
Sits for short time with support.
Head lag disappears when pulled to sit.
Fine motor:
Brings hands together in midline and plays with fingers.
Reaches for objects.
17. Conti...
Sensory development:
Follows objects to 180 degrees.
Fairly good binocular vision .
Beginning of hand – eye coordination.
Language development:
Utters two syllable vowels sounds.
Can vocalize consonants like ‘m, b, g’.
Responds differently to pleasant and angry voice.
Social development:
Initial social play by smiling.
18. 5 months
Physical development:
Weight is almost double of birth weight.
Motor development:
Gross motor :
Sits with alight support.
Pulls feet up to mouth when in supine .
Rolls from back to abdomen.
Fine motor:
Attempts to catch dangling objects with 2 hands.
Brings use of forefinger and thumb in pincer grasp.
Tries to obtain objects beyond reach.
Can hold 1 object while looking at another.
19. Conti...
Sensory development:
Looks in direction of sound made below ear.
Stops crying in response to music.
Visual acuity is 20/20.
language development:
Responds to his or her name.
Vocalize disappears when desired object is taken away.
Begins to mimic sound.
Cries on seeing strangers.
Social development:
Smiles to self in mirror.
Differentiates strangers from family members.
20. 6 months
Physical development:
Weight gain 300- 400 gms / month during next 6 months .
Length increases at the rate of 1.25 cm/month.
Head circumference increases at the rate of 0.5- 1 cm/ month.
Pulse rate is 120±20/min.
Respiration is 31 ± 9 / min.
Blood pressure is 90/60 ± 28/10 mmHg .
Teeth eruption starts with lower two central incisors.
Motor development:
Gross motor development:
Sits leaning forward on both the hands .
Moves from place to place by rolling .
21. Conti...
Fine motor :
Can grasp at will.
Drops one object when offered other .
Begins to transfer objects from one hand to another.
Bangs objects that held.
Language development:
Babbling .
Vocalizes monosyllables.
Recognizes familiar words
Talks to own image in mirror.
Social development:
Recognizes parents .
Extends arms to picked.
22. 7 months
Physical development:
Parachute reflex appears.
Mashes food with jaws.
Motor development:
Gross motor :
Lifts head as if trying to sit up when in supine position.
Sustains all weight on feet when held in standing position .
Early stepping movements.
Fine motor :
Holds 2 toys together.
Transfer toys from 1 hand to another.
23. Conti...
Sensory development:
Has preference in taste for food.
Depth perception is beginning to develop.
Language development:
Recognize own name .
Responds to gestures.
V
ocalizes ‘baba ’‘dada’.
Social development:
Shows fears for strangers .
Closes lips tightly when disliked food is offered.
24. 8 months
Physical development:
Begins to show patterns in bladder and bowl elimination .
Eruption of upper central incisors.
Motor development.
Gross motor:
Pulls to standing position with help.
Raises self to sitting position.
Palmar grasp disappears.
Fine motor :
Holds 2 objects while looking at third.
Uses index finger and thumb like pincer
Feeds self with fingers food .
Drinks from cup with assistance .
25. Conti...
Sensory development :
Recognizes familiar words and sounds.
Language :
Begins to understand meaning of “No” .
Continues syllable ‘dada’, ‘mama’with specific meaning .
Vocalizes to toys.
Social development:
Fear for strangers .
Dislike dressing and diaper changing .
Separation anxiety develops.
26. 9 months
Physical development:
Eruption of upper lateral incisors.
Motor development:
Gross motor :
Sits down.
Crawls and creeps .
Holds own bottle .
Fine motor:
Rings bell.
Holds bottle and places nipple in mouth if wants .
27. Conti..
Sensory development:
Head turns directly to the source of noise .
Recognizes by looking or moving towards familiar objects when
named .
Language development:
Stops activity in response to “ no” .
Social development:
Dislike face wash.
Cries when scolded.
Wants to please the caregiver .
28. 10 months
Physical development:
Drooling stops .
Macula is well developed and fine visual discrimination can be made .
Motor development :
Gross motor :
Walking skill development continues .
Creeps and cruises well.
Does not want lie down unless sleepy.
Making stepping movements forward when 2 hands are held .
Fine motor :
Fine grasp of tiny objects.
Brings hand together and plays .
29. Conti...
Sensory development :
Tilts head backwards to see up.
Localizes sound from above or below .
Searches for lost toys.
Language development:
Says dada , mama with meaning .
Comprehends “bye – bye” .
Imitates sound of animals .
Social development:
Plays social games with adults .
30. 11 months
Physical development:
Sleeps 14-16 hrs / day and still naps.
Motor development:
Gross motor:
Stands erect with minimum support.
Walks holding furniture .
Pushes toys .
Fine motor :
Explore objects carefully.
Removes covers from boxes and toys out of boxes.
Beginning to hold pen and marks on paper.
31. Conti….
Sensory development:
Can follow rapidly moving objects.
Language development:
Responds to simple questions .
Understands simple directions .
Imitates specific sounds of other.
Social development:
Reacts to restriction with frustration.
Enjoys playing with empty dish and spoon after
meals .
32. 12 months
Physical development:
Weight becomes tripe of birth weight .
Height is increased about 50% of birth.
Head circumferences is about 46 cm , increased by 1/3 since birth.
Chest circumference becomes equal to head circumferences .
Pulse rate is 115 ± 20 per minute .
Respiration is 30 ± 10 per minute .
Blood pressure is 96/66 ± 30 / 24 mm Hg .
Babinski reflex disappears.
Landau reflex also disappears .
Has 6-8 deciduous teeth.
33. Conti….
Motor development :
Gross motor :
Stands alone for variable length of time .
Walks few steps with help or alone .
Can sit down from standing position with help.
Improved competence in motor skills through practice .
Fine motor :
Good pincer grasp.
Picks up small bits of food and transfer to mouth .
Enjoy eating with fingers.
Can drink himself with cup.
Tries to feed himself / herself with spoon but spills
content.
Releases one or more objects inside another object or
container.
34. Conti...
Sensory Development:
Full binocular vision well- established .
Follows fast moving objects with eyes .
Language development:
Has one words or a few in vocabulary.
Comprehends ‘give’and stops when told ‘no’.
Has receptive vocabulary of several words .
Says 3-5 words besides dada , mama.
Social development:
Responds to request for affection such as kissing .
Attachment developed to primary caregiver.
Cooperates in dressing .
35. Psychosocial development ( 0-1 yr )
Trust v/s mistrust
Psychosexual development (0-1yr )
Oral stage
Intellectual development ( 0-1 yr )
Sensory motor development
Moral development (0-2 yr )
Preconventional morality
36. Play materials :
• 4 weeks to 4months : bright and moving objects, hanging cradle toys,
musical toys , balloons , rattles etc.
• 4- 6 months : soft squeeze toys, rattles , toy animals , balloons etc.
• 7- 9 months : squeeze and sounds toys , blocks, cubes , plastic ring
and rattles .
• 10 – 12 months : motion toys , water play, blocks , dolls, ball, musical
toys ,rocking horse wakers , pull and push objects.