The document summarizes growth and development patterns in infants from birth to 1 year of age. It discusses physical, motor, sensory, language, social, and intellectual development in 3-month intervals. Key physical milestones include weight gain, teething, and growth in height and head circumference. Motor milestones progress from reflexes to rolling, sitting, crawling, and walking with support. Language development starts with crying and progresses to babbling and first words. Play materials appropriate for age are also outlined.

1. GROWTH AND
DEVELOPMENT OF INFANT
Presented by :
Miss .Shrutika . S .Navilyale
MSc Nursing 1st year
Child Health Nursing
KAHER INS Belagavi

2. INTRODUCTION
The pediatric age group ranges form 0-18 yrs i.e. from the day of
conception to the 18 yrs of age .
They are :
 Prenatal period :From conception to birth
 Neonatal period :Birth to four weeks
 Infancy period :Four weeks to 1 year
 Toddler period :From 1-3 years
 Preschool period :3-6 years (early childhood )
 School period :6-12 years( late childhood )
 Adolescence :From puberty to beginning of adulthood (13-18 years)

3. Patterns of Growth and
Development in Infancy
Patterns
of growth
Height &
Weight
Brain Sleep Nutrition

4. Development follows an orderly, step-by-
step sequence in three different patterns:
Cephalo-caudal development is a “head-
to-foot” pattern. Prenatally and at birth
the newborn’s head is proportionately
larger; development continues
downward(for e.g. shoulders, middle trunk
and so on)
Head area : top parts of head eyes and
brain grow faster than the lower jaw
Motor development also follows Cephalo-
caudal development principle
• see objects before they can control
their torso
• Use hands long before they crawl and
walk

5. Proximal-distal (proximodistal) development
is an “inward-to-outward” pattern.
Development starts at the trunk of the body
and moves further outward.
Simple-to-complex development is a pattern
relating to the difficulty of tasks. Babies start
with simply eating and sleeping and progress
from there. Tasks involving a combination of
motions is more complex.

6. GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF INFANT (0-1 YEAR)
PHYSICAL GROWTH:
• Weight :
Average weight of newborn is 2.5kgs which decreases by 10% in first 10
days of life and then increases at the rate of 500 to 600 gms per
month for first 6 months .
• Length :
At birth the length of newborn is 45-50 cm . It increases approximately
2-2.5 cm per month during first 6 months .
• Head circumference:
At birth it is approximately 33-35cm and increases at the rate of 1.5 cm
per month during the first 6 months .
• Chest circumference :
About 31-33 cm .
•Pulse rate :
130 ± 20 / min

7. • Respiration rate:
35 ± 10 /minute
• Blood pressure:
80/50 ± 20/10 mm Hg
• Reflexes :
The baby has well developed sucking, rooting , swallowing , and
extrusion reflex. The baby also has moro’s reflex ., tonic neck reflex
and crossed extensor reflex

8. Conti…
MOTOR DEVELOPMENT:
a)Gross motor development :
• Lies in flexed position with hands clenched .
• Turns head when in prone position.
• Head lags behind when baby is pulled up from
supine to sitting position.
b)Fine motor development:
• Grasp reflex is strong .
• Baby can grasp an object placed in hand but
drops it immediately.
SENSORY DEVELOPMENT :
• Protective blinking reflex is present.
• Indefinite stare at surrounding .
• Notice faces and bright objects but if only if
they are in line vision.

9. Conti..
LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT :
• Startles to loud noise .
• Responds to human voice.
• Makes comfort sounds during feeding .
• Begins to coo.
NEWBORN SENSES:
Touch:
• It is most highly developed senses.
• It is mostly at lips , tongue, ears, and forehead.
• Newborn is usually comfortable with touch.
Vision :
• pupils react to light.
• Follow objects in line of vision .
• Bright lights is unpleasant to newborns.

10. Conti….
 Hearing:
 The newborn infant usually makes some response to sound from
birth.
 The newborn infant responds to sounds with cry or eye movements ,
cessation of activity and /or startle activity.
 Taste:
 Well developed as bitter and sour fluids are resisted while sweet
fluids are accepted.
 Smell :
 Only evidence in newborn infants search for nipple .

11. 2 months
 Physical development:
 Posterior fontanel closes at 3-6 weeks age.
 Tears starts appearing .
 Drooling begins.
 Motor development:
 Gross motor:
 Less fixed prone position – arms flexed , hip flat and legs extended.
 Lifts head almost to 45 degree flat surface when lying prone.
 Fine motor:
 Hands may be open.
 Holds rattle when placed in hand.

12. Conti...
 Sensory development:
 Turns head to side when sound occurs at ear level.
 Eyes follow moving objects and persons nearby.
 Visual acuity is hyper active.
 Language :
 Laughs and squeals .
 Crying becomes differentiated.
 Utters single vowel sounds.
 Social development:
 Smiles to mother/ caregivers.
 Knows that cry will bring attention.

13. 3 months
 Physical development:
 Flexion posture is reduced .
 Grasping , crossed extensor and moro’s reflex disappears.
 Landavu reflex appears.
 Motor development:
 Gross motor:
 Able to lift head to 90 degree when in prone position.
 Able to hold head erect but head still bobs forward.
 Rolls over back to front.
 Fine motor:
 Can grasp toy but lacks firm hold.
 Carries objects and hands to mouth at will.

15. Conti...
 Sensory development:
 Turns head and looks at same direction to locate sound.
 Blinks at objects that threaten the eyes.
 Language development:
 Cries less.
 Shows pleasure in making sounds.
 Chuckles and coos.
 Social development:
 May lough loud.
 Looks in direction of speaker.

16. 4 months
 Physical development:
 Drooling indicates appearance of saliva.
 Tonic neck reflex and rooting reflex disappears.
 Motor development:
 Gross development:
 Holds head erect and steady when placed sitting
position.
 Sits for short time with support.
 Head lag disappears when pulled to sit.
 Fine motor:
 Brings hands together in midline and plays with fingers.
 Reaches for objects.

17. Conti...
 Sensory development:
 Follows objects to 180 degrees.
 Fairly good binocular vision .
 Beginning of hand – eye coordination.
 Language development:
 Utters two syllable vowels sounds.
 Can vocalize consonants like ‘m, b, g’.
 Responds differently to pleasant and angry voice.
 Social development:
 Initial social play by smiling.

18. 5 months
 Physical development:
 Weight is almost double of birth weight.
 Motor development:
 Gross motor :
 Sits with alight support.
 Pulls feet up to mouth when in supine .
 Rolls from back to abdomen.
 Fine motor:
 Attempts to catch dangling objects with 2 hands.
 Brings use of forefinger and thumb in pincer grasp.
 Tries to obtain objects beyond reach.
 Can hold 1 object while looking at another.

19. Conti...
 Sensory development:
 Looks in direction of sound made below ear.
 Stops crying in response to music.
 Visual acuity is 20/20.
 language development:
 Responds to his or her name.
 Vocalize disappears when desired object is taken away.
 Begins to mimic sound.
 Cries on seeing strangers.
 Social development:
 Smiles to self in mirror.
 Differentiates strangers from family members.

20. 6 months
 Physical development:
 Weight gain 300- 400 gms / month during next 6 months .
 Length increases at the rate of 1.25 cm/month.
 Head circumference increases at the rate of 0.5- 1 cm/ month.
 Pulse rate is 120±20/min.
 Respiration is 31 ± 9 / min.
 Blood pressure is 90/60 ± 28/10 mmHg .
 Teeth eruption starts with lower two central incisors.
 Motor development:
 Gross motor development:
 Sits leaning forward on both the hands .
 Moves from place to place by rolling .


21. Conti...
 Fine motor :
 Can grasp at will.
 Drops one object when offered other .
 Begins to transfer objects from one hand to another.
 Bangs objects that held.
 Language development:
 Babbling .
 Vocalizes monosyllables.
 Recognizes familiar words
 Talks to own image in mirror.
 Social development:
 Recognizes parents .
 Extends arms to picked.

22. 7 months
 Physical development:
 Parachute reflex appears.
 Mashes food with jaws.
 Motor development:
 Gross motor :
 Lifts head as if trying to sit up when in supine position.
 Sustains all weight on feet when held in standing position .
 Early stepping movements.
 Fine motor :
 Holds 2 toys together.
 Transfer toys from 1 hand to another.

23. Conti...
 Sensory development:
 Has preference in taste for food.
 Depth perception is beginning to develop.
 Language development:
 Recognize own name .
 Responds to gestures.
 V
ocalizes ‘baba ’‘dada’.
 Social development:
 Shows fears for strangers .
 Closes lips tightly when disliked food is offered.

24. 8 months
 Physical development:
 Begins to show patterns in bladder and bowl elimination .
 Eruption of upper central incisors.
 Motor development.
 Gross motor:
 Pulls to standing position with help.
 Raises self to sitting position.
 Palmar grasp disappears.
 Fine motor :
 Holds 2 objects while looking at third.
 Uses index finger and thumb like pincer
 Feeds self with fingers food .
 Drinks from cup with assistance .

25. Conti...
 Sensory development :
 Recognizes familiar words and sounds.
 Language :
 Begins to understand meaning of “No” .
 Continues syllable ‘dada’, ‘mama’with specific meaning .
 Vocalizes to toys.
 Social development:
 Fear for strangers .
 Dislike dressing and diaper changing .
 Separation anxiety develops.

26. 9 months
 Physical development:
 Eruption of upper lateral incisors.
 Motor development:
 Gross motor :
 Sits down.
 Crawls and creeps .
 Holds own bottle .
 Fine motor:
 Rings bell.
 Holds bottle and places nipple in mouth if wants .

27. Conti..
 Sensory development:
 Head turns directly to the source of noise .
 Recognizes by looking or moving towards familiar objects when
named .
 Language development:
 Stops activity in response to “ no” .
 Social development:
 Dislike face wash.
 Cries when scolded.
 Wants to please the caregiver .

28. 10 months
 Physical development:
 Drooling stops .
 Macula is well developed and fine visual discrimination can be made .
 Motor development :
 Gross motor :
 Walking skill development continues .
 Creeps and cruises well.
 Does not want lie down unless sleepy.
 Making stepping movements forward when 2 hands are held .
 Fine motor :
 Fine grasp of tiny objects.
 Brings hand together and plays .

29. Conti...
 Sensory development :
 Tilts head backwards to see up.
 Localizes sound from above or below .
 Searches for lost toys.
 Language development:
 Says dada , mama with meaning .
 Comprehends “bye – bye” .
 Imitates sound of animals .
 Social development:
 Plays social games with adults .

30. 11 months
 Physical development:
 Sleeps 14-16 hrs / day and still naps.
 Motor development:
 Gross motor:
 Stands erect with minimum support.
 Walks holding furniture .
 Pushes toys .
 Fine motor :
 Explore objects carefully.
 Removes covers from boxes and toys out of boxes.
 Beginning to hold pen and marks on paper.

31. Conti….
 Sensory development:
 Can follow rapidly moving objects.
 Language development:
 Responds to simple questions .
 Understands simple directions .
 Imitates specific sounds of other.
 Social development:
 Reacts to restriction with frustration.
Enjoys playing with empty dish and spoon after
meals .

32. 12 months
 Physical development:
 Weight becomes tripe of birth weight .
 Height is increased about 50% of birth.
 Head circumferences is about 46 cm , increased by 1/3 since birth.
 Chest circumference becomes equal to head circumferences .
 Pulse rate is 115 ± 20 per minute .
 Respiration is 30 ± 10 per minute .
 Blood pressure is 96/66 ± 30 / 24 mm Hg .
 Babinski reflex disappears.
 Landau reflex also disappears .
 Has 6-8 deciduous teeth.

33. Conti….
 Motor development :
 Gross motor :
 Stands alone for variable length of time .
 Walks few steps with help or alone .
 Can sit down from standing position with help.
 Improved competence in motor skills through practice .
 Fine motor :
 Good pincer grasp.
 Picks up small bits of food and transfer to mouth .
 Enjoy eating with fingers.
 Can drink himself with cup.
 Tries to feed himself / herself with spoon but spills
content.
 Releases one or more objects inside another object or
container.

34. Conti...
 Sensory Development:
 Full binocular vision well- established .
 Follows fast moving objects with eyes .
 Language development:
 Has one words or a few in vocabulary.
 Comprehends ‘give’and stops when told ‘no’.
 Has receptive vocabulary of several words .
 Says 3-5 words besides dada , mama.
 Social development:
 Responds to request for affection such as kissing .
 Attachment developed to primary caregiver.
 Cooperates in dressing .

35. Psychosocial development ( 0-1 yr )
Trust v/s mistrust
Psychosexual development (0-1yr )
Oral stage
Intellectual development ( 0-1 yr )
Sensory motor development
Moral development (0-2 yr )
Preconventional morality

36. Play materials :
• 4 weeks to 4months : bright and moving objects, hanging cradle toys,
musical toys , balloons , rattles etc.
• 4- 6 months : soft squeeze toys, rattles , toy animals , balloons etc.
• 7- 9 months : squeeze and sounds toys , blocks, cubes , plastic ring
and rattles .
• 10 – 12 months : motion toys , water play, blocks , dolls, ball, musical
toys ,rocking horse wakers , pull and push objects.