Industrial importance of fungizzz
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This document discusses the cultivation of fungi for various purposes including food, beverages, pharmaceuticals, and dyes. It explains that fungi can be manipulated genetically to produce high protein biomass for food as single cell protein. It also describes how fungi like Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Penicillium roqueforti are used to produce alcoholic beverages and blue vein cheeses. Additionally, it lists several important pharmaceutical products derived from fungi including penicillin, cyclosporin A, statins, and vitamins. Finally, it mentions that fungi can be used as host organisms to express heterologous proteins.
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Conclusion
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Techniques that open up to the plant breeder the possibility of transferring in a planned manner characters from one organism to another have been developed in microbial genetics. It should be stressed right at the outset that the expression “gene” has different meanings in agriculture and in molecular biology.
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Single-cell protein (SCP), specifically yeast, algae, fungi and bacteria, is being investigated as a solution to the global food problem. SCP shows promise as an alternative protein source for both human and animal consumption. Key benefits include its high protein content, ease and speed of production, and ability to use waste materials as a substrate. However, SCP also faces challenges such as potentially high nucleic acid content and production costs that must be addressed. Continued research is needed to optimize SCP nutritional profiles and develop products that are cost-competitive and similar to familiar foods.
Penicillin production by Likhith K
Penicillin is one of the most commonly used antibiotics globally, as it has a wide range of clinical indications. Penicillin is effective against many different types of infections involving gram-positive cocci, gram-positive rods (e.g., Listeria), most anaerobes, and gram-negative cocci (e.g., Neisseria). Importantly, certain bacterial species have obtained penicillin resistance, including enterococci. Enterococci infections now receive treatment with a combination of penicillin and streptomycin or gentamicin. Certain gram-negative rods are also resistant to penicillin due to penicillin’s poor ability to penetrate the porin channel. However, later generations of broad-spectrum penicillins are effective against gram-negative rods. Second-generation penicillins (ampicillin and amoxicillin) can also penetrate the porin channel, making these drugs effective against Proteus mirabilis, Shigella, H. influenzae, Salmonella, and E. coli. Third-generation penicillins such as carbenicillin and ticarcillin are also able to penetrate gram-negative bacterial porin channels. Fourth-generation penicillins such as piperacillin are effective against the same bacterial strains as third-generation penicillins as well as Klebsiella, enterococci, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Bacteroides fragilis.
2 fermentation penicillin.pptx pharmacognosy
Fermentation is a process where microorganisms break down organic compounds to produce energy. There are several types of fermentation including alcoholic fermentation, lactic acid fermentation, and mixed acid fermentation. Penicillin is produced via fermentation of the fungus Penicillium chrysogenum. The production process involves strain improvement, inoculum preparation in a seed fermenter, large-scale fed-batch fermentation under controlled pH and temperature, and downstream processing including mycelium removal, solvent extraction of penicillin, purification, and formulation. Penicillin is used to treat bacterial infections caused by gram-positive bacteria.
Chapter 6 Application of microbes in medical biotechnology.pptx
Microbes play an important role in producing antibiotics, vitamins, and other pharmaceuticals. Antibiotics are typically secondary metabolites produced by filamentous fungi or actinomycetes through laboratory screening and testing. Ideal antibiotics have a wide spectrum of activity, prevent resistance, are selective for pathogens, and do not disturb gut flora. Vitamin B12 and riboflavin can be produced exclusively or in part by microbes through fermentation. Vitamin B12 deficiency can cause pernicious anemia and is produced by organisms like Pseudomonas denitrificans. Riboflavin is produced through fermentation of organisms like Ashbya gossypii or chemical synthesis from acetone-butanol fer
Antimicrobial
1. Antibiotics are commonly produced through microbial fermentation using bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes. Penicillin is produced via fermentation of Penicillium chrysogenum fungi.
2. Industrial production of antibiotics involves upstream and downstream processing. Upstream involves fermentation and production, while downstream involves extraction and purification of the antibiotic.
3. Production of penicillin involves growing P. chrysogenum in a fermentor with nutrients like lactose and corn steep liquor. The secreted penicillin is then extracted from the broth and purified through acidification, solvent extraction, and crystallization into its final form.
Fermentation technology
This PPT will provide the basic idea of Fermentation technology and it's use. The reference book is 'Pharmaceutical Biotechnology' by Giriraj Kulkarni.
FERMENTATION.pptx
This document discusses the production of vitamin B12 and riboflavin through microbial fermentation. It outlines the key microorganisms used, including Streptomyces griseus and Streptomyces olivaceus for vitamin B12 production, and Ashbya gossypii for riboflavin production. The document also provides an overview of the fermentation process, noting that it is carried out through submerged fermentation over 3-5 days, requiring aeration and agitation of the growth medium. Details are given on inoculum preparation and scaling up for vitamin B12 production using S. olivaceus.
Simgle cell protien
This document provides an introduction to single cell protein production. It discusses that single cell protein is a protein extracted from cultured microorganisms and used as a substitute for protein-rich foods, especially in animal feeds. It then goes on to describe the history of single cell protein, the microorganisms used for production such as yeasts, bacteria and algae, and the methods of cultivation including submerged and semisolid fermentation.
Similar to Industrial importance of fungizzz (20)
industrialproductderivedfrommicrobs-181030040417 (1).pdf
industrialproductderivedfrommicrobs-181030040417 (1).pdf
Chapter 6 Application of microbes in medical biotechnology.pptx
Chapter 6 Application of microbes in medical biotechnology.pptx
More from Himanshi Chauhan
Evidences of evolution from patterns of development
The document provides evidence for evolution from patterns of development in organisms. It discusses several lines of evidence, including:
1) Homologous structures that have a common origin but different functions, such as the thorn of a plant and tendril, providing evidence of descent from a common ancestor.
2) Analogous structures that have a similar function but different origins, such as wings of insects and birds, indicating similar adaptations.
3) Vestigial structures that were functional in ancestors but no longer serve a purpose, found in both plants and animals including humans.
4) Embryological evidence from plant and animal embryos that show similarities in early stages, indicating common ancestry.
Modern gene concept
This document discusses different concepts of genes including classical concepts like alleles and modern concepts like jumping genes, overlapping genes, split genes, nested genes, and fusion genes. It then focuses on jumping genes or transposons, providing details on their discovery by Barbara McClintock in maize in the 1940s. Transposons are able to move from one location in the chromosome to another. The document discusses types of transposons like IS-elements, P-elements, and retrotransposons. It also discusses the significance of transposons and examples of transposon systems in maize like the Ac-Ds system.
Dicot embryo ..crucifer type
The document discusses the development of dicot embryos with a focus on plants of the crucifer type. It examines the early stages of embryo formation and growth within the seed, highlighting key developmental processes. The crucifer plants are used as an example to illustrate common dicot embryo development.
Transgenic plants for viral disease resistance
- More than 300 plant viruses have been reported which can cause diseases in crops like retarded growth, lowered yields, and even complete crop failure.
- Plants have natural defenses against viruses like hypersensitive response and extreme resistance which causes infected cells to die in order to prevent spread of the virus.
- Transgenic techniques can also be used to develop virus-resistant plants, such as inserting virus coat protein, replicase, or movement protein genes, using antisense RNA or RNA interference strategies.
- While transgenic virus-resistant crops could control plant virus diseases, there are some potential safety issues to consider like increased virulence of viruses, recombination between viral sequences, and effects on non-target organisms
Micropropagation
This document discusses micropropagation, which is the rapid vegetative propagation of plants using modern tissue culture methods to produce genetically identical copies. It can be used to multiply genetically modified plants, overcome limitations of conventional breeding, and provide sufficient plantlets from stock plants that do not produce seeds or respond well to other propagation. The key methods are multiplication through meristematic tissue, adventitious shoots, somatic embryogenesis, and organogenesis. Micropropagation has commercial uses and significance in producing disease-free plants year-round, exchanging germplasm internationally, conserving genetics, and producing synthetic seeds. While expensive, it provides uniformity and allows maintaining germplasm stocks for years.
Comparitive genome mapping and model systems
Comparative genome mapping involves comparing genetic maps between closely related species to study genome evolution and understand relationships at the genetic level. Genomes can be compared by looking at features like gene location and order, as well as sequence similarity. Many model systems have been used for comparative mapping, including plants like rice and maize, Arabidopsis and Brassica, tomato and potato. These studies have revealed things like conserved synteny between species, rates of rearrangement, and the effects of polyploidization. Comparative mapping is a useful tool for understanding genomes and their relationships across species.
Gene silencing and its significance
Gene silencing is a molecular process that down regulates gene expression at the transcriptional or translational level. It allows researchers to study essential genes and provides insight into disease development since many diseases are associated with reduced gene expression. Gene silencing occurs through various mechanisms including histone modification, DNA methylation, and small RNA pathways. It has applications in research areas like producing virus resistant plants and modifying food quality and plant traits.
Mechanism of drought tolerence in plants
Drought tolerance in plants involves three main mechanisms: morphological, physiological, and genetic/molecular. Morphological mechanisms include drought escape and avoidance strategies like early reproduction or reduced water loss through waxy leaves. Physiological mechanisms regulate water use and loss, like stomatal closure and osmotic adjustment. Genetic and molecular mechanisms change gene expression, upregulating genes that produce proteins protecting cells from stress and regulating hormone signaling and transcription factors that control stress response pathways. Together these overlapping mechanisms help plants adapt and survive periods of low water availability.
Purity test analysis
Physical purity analysis determines the proportion of pure seed, other seeds, and inert matter in a seed lot by weight. It is an important step in seed testing to ensure farmers receive seeds that are free from contamination and meet minimum quality standards. The analysis identifies various seed and inert components to improve plant stands, raise pure crops, and ensure proper seeding rates. It is conducted according to ISTA guidelines by separating a working sample into pure seeds, other seeds, and inert matter using tools like sieves, blowers, and microscopes to examine each component.
Tundra forest
The document provides information about the tundra biome. It describes the tundra as a vast, cold region characterized by treeless vegetation and permanently frozen subsoil. It exists in the northernmost regions of the world and at high elevations. Plants and animals in the tundra are adapted to harsh conditions like freezing temperatures, short growing seasons, and nutrient-poor soil. Examples are given of the specific locations and characteristics of the Arctic, Antarctic, and alpine tundra biomes.
Advances in biological science
This document provides an overview of advances in science from 1900 to the present. It begins with an introduction on the need to understand advances in science. The contents section includes a concept map of different perceptions of the topic "Advances in Science" and discusses basic advances. Some key advances highlighted include discoveries related to DNA, genetic regulation, magnetic resonance imaging, telomeres, in vitro fertilization, and cancer immunotherapy. The conclusion explains that the chosen advances are recent, revolutionary, impact multiple sub-fields, have significantly changed paradigms, and benefit humanity. References and further readings on the topic are also provided.
Evidences of evolution from patterns of development
The document provides evidence for evolution from patterns of development in plants and animals. It discusses several lines of evidence including homologous and analogous structures, vestigial organs, fossils showing transitions in horse evolution, and similarities seen in early plant and animal embryos which indicate common ancestry. For example, it notes the wing of a bird and insect serve the same function but have different structures, showing analogous not homologous evolution. Together, these various developmental patterns found across species provide strong support for the theory of evolution.
History of embryology in plants
Plant embryology is the study of plant development from fertilization to the formation of a mature embryo. Key developments included the discovery of pollen tubes and their role in fertilization in the 17th-18th centuries. In the 19th century, scientists discovered that the embryo forms from the fertilized ovule rather than from the pollen tube tip. Double fertilization, where one sperm fuses with the egg and one with the central cells, was discovered in the late 19th century. The 20th century saw advances in microscopy techniques that improved understanding of embryogenesis. Indian scientists like Maheshwari and Johri made seminal contributions to angiosperm embryology in the 20th century. Modern plant embryology explains
Steroid transformation by fungi
This document discusses steroid transformation by fungi. It begins by defining steroids and their functions. Steroids are found naturally in plants, animals, and fungi. Several types of fungi can transform steroids, completing reactions like hydroxylation, oxidation, and other modifications. Fungal transformation of steroids is advantageous compared to chemical synthesis, as it uses aqueous conditions and is regioselective and stereoselective. The history of using fungi to transform steroids for drug production is described, highlighting its economic benefits. Methods of fungal steroid transformation and some examples of important transformations are summarized.
EUBACTERIA :OVERVIEW
This document provides an overview of eubacteria, including their general characteristics, classification, shapes, cellular organization, growth, reproduction, and economic importance. Some key points:
- Eubacteria are the simplest and most successful prokaryotic microorganisms, typically 0.5-1.0μm in size, unicellular, and lacking organelles. They reproduce through binary fission.
- They have diverse shapes including cocci, bacilli, spirilla, and spirochetes. Their cells contain a cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and may have flagella, pili or fimbriae.
- Eubacteria are classified into over
Taxanomic websites IPNI,plant list,tropicos
This document discusses several important taxonomic websites for conducting research in plant taxonomy. It describes the functions and features of the International Plant Names Index (IPNI), The Plant List, and Tropicos. IPNI is a comprehensive database of plant names and bibliographic details. The Plant List is a working list of all known plant species that is interlinked with other taxonomic resources. Tropicos, hosted by Missouri Botanical Garden, contains over 1.3 million scientific names, images, specimen records, and bibliographic data.
Bryophytes
This document summarizes the key characteristics of bryophytes, including mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. It describes their structures, life cycles, habitats, and classification. Bryophytes are small non-vascular plants that grow in moist shady places and require water to complete their life cycles. They differ from vascular plants in lacking true roots, vascular tissue and a cuticle. Their life cycles involve an alternation between haploid gametophyte and diploid sporophyte generations.
Human chromosome 15
This document provides information about human chromosome 15. It discusses that chromosome 15 is an acrocentric chromosome that represents about 3% of human genetic material. It contains over 900 genes, including some linked to diseases. The sequence of the euchromatic region has been fully mapped. Conditions like Prader-Willi syndrome and Angelman syndrome are caused by deletions or defects involving imprinted genes on chromosome 15.
Syndromes caused due to algal toxins final
- Several types of harmful algal blooms produce toxins that can cause illness in humans through the consumption of contaminated shellfish or fish. These illnesses include Ciguatera Fish Poisoning, Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning, Neurotoxic Shellfish Poisoning, Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning, and Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning.
- The document outlines the causative organisms, toxins produced, mechanisms of action of the toxins, and symptoms in humans for each of these illnesses. Treatment involves managing symptoms, as there are generally no antidotes for the marine toxins. Prevention strategies include monitoring for algal blooms and providing public education.
Cell recognition and adhesion
Gap junctions allow direct communication between adjacent cells by forming channels between the cells' cytoplasm. The structure of a gap junction consists of connexons - cylinders of six transmembrane protein subunits called connexins - arranged back-to-back between the plasma membranes of adjacent cells. These connexons join to form channels about 1.5-2.0 nm in diameter that connect the cytoplasm of the two cells and allow small molecules and ions to pass directly between cells, enabling both electrical and metabolic cooperation.
More from Himanshi Chauhan (20)
Evidences of evolution from patterns of development
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如何办理(uvic毕业证书)维多利亚大学毕业证本科学位证书原版一模一样
原版纸张【微信：741003700 】【(uvic毕业证书)维多利亚大学毕业证】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
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Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
bordetella pertussis.................................ppt
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hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills原版制作(carleton毕业证书)卡尔顿大学毕业证硕士文凭原版一模一样
原版纸张【微信：741003700 】【(carleton毕业证书)卡尔顿大学毕业证】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
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Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
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Evaporation step counter work. I have done a physical experiment.
(Work in progress.)
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This presentation covers the content and information on "Cytokines " and their role in immune regulation .
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
Nucleic Acid-its structural and functional complexity.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvement
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
SAR of Medicinal Chemistry 1st by dk.pdf
In this presentation include the prototype drug SAR on thus or with their examples .
Syllabus of Second Year B. Pharmacy
2019 PATTERN.
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Nucleic Acid-its structural and functional complexity.
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Industrial importance of fungizzz
- 4. (I). Cultivation of fungi for FOOD
- 7. Many of the microorganisms are able to convert the cheap sources into nitrogen and ultimately behave as rich sources of proteins. Their rate of growth is also very high and also can be manipulated genetically very easily. These considerations have led to massive industrial development and research aimed at production of microbial biomass for human consumption. Since the main objective is supplying proteins, the biomass is usually termed ‘Single Cell Protein’ or SCP. Single Cell Protein’ or SCP
- 8. SCPs are also produced from the biomass of Candida utilis from a cheap source like molasses, and using hydrocarbon by Saccharomycopsis lipolytica. Introduction of new SCP encountered some problems like safety, acceptability and profitability.
- 9. (iI)Productionof AlcoholicBeverages: by Saccharomyces cerevisiae
- 26. The best-known blue-vein cheeses are Roquefort, Gorgonzola, Stilton and Danish Blue. The starter bacteria include a heterolactic fermenter which produces carbon dioxide as well as lactic acid. The gas production results in irregular cavities in the cheese. An inoculum of Penicillium roqueforti spores is either included in the starter or added to the fresh curd. After the curd has been compressed into a cheese, salt is dusted on to the surface and diffuses into the interior, establishing a concentration gradient. The cheese is then spiked, and the air that enters allows the germination of Penicillium spores, and mycelial growth along the perforations and through the cavities in the cheese. The best-known surface- ripened cheeses are Brie and Camembert. The curd is drained and shaped to give the final disc or segmented disc form. The surface is then dry-salted and sprayed with spores of the white Penicillium camemberti. Salt and acid-tolerant yeasts and the mitosporic fungus Geotrichum candidum develop at the surface. It is thought that utilization of lactic acid by the yeasts may raise the surface pH and encourage the germination of Penicillium spores and subsequent mycelial growth.
- 35. Antibiotics - Penicillin Other examples of antibiotics derived from fungi – Cephalosporin (Cephalosporium sp). Griseofulvin (Penicillium griseofulvum and Penicillium patulum).
- 36. Immuno-suppressives Immune suppressants are essential for organ transplant patients. The T cells of the human immune system recognise the new organ as “foreign” and began to destroy the organ. Cyclosporin A, produced by Tolypocladium inflatum (Filamentous fungus). This drugs prevents organ rejection by inhibiting T- cell activation.
- 37. Statins Statins (or HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors) are a class of drugs used to lower cholesterol levels . Are products of metabolic reactions in fungi. Lovastatin: Aspergillus terreus strains. Mevastatin: Penicillium citrinum. Functions: inhibit an enzyme HMG-CoA reductase, which plays a central role in the production of cholesterol in the liver. involved in the synthesis of cholesterol levels in cardiovascular (CVD) patients.
- 38. Vitamins All fungi are a good source of vitamins. Ex: Brewer’s Yeast (synthesized B group vitamins). In industry, Fungi Nematospora gossypii and Eremothecium ashbyi – used to produced B- vitamins.
- 39. PIGMENTS /DYES
- 44. Host for expressing heterologous proteins 1-Saccharomyces cerevisiae GRAS(generally recognised as safe) by FDA (US Food and drugadministration). Human interferon Human epidermal growth factor Surface antigen of hepatitis B virus 2-Pichia pastoris Tight and strong promoter AOX1 (30%) Hirudin (Hirudo medicinalis) 3-Hansenula polymorpha Tightly regulated and strong promoter MOX (37%) Expression depends on glucose concentration