This study investigated the biochemical resistance mechanisms of Jatropha curcas against Lasiodiplodia theobramae, a leaf blight and necrosis pathogen. Biochemical parameters were evaluated in 8 Jatropha accessions before and after inoculation with the pathogen. The study found that resistant accessions activated the synthesis of defensive compounds like phenolics, flavonoids, proteins, photosynthetic pigments, and salicylic acid. They also increased antioxidant enzyme activities. Susceptible accessions showed decreased photosynthetic pigments and increased lipid peroxidation. Principal component analysis separated resistant from susceptible accessions based on their biochemical parameter profiles, indicating resistance is associated with the induction of defensive biomolecules and oxidative enzymes.
— The diseases caused by bipartite Begomoviruses have emerged as overwhelming problem in various cropping systems of Pakistan. The study was conducted to evaluate the potential of induced resistance in mungbean to Mungbean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV) disease. In this work, resistance to MYMV infection was induced in mungbean plants by activating the Salicylic acid (SA) pathway using SA and Benzothiadiazole (BTH) as treatments. The resistance was characterized by evaluating symptom appearance and virus titter through ELISA. Elicitors i.e., SA and BTH were applied at different concentrations to enhance the innate resistance of mungbean by the induction of defense related compounds. All treatments were helpful in reducing plant infection but the most effective treatment was the combination of SA@5mM and BTH@150mg/L as compared to virus inoculated control. Three weeks analysis showed peak accumulation of defense related enzymatic antioxidants and phenols in the mungbean leaves treated with SA and BTH. Higher enzymatic activity was observed in elicitor treated plants followed by inoculation with MYMV. As the resistance increased due to the application of SA & BTH the enzymatic activities of SOD, POD, and CAT were also increased during second week after application of elicitors. This study revealed that SA and BTH are potential source for management of MYMV by enhancing the level of protection through induction of systemic acquired resistance.
MOLECULAR ANALYSIS OF BACTERIAL GENE CODING CHITINASE ENZYMES, FAMILY 19 STR...IJSIT Editor
Fungal phytopathogens pose serious problems worldwide in the cultivation of economically
important plants.
Chemical fungicides are extensively used in current agriculture.However, excessive use of chemical
fungicides in agriculture has led to deteriorating human health , environmental pollution, damaged to
ecosystem and development of pathogen resistance to fungicide.
Because of the worsening problems in fungal disease control , a serious search is needed to identify
alternative methods for plant protection, which are less dependent on chemicals and are more
environmentally friendly. Microbial antagonists are widely used for the biocontrol of fungal plant diseases.
Many species of actinomycates, particulary those belonging to the genus sterptomyces, are well known as
antifungal biocontrol agents that inhibit several plant pathogenic fungi.
Another way biological control has been developed as an alternative of chemicals to tock with plant
pathogenic fungi. Considering high presence of chitin in fungal cell wall, chitinase enzyme is camped as an
effective biocontrol agent against phytopathogenic fungi. Streptomyces bacteria are able to produce various chitinase enzymes, chitinases produced by streptomyces belong to the families 18 and 19 glycosyl hydrolases.
The antifungal activity is mostly shown by fomily 19 Chitinases. In comparison with bacterial family 18
chitinases, the specific hydrolyzing activity of chitinase 19 against soluble and in soluble chitinous substrates
has been markedly higher. Considering the importance of family to investigate antifungal potential of
streptomyces bacteria isolated from east Azarbijan region soils based on molecular identification of family 19
chitinase. encoding gene in these bacteria.
To aim the purpose 110 soil samples were collected from East Azarbaijan and 310 strepomyces
isolates were selected using macroscopic and microscopic observations. DNA genomic of all of the isolates
were extracted and PCR reactions was done using chitinase 19 designed primers as marker.
Totally isolates were selected with molecular selection and antagonistic test were done. One of the isolates
exhibit the most strong antifungal activity.
The strain was identified using 16srDNA gene, and the chitinase encoding gene were amplified partially to
prove the PCR selection. Finally the bacterium were introduced as potentially biological fertilizer.
Degradation of Nevirapine and Trimethoprim from Aqueous Solutions using Selec...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Together with pharmaceutical residues, personal care products encompassing prescription drugs, fragrances, and cosmetics have been detected in groundwater and other aquatic environments, hence compromising the quality of water. Their classification as micropollutants is due to their antibacterial resistance potential, persistence, and ecotoxicity. Biodegradation has been identified as a potential mechanism in their removal. The focus of this study focus was bioaugmentation; (Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeroginosa) to enhance the degradation of Nevirapine and Trimethoprim in model aqueous solutions. A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometer (LC-MS/MS) was used to determine the pharmaceuticals. The efficacy of the bacterial strains to degrade selected drugs was evaluated by making the two drugs the sole source of energy and carbon. From the experimental data, the highest percentage biodegradation was recorded; Pseudomonas aeroginosa (86 %) and Staphylococcus aureus (79 %) for TMP and NVP respectively.
Testing the ability against Bacillus cereus of actinobacteria strains isolate...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
This study aimed to test the antibacterial activity of Bacillus cereus of actinobacterial isolates isolated from marine sponges in the Kien Giang Sea, Vietnam. That can select the strains with high resistance to identify them. There were 198 actinobacterial isolates tested. Based on the ability of antimicrobial activity to B. cereus, 82/198 had the against B. cereus, in which there were six isolates with high (7.3%), 52 medium (25.6%), and 21 weak resistance (67.1%). Selection of six isolates with the best resistance to B. cereus (ND1.7a, ND2.7c, HD1-3e, HD1-6a, HD2.3b, and H6b) identified by PCR and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The results identified five strains of Streptomyces (Streptomyces tateyamensis ND1.7a, Streptomyces althioticus HD1.3e, Streptomyces flaveolus HD1.6a, Streptomyces olivaceus HD2.3d, and Streptomyces albidoflavus H6b) and one strain of genus Microbacterium (Microbacterium tumbae ND2.7c).
CHITINASE AS THE MOST IMPORTANT SECONDARY METABOLITES OF STREPTOMYCES BACTERISIJSIT Editor
Fungal phytopathogens pose serious problems worldwide in the cultivation of economi cally
important plants.
Chemical fungicides are extensively used in current agriculture.However, excessive use of chemical
fungicides in agriculture has led to deteriorating human health , environmental pollution, damaged to
ecosystem and development of pathogen resistance to fungicide.
Because of the worsening problems in fungal disease control , a serious search is needed to identify
alternative methods for plant protection, which are less dependent on chemicals and are more
environmentally friendly. Microbial antagonists are widely used for the biocontrol of fungal plant diseases.
Many species of actinomycates, particulary those belonging to the genus sterptomyces, are well known as
antifungal biocontrol agents that inhibit several plant pathogenic fungi.
Another way biological control has been developed as an alternative of chemicals to tock with plant
pathogenic fungi. Considering high presence of chitin in fungal cell wall, chitinase enzyme is camped as an
effective biocontrol agent against phytopathogenic fungi. Streptomyces bacteria are able to produce various chitinase enzymes, chitinases produced by streptomyces belong to the families 18 and 19 glycosyl hydrolases.
The antifungal activity is mostly shown by fomily 19 Chitinases. In comparison with bacterial family 18
chitinases, the specific hydrolyzing activity of chitinase 19 against soluble and in soluble chitinous substrates
has been markedly higher. Considering the importance of family to investigate antifungal potential of
streptomyces bacteria isolated from east Azarbijan region soils based on molecular identification of family 19
chitinase. encoding gene in these bacteria.
To aim the purpose 110 soil samples were collected from East Azarbaijan and 310 strepomyces
isolates were selected using macroscopic and microscopic observations. DNA genomic of all of the isolates
were extracted and PCR reactions was done using chitinase 19 designed primers as marker.
Totally isolates were selected with molecular selection and antagonistic test were done. One of the isolates
exhibit the most strong antifungal activity.
The strain was identified using 16srDNA gene, and the chitinase encoding gene were amplified partially to
prove the PCR selection. Finally the bacterium were introduced as potentially biological fertilizer.
Mass Production of Paecilomyces Lilacinus by using Different Cultivation Medi...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Paecilomyces lilacinus is a common saprophytic, filamentous fungus. Morphological characters of Paecilomyces lilacinus were separate mycelium, hyaline, conidia white to pink colored and formation of phialides. The growth of Paecilomyces lilacinus carried out on SDA media at room temperature was better than incubator. Various solid substrates like Rice, Wheat bran, and Sorghum were evaluated for the mass multiplication of fungus Paecilomyces lilacinus. Added dextrose and antibiotics in solid media for mass multiplication at room temperature. Among all the substrate Wheat bran recorded the maximum spore count of 7. 1 10-8 spore/ml followed by Sorghum 5. 4 10-8 spore/ml and Rice 5. 1 10-8 spore/ml after 20 days. Also dry mycelia weight or biomass of fungus Paecilomyces lilacinus without an incubator was more than using an incubator.
A Comparative in Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Annona Squamosa on Gram Posi...ijtsrd
Annona squamosa L is a multipurpose tree with edible fruits and is a source of the medicinal and industrial products. It is used as an antioxidant, antidiabetics, hepatoprotective, cytotoxic, genetoxic, anti tumor, anti lice agent etc.Annona squamosa L belongs to the family Annonaceae commonly known as custard apple. Antimicrobial activity of combined methanolic leaf and seed extract of A.squamosa were evaluated against four bacteria Bacillus subtilis, Styphaloccocus aureus gram positive and E.coli, Pseudomonas aerogenosa by using cup and plate method. Maximum inhibition was found with 20mg ml concentration of combined extract as compare to separate leaf and seed extract against all the tested organism under investigation. The study suggest that maximum antibacterial activity was observed against gram negative organism i.e., E.coli and P.aerogenosa. Ms. Chetana D. Patil | Ms. Nikita Pawar | Mrs. Pooja S. Bhandare "A Comparative in Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Annona Squamosa on Gram Positive & Gram Negative Microorganism" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26630.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmacognosy-/26630/a-comparative-in-vitro-antimicrobial-activity-of-annona-squamosa-on-gram-positive-and-gram-negative-microorganism/ms-chetana-d-patil
A Review on the Antimicrobial Activity of Sesuvium Portulacastrumijtsrd
Mangroves are unique group of vascular plants that occur in saline coastal habitats and are known to tolerate extreme environmental conditions. Some mangrove plants are used for a wide range of conditions, including bacterial, fungal, and viral diseases. The rise of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms is one of the severe problems in healthcare systems of the world, and infectious diseases are the second most serious cause of death worldwide. Therefore, new drugs have to be found in order to combat such diseases and it is essential to find new compounds that have antimicrobial properties. Medicinal-plant extracts, known to produce certain bioactive molecules which react with other organisms in the environment, are known to be less toxic to humans and are environmentally friendly due to the less pollutant released during production. Antimicrobial properties of medicinal plants are being increasingly reported worldwide. Mangroves are biochemically unique and produce a wide array of novel natural products and are considered a rich source of steroids, triterpenes, saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, and tannins. Extracts from the leaves, stems, barks, and roots of mangrove species have shown positive results for antioxidant activity tests. G. Beulah | D. Divya"A Review on the Antimicrobial Activity of Sesuvium Portulacastrum" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-4 , June 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd14540.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/zoology/14540/a-review-on-the-antimicrobial-activity-of-sesuvium-portulacastrum/g-beulah
— The diseases caused by bipartite Begomoviruses have emerged as overwhelming problem in various cropping systems of Pakistan. The study was conducted to evaluate the potential of induced resistance in mungbean to Mungbean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV) disease. In this work, resistance to MYMV infection was induced in mungbean plants by activating the Salicylic acid (SA) pathway using SA and Benzothiadiazole (BTH) as treatments. The resistance was characterized by evaluating symptom appearance and virus titter through ELISA. Elicitors i.e., SA and BTH were applied at different concentrations to enhance the innate resistance of mungbean by the induction of defense related compounds. All treatments were helpful in reducing plant infection but the most effective treatment was the combination of SA@5mM and BTH@150mg/L as compared to virus inoculated control. Three weeks analysis showed peak accumulation of defense related enzymatic antioxidants and phenols in the mungbean leaves treated with SA and BTH. Higher enzymatic activity was observed in elicitor treated plants followed by inoculation with MYMV. As the resistance increased due to the application of SA & BTH the enzymatic activities of SOD, POD, and CAT were also increased during second week after application of elicitors. This study revealed that SA and BTH are potential source for management of MYMV by enhancing the level of protection through induction of systemic acquired resistance.
MOLECULAR ANALYSIS OF BACTERIAL GENE CODING CHITINASE ENZYMES, FAMILY 19 STR...IJSIT Editor
Fungal phytopathogens pose serious problems worldwide in the cultivation of economically
important plants.
Chemical fungicides are extensively used in current agriculture.However, excessive use of chemical
fungicides in agriculture has led to deteriorating human health , environmental pollution, damaged to
ecosystem and development of pathogen resistance to fungicide.
Because of the worsening problems in fungal disease control , a serious search is needed to identify
alternative methods for plant protection, which are less dependent on chemicals and are more
environmentally friendly. Microbial antagonists are widely used for the biocontrol of fungal plant diseases.
Many species of actinomycates, particulary those belonging to the genus sterptomyces, are well known as
antifungal biocontrol agents that inhibit several plant pathogenic fungi.
Another way biological control has been developed as an alternative of chemicals to tock with plant
pathogenic fungi. Considering high presence of chitin in fungal cell wall, chitinase enzyme is camped as an
effective biocontrol agent against phytopathogenic fungi. Streptomyces bacteria are able to produce various chitinase enzymes, chitinases produced by streptomyces belong to the families 18 and 19 glycosyl hydrolases.
The antifungal activity is mostly shown by fomily 19 Chitinases. In comparison with bacterial family 18
chitinases, the specific hydrolyzing activity of chitinase 19 against soluble and in soluble chitinous substrates
has been markedly higher. Considering the importance of family to investigate antifungal potential of
streptomyces bacteria isolated from east Azarbijan region soils based on molecular identification of family 19
chitinase. encoding gene in these bacteria.
To aim the purpose 110 soil samples were collected from East Azarbaijan and 310 strepomyces
isolates were selected using macroscopic and microscopic observations. DNA genomic of all of the isolates
were extracted and PCR reactions was done using chitinase 19 designed primers as marker.
Totally isolates were selected with molecular selection and antagonistic test were done. One of the isolates
exhibit the most strong antifungal activity.
The strain was identified using 16srDNA gene, and the chitinase encoding gene were amplified partially to
prove the PCR selection. Finally the bacterium were introduced as potentially biological fertilizer.
Degradation of Nevirapine and Trimethoprim from Aqueous Solutions using Selec...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Together with pharmaceutical residues, personal care products encompassing prescription drugs, fragrances, and cosmetics have been detected in groundwater and other aquatic environments, hence compromising the quality of water. Their classification as micropollutants is due to their antibacterial resistance potential, persistence, and ecotoxicity. Biodegradation has been identified as a potential mechanism in their removal. The focus of this study focus was bioaugmentation; (Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeroginosa) to enhance the degradation of Nevirapine and Trimethoprim in model aqueous solutions. A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometer (LC-MS/MS) was used to determine the pharmaceuticals. The efficacy of the bacterial strains to degrade selected drugs was evaluated by making the two drugs the sole source of energy and carbon. From the experimental data, the highest percentage biodegradation was recorded; Pseudomonas aeroginosa (86 %) and Staphylococcus aureus (79 %) for TMP and NVP respectively.
Testing the ability against Bacillus cereus of actinobacteria strains isolate...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
This study aimed to test the antibacterial activity of Bacillus cereus of actinobacterial isolates isolated from marine sponges in the Kien Giang Sea, Vietnam. That can select the strains with high resistance to identify them. There were 198 actinobacterial isolates tested. Based on the ability of antimicrobial activity to B. cereus, 82/198 had the against B. cereus, in which there were six isolates with high (7.3%), 52 medium (25.6%), and 21 weak resistance (67.1%). Selection of six isolates with the best resistance to B. cereus (ND1.7a, ND2.7c, HD1-3e, HD1-6a, HD2.3b, and H6b) identified by PCR and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The results identified five strains of Streptomyces (Streptomyces tateyamensis ND1.7a, Streptomyces althioticus HD1.3e, Streptomyces flaveolus HD1.6a, Streptomyces olivaceus HD2.3d, and Streptomyces albidoflavus H6b) and one strain of genus Microbacterium (Microbacterium tumbae ND2.7c).
CHITINASE AS THE MOST IMPORTANT SECONDARY METABOLITES OF STREPTOMYCES BACTERISIJSIT Editor
Fungal phytopathogens pose serious problems worldwide in the cultivation of economi cally
important plants.
Chemical fungicides are extensively used in current agriculture.However, excessive use of chemical
fungicides in agriculture has led to deteriorating human health , environmental pollution, damaged to
ecosystem and development of pathogen resistance to fungicide.
Because of the worsening problems in fungal disease control , a serious search is needed to identify
alternative methods for plant protection, which are less dependent on chemicals and are more
environmentally friendly. Microbial antagonists are widely used for the biocontrol of fungal plant diseases.
Many species of actinomycates, particulary those belonging to the genus sterptomyces, are well known as
antifungal biocontrol agents that inhibit several plant pathogenic fungi.
Another way biological control has been developed as an alternative of chemicals to tock with plant
pathogenic fungi. Considering high presence of chitin in fungal cell wall, chitinase enzyme is camped as an
effective biocontrol agent against phytopathogenic fungi. Streptomyces bacteria are able to produce various chitinase enzymes, chitinases produced by streptomyces belong to the families 18 and 19 glycosyl hydrolases.
The antifungal activity is mostly shown by fomily 19 Chitinases. In comparison with bacterial family 18
chitinases, the specific hydrolyzing activity of chitinase 19 against soluble and in soluble chitinous substrates
has been markedly higher. Considering the importance of family to investigate antifungal potential of
streptomyces bacteria isolated from east Azarbijan region soils based on molecular identification of family 19
chitinase. encoding gene in these bacteria.
To aim the purpose 110 soil samples were collected from East Azarbaijan and 310 strepomyces
isolates were selected using macroscopic and microscopic observations. DNA genomic of all of the isolates
were extracted and PCR reactions was done using chitinase 19 designed primers as marker.
Totally isolates were selected with molecular selection and antagonistic test were done. One of the isolates
exhibit the most strong antifungal activity.
The strain was identified using 16srDNA gene, and the chitinase encoding gene were amplified partially to
prove the PCR selection. Finally the bacterium were introduced as potentially biological fertilizer.
Mass Production of Paecilomyces Lilacinus by using Different Cultivation Medi...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Paecilomyces lilacinus is a common saprophytic, filamentous fungus. Morphological characters of Paecilomyces lilacinus were separate mycelium, hyaline, conidia white to pink colored and formation of phialides. The growth of Paecilomyces lilacinus carried out on SDA media at room temperature was better than incubator. Various solid substrates like Rice, Wheat bran, and Sorghum were evaluated for the mass multiplication of fungus Paecilomyces lilacinus. Added dextrose and antibiotics in solid media for mass multiplication at room temperature. Among all the substrate Wheat bran recorded the maximum spore count of 7. 1 10-8 spore/ml followed by Sorghum 5. 4 10-8 spore/ml and Rice 5. 1 10-8 spore/ml after 20 days. Also dry mycelia weight or biomass of fungus Paecilomyces lilacinus without an incubator was more than using an incubator.
A Comparative in Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Annona Squamosa on Gram Posi...ijtsrd
Annona squamosa L is a multipurpose tree with edible fruits and is a source of the medicinal and industrial products. It is used as an antioxidant, antidiabetics, hepatoprotective, cytotoxic, genetoxic, anti tumor, anti lice agent etc.Annona squamosa L belongs to the family Annonaceae commonly known as custard apple. Antimicrobial activity of combined methanolic leaf and seed extract of A.squamosa were evaluated against four bacteria Bacillus subtilis, Styphaloccocus aureus gram positive and E.coli, Pseudomonas aerogenosa by using cup and plate method. Maximum inhibition was found with 20mg ml concentration of combined extract as compare to separate leaf and seed extract against all the tested organism under investigation. The study suggest that maximum antibacterial activity was observed against gram negative organism i.e., E.coli and P.aerogenosa. Ms. Chetana D. Patil | Ms. Nikita Pawar | Mrs. Pooja S. Bhandare "A Comparative in Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Annona Squamosa on Gram Positive & Gram Negative Microorganism" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26630.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmacognosy-/26630/a-comparative-in-vitro-antimicrobial-activity-of-annona-squamosa-on-gram-positive-and-gram-negative-microorganism/ms-chetana-d-patil
A Review on the Antimicrobial Activity of Sesuvium Portulacastrumijtsrd
Mangroves are unique group of vascular plants that occur in saline coastal habitats and are known to tolerate extreme environmental conditions. Some mangrove plants are used for a wide range of conditions, including bacterial, fungal, and viral diseases. The rise of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms is one of the severe problems in healthcare systems of the world, and infectious diseases are the second most serious cause of death worldwide. Therefore, new drugs have to be found in order to combat such diseases and it is essential to find new compounds that have antimicrobial properties. Medicinal-plant extracts, known to produce certain bioactive molecules which react with other organisms in the environment, are known to be less toxic to humans and are environmentally friendly due to the less pollutant released during production. Antimicrobial properties of medicinal plants are being increasingly reported worldwide. Mangroves are biochemically unique and produce a wide array of novel natural products and are considered a rich source of steroids, triterpenes, saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, and tannins. Extracts from the leaves, stems, barks, and roots of mangrove species have shown positive results for antioxidant activity tests. G. Beulah | D. Divya"A Review on the Antimicrobial Activity of Sesuvium Portulacastrum" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-4 , June 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd14540.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/zoology/14540/a-review-on-the-antimicrobial-activity-of-sesuvium-portulacastrum/g-beulah
Effect of Chitosan on Disease Control and Yield Parameters of Rambutan (Nephe...AI Publications
Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) is an extensively grown fruit crop in Sri Lanka. Powdery mildew incited by fungus Oidium nephelii attack young leaves, flowers and immature fruits caused heavy fruit losses in Rambutan. Chitosan is a natural biodegradable de-acetylated form of chitin has been proven to control numerous pre and post-harvest disease on various horticultural commodities. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of chitosan compounds on control of powdery mildew disease and yield parameters of Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) variety Malwana Special. Different types of chitosan i.e. chitosan fungicide, chitosan oligomer, copper containing chitosan and wettable sulphur were used as treatments. Based on the green house test results, 40 ppm concentration of chitosan fungicide, chitosan oligomer and Copper chitosan was identified as economically effective concentration for field studies. Field experiment was conducted in WU1 agro ecological zones at Gannoruwa in Central province of Sri Lanka. Experiment was arranged as Randomized Complete Block Design with 8 replicates. Treatments were sprayed by Knapsack sprayer. Disease severity Index of fruits, fruit weight and number of fruits per bunch were recorded at harvesting. Highest fruit weight was recorded in chitosan fungicide treated fruits. Higher number of fruits per bunch was recorded in all tested chitosan and wettable sulphur treated fruits compared to control. Chitosan fungicide (40ppm) and wettable sulphur 80 WP (4000ppm) has equally potential in controlling of powdery mildew pathogen of Rambutan variety Malwana Special.
Evaluate the Efficiency of Gamma Irradiation and Chitosan on Shelf-Life of St...IJEABJ
Chitosan play an important role as an antifungal against Botrytis cinerea and the effect was a concentration dependent. The obtained results of in vitro experiment demonstrated that chitosan (4%) decreased radial growth of B. cinereato 2 %. Invivo the severity of infection reduced from 59.8 and 100.0 to 9.7, 33.8 and 40.1 in first, second and third week’s storage periods at 13C, respectively. Also, chitosan coating (4%) significantly caused an increase in fruit firmness whereas TSS was decreased with an increase by increasing in storage time. However,Vitamin C gave fluctuated results by increasing storage time. Gamma irradiation at 2.5 KGy reduced severity (%) of infected fruits from 55.5, 100 and 100 to 31.7, 45.9 and 49.9 and in healthy fruits severity (%) reduced from 48.9, 100 and 100 to 23.3, 25.1 and 29.1 in different storage periods 1, 2 and 3 weeks, respectively. Similarly, chitosan as well as gamma irradiation combination induced a significant increase of peroxidase enzyme (POD) activity. Induced changes in surface morphology and damage of cell structure caused by using chitosan shown by scanning electron microscopy. Also, gamma irradiation causes changes in hyphea structure and in surface morphology but combination of gamma irradiation with chitosan was more effective in altering fungus morphology and cell structure damage and no spore forming. This providing the efficiency of combination on reducing disease severity (%) of strawberry.
DOI: 10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.4.7
ABSTRACT- Most of the Euphorbian plants secrete fluid which contain a proteolytic enzyme for defensive role against
insects, pests and hence eco physiological inheritance to sustain vegetation eventually in adverse environmental
conditions. Evaluation has been carried out on twenty five Euphorbian garden plants for their proteolytic activities using
casein as a substrate. Out of these, Euphorbia nerifolia, Euphorbia milli, Euphorbia tirucalli, Euphorbia lactea,
Synadenium granti, Jatropha curcas, Euphorbia nivulia, Euphorbia antiquoram, Pedilanthus tithymaloides, Euphorbia
viguieri, E. heterophylla and E. leucocephala are the good enzyme source. Moderate activity found in Jatropha
integerrima, Jatropha multifida, Jatropha podagrica, Euphorbia pulcherrima, and Dalechampia scandens. While
different tissues of Acalypha hispida, Acalypha wilkesiana, Breynia nivosa, Cicca acida, Codiaeum variegatum, Drypetes
roxburghii are devoid of proteolytic activity. This paper describes in detail about name of plants, habitat and presence of
proteolytic enzyme in them. Results show that the out of twenty five plants 50% plant tissue synthesize protease in
appreciable amount, while 10% are not able to produce it. However 40% plants demonstrate only detectable amount of
protease. A comparative account of proteolytic activity reveals some promising plants good source of enzyme. Some
plants produce combination of cysteine and serine proteases. A single plant i.e. Euphorbia nerifolia latex contains
cysteine, serine, metallo-protease and aspartic proteases. In turn, these proteases may be used in various industrial uses in
general and cheese production Key-words- Garden Euphorb iiann a p plaarnttisc,u Clayr.s t e ine and serine protease, E. leucocephala, Euphorbia viguieri
FARMERS’ KNOWLEDGE ON ADVERSE EFFECT OF USING AGRO-CHEMICALSSamar Biswas
Agrochemical , a contraction of agricultural chemical, is a generic term for the various chemical products used in agriculture. In most cases, agrichemical refers to the broad range of pesticides, including insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides. It may also include synthetic fertilizers, hormones and other chemical growth agents, and concentrated stores of raw animal manure(Wikipedia).
Chemical fertilizer as an important agro-chemical in Bangladesh was first introduced with limited use in early sixties. Its consumption has increased progressively over the last three decades. Total consumption of fertilizers increased around four folds from 0.87 million tons in 1980-81 to 3.04 million tons in 1996-97 with a growth rate of 8.36% per annum
Today is an established fact that agriculture not industry is major polluter of environment on a local , regional and global basis (Conway and Pretty, 1991).
Metabolomics Analysis on Antifungal Activities Produced by Penicillium oxalic...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
—In-vitro antagonist tests such as disc diffusion and minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) were conducted against C. gloeosporioides. 1 H-NMR coupled with multivariate statistical analysis was carried out to identify possible compounds produced. Glucose crude extract exhibited the highest percent inhibition of radial growth (PIRG) with 75% and the lowest MIC value with 78 µg mL-1. For metabolomics, different metabolites produced were clustered according to the carbon sources used and gave a representative impression of the metabolites produced by P. oxalicum T3.3. The study has shown the potential of using a combination of 1 H-NMR spectroscopy and multivariate statistical analysis and their correlation with MIC in differentiating the effect of carbon sources used based on the identification of possible metabolites contributing to their differences. Findings from this work may potentially provide the basis for further studies on both antimicrobial activities against plant pathogen and elucidation of the metabolite compounds produced by P. oxalicum T3.3.
This study was carried out to isolate and identify pathogenic microorganisms associated with
deterioration of tomato fruits. Fruit samples of infected and non-infected tomatoes were collected from
two open markets, Oja-Oba and Sabo in Osogbo, Nigeria. Each of the tomato was cut and the liquid
content inoculated on nutrient agar and potato dextrose agar, incubated at 37 0C and 25 0C, respectively,
and observed from 24 hours to 5 days, after which different colonies obtained were identified using slide
culture technique. Two bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus spp, as well as two fungi Aspergillus
flavus and Rhizopus stolonifer were observed in the tomato samples in both markets. Prevalence indices
revealed that isolated pathogens is higher at Sabo market than Oja-Oba market. Pathogenicity tests also
revealed that both of bacteria and fungi caused fruit decay. Consumers’ awareness on potential health
hazards of consuming relatively cheaper and pathogen contaminated spoilt fruits should be intensified.
Identification and Evaluation of Antifungal Compounds from Botanicals for th...researchagriculture
Red rot is a devastating disease in sugarcane caused by fungus,
Colletotrichum
falcatum
. In this study, eighteen different botanicals were screened for
identifying effective antifungal compound against
C.
falcatum.
Among the plants
screened, 15 per cent aqueous leaf extract of
Psoralea corylifolia
alone inhibited 100
per cent growth of both mycelium as well as spore germination under
in vitro
conditions. The extract did not exhibit any inhibitory effect to the beneficial microbes
viz.
,
Pseudomonas fluorescens
,
Bacillus megaterium
and
Gluconacetobacter
diazotrophicus
which are normally used in sugarcane. The effective plant extracts
exhibiting 100 per cent antifungal activity was subjected to TLC, HPLC and GC
-
MS
analysis to identify the bioactive antifungal compound. It revealed the
presence of
7H
-
furo [3,2
-
G] (1) benzopyran
-
7
-
one as main bioactive compound which is thought to be
the intermediate of antifungal compound, 8
–
methoxypsoralen formed during
biosynthesis.
Isolation and characterization of plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) from...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The use of anaerobic digestate as fertilizer is considered beneficial since it provides plant nutrients and organic matter to soils. However, there is limited information about plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) in digestate. In this study, we isolated Bacillus and Pseudomonas from two types of anaerobic digestates, and selected three different plant growth promoting traits and antifungal activity to screen 200 bacteria isolated from each digestate. Then 6 isolates based on plant growth promoting traits were selected and inoculated with common wheat seeds to evaluate their plant growth promoting activity. Cultivable population of Bacillus and Pseudomonas were 2.20 × 10 6 and 6.98 × 10 4 CFU g-1 dry matter in mesophilic digestate, while were 6.86 × 10 5 and 5.65 × 10 4 CFU g-1 dry matter in thermophilic digestate. Twenty-five bacterial isolates from mesophilic digestate and 12 bacterial isolates from thermophilic digestate showed positive plant growth promoting traits or antifungal activity. In plant growth promoting assay, all isolates significantly promoted growth of wheat seedlings (p < 0.05). Seedlings stem length was increased from 28.5% to 38.6% by bacteria inoculation. In addition, bacteria inoculation increased seedlings stem weight from 113.3% to 214.2% and root weight from 108.6% to 207.2% as compared to un-inoculated control. The results showed that anaerobic digestate was a potential source for isolation of PGPB, and PGPB in digestate would be beneficial for plant growth with fertilizer application.
Antimicrobial Drug Synthesis from Submerge Cultures of Pleurotus florida in D...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the nematicidal efficacy of a biocontrol agent, Pseudomonas flourescens for the management of root-knot nematode, Meloidogyneincognita on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cv.‘Avarodhi’ under glasshouse conditions. All the treatments were found to significantly improve the growth and physiological parameters of chickpea and reduction in pathological parameters as compare to untreated inoculated control. The highest improvement was observed in those plants treated with P. flourescens alone. Concomitant and sequential inoculation of P. flourescens with M.incognita also showed significant improvement in growth parameters of chickpea. Least enhancement in growth parameters was observed in those plants inoculated with nematode alone. It may be due to the nematcidal behaviour of P. flourescens against root-knot nematode, M. incognita. Hence, it may be concluded that P. flourescens as biocontrol agent is better substitute against chemical nematicides for the sustainable management of M. incognita and reduce environmental hazards.
Effect of Chitosan on Disease Control and Yield Parameters of Rambutan (Nephe...AI Publications
Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) is an extensively grown fruit crop in Sri Lanka. Powdery mildew incited by fungus Oidium nephelii attack young leaves, flowers and immature fruits caused heavy fruit losses in Rambutan. Chitosan is a natural biodegradable de-acetylated form of chitin has been proven to control numerous pre and post-harvest disease on various horticultural commodities. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of chitosan compounds on control of powdery mildew disease and yield parameters of Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) variety Malwana Special. Different types of chitosan i.e. chitosan fungicide, chitosan oligomer, copper containing chitosan and wettable sulphur were used as treatments. Based on the green house test results, 40 ppm concentration of chitosan fungicide, chitosan oligomer and Copper chitosan was identified as economically effective concentration for field studies. Field experiment was conducted in WU1 agro ecological zones at Gannoruwa in Central province of Sri Lanka. Experiment was arranged as Randomized Complete Block Design with 8 replicates. Treatments were sprayed by Knapsack sprayer. Disease severity Index of fruits, fruit weight and number of fruits per bunch were recorded at harvesting. Highest fruit weight was recorded in chitosan fungicide treated fruits. Higher number of fruits per bunch was recorded in all tested chitosan and wettable sulphur treated fruits compared to control. Chitosan fungicide (40ppm) and wettable sulphur 80 WP (4000ppm) has equally potential in controlling of powdery mildew pathogen of Rambutan variety Malwana Special.
Evaluate the Efficiency of Gamma Irradiation and Chitosan on Shelf-Life of St...IJEABJ
Chitosan play an important role as an antifungal against Botrytis cinerea and the effect was a concentration dependent. The obtained results of in vitro experiment demonstrated that chitosan (4%) decreased radial growth of B. cinereato 2 %. Invivo the severity of infection reduced from 59.8 and 100.0 to 9.7, 33.8 and 40.1 in first, second and third week’s storage periods at 13C, respectively. Also, chitosan coating (4%) significantly caused an increase in fruit firmness whereas TSS was decreased with an increase by increasing in storage time. However,Vitamin C gave fluctuated results by increasing storage time. Gamma irradiation at 2.5 KGy reduced severity (%) of infected fruits from 55.5, 100 and 100 to 31.7, 45.9 and 49.9 and in healthy fruits severity (%) reduced from 48.9, 100 and 100 to 23.3, 25.1 and 29.1 in different storage periods 1, 2 and 3 weeks, respectively. Similarly, chitosan as well as gamma irradiation combination induced a significant increase of peroxidase enzyme (POD) activity. Induced changes in surface morphology and damage of cell structure caused by using chitosan shown by scanning electron microscopy. Also, gamma irradiation causes changes in hyphea structure and in surface morphology but combination of gamma irradiation with chitosan was more effective in altering fungus morphology and cell structure damage and no spore forming. This providing the efficiency of combination on reducing disease severity (%) of strawberry.
DOI: 10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.4.7
ABSTRACT- Most of the Euphorbian plants secrete fluid which contain a proteolytic enzyme for defensive role against
insects, pests and hence eco physiological inheritance to sustain vegetation eventually in adverse environmental
conditions. Evaluation has been carried out on twenty five Euphorbian garden plants for their proteolytic activities using
casein as a substrate. Out of these, Euphorbia nerifolia, Euphorbia milli, Euphorbia tirucalli, Euphorbia lactea,
Synadenium granti, Jatropha curcas, Euphorbia nivulia, Euphorbia antiquoram, Pedilanthus tithymaloides, Euphorbia
viguieri, E. heterophylla and E. leucocephala are the good enzyme source. Moderate activity found in Jatropha
integerrima, Jatropha multifida, Jatropha podagrica, Euphorbia pulcherrima, and Dalechampia scandens. While
different tissues of Acalypha hispida, Acalypha wilkesiana, Breynia nivosa, Cicca acida, Codiaeum variegatum, Drypetes
roxburghii are devoid of proteolytic activity. This paper describes in detail about name of plants, habitat and presence of
proteolytic enzyme in them. Results show that the out of twenty five plants 50% plant tissue synthesize protease in
appreciable amount, while 10% are not able to produce it. However 40% plants demonstrate only detectable amount of
protease. A comparative account of proteolytic activity reveals some promising plants good source of enzyme. Some
plants produce combination of cysteine and serine proteases. A single plant i.e. Euphorbia nerifolia latex contains
cysteine, serine, metallo-protease and aspartic proteases. In turn, these proteases may be used in various industrial uses in
general and cheese production Key-words- Garden Euphorb iiann a p plaarnttisc,u Clayr.s t e ine and serine protease, E. leucocephala, Euphorbia viguieri
FARMERS’ KNOWLEDGE ON ADVERSE EFFECT OF USING AGRO-CHEMICALSSamar Biswas
Agrochemical , a contraction of agricultural chemical, is a generic term for the various chemical products used in agriculture. In most cases, agrichemical refers to the broad range of pesticides, including insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides. It may also include synthetic fertilizers, hormones and other chemical growth agents, and concentrated stores of raw animal manure(Wikipedia).
Chemical fertilizer as an important agro-chemical in Bangladesh was first introduced with limited use in early sixties. Its consumption has increased progressively over the last three decades. Total consumption of fertilizers increased around four folds from 0.87 million tons in 1980-81 to 3.04 million tons in 1996-97 with a growth rate of 8.36% per annum
Today is an established fact that agriculture not industry is major polluter of environment on a local , regional and global basis (Conway and Pretty, 1991).
Metabolomics Analysis on Antifungal Activities Produced by Penicillium oxalic...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
—In-vitro antagonist tests such as disc diffusion and minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) were conducted against C. gloeosporioides. 1 H-NMR coupled with multivariate statistical analysis was carried out to identify possible compounds produced. Glucose crude extract exhibited the highest percent inhibition of radial growth (PIRG) with 75% and the lowest MIC value with 78 µg mL-1. For metabolomics, different metabolites produced were clustered according to the carbon sources used and gave a representative impression of the metabolites produced by P. oxalicum T3.3. The study has shown the potential of using a combination of 1 H-NMR spectroscopy and multivariate statistical analysis and their correlation with MIC in differentiating the effect of carbon sources used based on the identification of possible metabolites contributing to their differences. Findings from this work may potentially provide the basis for further studies on both antimicrobial activities against plant pathogen and elucidation of the metabolite compounds produced by P. oxalicum T3.3.
This study was carried out to isolate and identify pathogenic microorganisms associated with
deterioration of tomato fruits. Fruit samples of infected and non-infected tomatoes were collected from
two open markets, Oja-Oba and Sabo in Osogbo, Nigeria. Each of the tomato was cut and the liquid
content inoculated on nutrient agar and potato dextrose agar, incubated at 37 0C and 25 0C, respectively,
and observed from 24 hours to 5 days, after which different colonies obtained were identified using slide
culture technique. Two bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus spp, as well as two fungi Aspergillus
flavus and Rhizopus stolonifer were observed in the tomato samples in both markets. Prevalence indices
revealed that isolated pathogens is higher at Sabo market than Oja-Oba market. Pathogenicity tests also
revealed that both of bacteria and fungi caused fruit decay. Consumers’ awareness on potential health
hazards of consuming relatively cheaper and pathogen contaminated spoilt fruits should be intensified.
Identification and Evaluation of Antifungal Compounds from Botanicals for th...researchagriculture
Red rot is a devastating disease in sugarcane caused by fungus,
Colletotrichum
falcatum
. In this study, eighteen different botanicals were screened for
identifying effective antifungal compound against
C.
falcatum.
Among the plants
screened, 15 per cent aqueous leaf extract of
Psoralea corylifolia
alone inhibited 100
per cent growth of both mycelium as well as spore germination under
in vitro
conditions. The extract did not exhibit any inhibitory effect to the beneficial microbes
viz.
,
Pseudomonas fluorescens
,
Bacillus megaterium
and
Gluconacetobacter
diazotrophicus
which are normally used in sugarcane. The effective plant extracts
exhibiting 100 per cent antifungal activity was subjected to TLC, HPLC and GC
-
MS
analysis to identify the bioactive antifungal compound. It revealed the
presence of
7H
-
furo [3,2
-
G] (1) benzopyran
-
7
-
one as main bioactive compound which is thought to be
the intermediate of antifungal compound, 8
–
methoxypsoralen formed during
biosynthesis.
Isolation and characterization of plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) from...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The use of anaerobic digestate as fertilizer is considered beneficial since it provides plant nutrients and organic matter to soils. However, there is limited information about plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) in digestate. In this study, we isolated Bacillus and Pseudomonas from two types of anaerobic digestates, and selected three different plant growth promoting traits and antifungal activity to screen 200 bacteria isolated from each digestate. Then 6 isolates based on plant growth promoting traits were selected and inoculated with common wheat seeds to evaluate their plant growth promoting activity. Cultivable population of Bacillus and Pseudomonas were 2.20 × 10 6 and 6.98 × 10 4 CFU g-1 dry matter in mesophilic digestate, while were 6.86 × 10 5 and 5.65 × 10 4 CFU g-1 dry matter in thermophilic digestate. Twenty-five bacterial isolates from mesophilic digestate and 12 bacterial isolates from thermophilic digestate showed positive plant growth promoting traits or antifungal activity. In plant growth promoting assay, all isolates significantly promoted growth of wheat seedlings (p < 0.05). Seedlings stem length was increased from 28.5% to 38.6% by bacteria inoculation. In addition, bacteria inoculation increased seedlings stem weight from 113.3% to 214.2% and root weight from 108.6% to 207.2% as compared to un-inoculated control. The results showed that anaerobic digestate was a potential source for isolation of PGPB, and PGPB in digestate would be beneficial for plant growth with fertilizer application.
Similar to Biochemical Resistance Mechanism Study of Jatropha curcas (Euphorbiaceae) Against Lasiodiplodia theobramae, a Leaf Blight and Necrosis Agent
Antimicrobial Drug Synthesis from Submerge Cultures of Pleurotus florida in D...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the nematicidal efficacy of a biocontrol agent, Pseudomonas flourescens for the management of root-knot nematode, Meloidogyneincognita on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cv.‘Avarodhi’ under glasshouse conditions. All the treatments were found to significantly improve the growth and physiological parameters of chickpea and reduction in pathological parameters as compare to untreated inoculated control. The highest improvement was observed in those plants treated with P. flourescens alone. Concomitant and sequential inoculation of P. flourescens with M.incognita also showed significant improvement in growth parameters of chickpea. Least enhancement in growth parameters was observed in those plants inoculated with nematode alone. It may be due to the nematcidal behaviour of P. flourescens against root-knot nematode, M. incognita. Hence, it may be concluded that P. flourescens as biocontrol agent is better substitute against chemical nematicides for the sustainable management of M. incognita and reduce environmental hazards.
Utilization of Biological Control Agents against Phytophthora palmivora Causi...JesonNalanganGeroche
Cacao black pod rot, caused by Phytophthora palmivora, is an economically serious problem in all cacao-producing
regions, leading to global yield loss and tree deaths. With the advent of Republic Act 10068, also known as the Organic
Agriculture Act of 2010, the state is searching for and encouraging sustainable agriculture. Hence, this study was
conducted to determine the antagonistic effects of the different biological control agents against P. palmivora and identify
the most effective biological control agents against cacao pod rot. Conducted at a laboratory, the experiment was laid out
in Complete Randomized Design (CRD) and replicated three times with five samples of cacao pods per replication.
Treatments used were as follows; T1- Negative control, T2- P. palmivora, T3- Chemical control, T4- Bacillus subtilis,
T5- Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, T6- Trichoderma harzianum. The in vitro test was done using a dual culture technique,
while the in vivo test was done through a detached pod test. The dual culture test showed that T. harzianum reduced P.
palmivora radial growth to 6.77mm with a percent growth inhibition of 70.54%. Moreover, the detached pod test recorded
no disease incidence, severity, and incubation period in pods treated with T. harzianum. Whereas, the longer incubation
period was noted in pods treated with chemical control at 4.27 days. Moreover, the highest degree of control was recorded
in pods treated with T. harzianum (100%). These findings emphasized the potential of T. harzianum as a sustainable and
effective solution for combating cacao black pod rot and promoting sustainable agriculture.
Suillus species, in general, are edible mushrooms, and environmentally important that are associated
mostly with pine trees in the tropics regions. These fungi considered a remarkable source of phenolic
compounds that play a crucial role as antioxidants which may reduce the risk of most human chronic
diseases such as cancer, diabetes, asthma, atherosclerosis, Alzheimer, and others. On the other hand,
carotenoids (β carotene) are the most popular natural pigments which play an important role to protect
the plants from photo-oxidative reactions. In human, these compounds prevent oxidative stress and
expects to have antimicrobial activity. Here, the phenolic compounds were extracted with Ethyl acetate
from fruiting bodies of Suillus sp and analyzed by HPLC, the antioxidant activity (reducing power%) of
phenolic compounds was determined at the concentrations of 1, 2.5, and 5 mg/mL. Antimicrobial activity
of β carotene pigment was measured at a concentration of 100 mg/mL against some human pathogenic
bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Staphylococcus
aureus. The specific DNA region ITS was amplified and sequenced using ITS1 and ITS4 primers with
some bioinformatics analyses. The phenolic extract isolated from fruiting bodies of Suillus sp showed a
remarkable antioxidant activity by increasing the reducing power percent (from F+3 ions to F+2 ions)
comparing with the industrial antioxidant (Propyl gallate) at all used concentrations. Percent of reducing
power of phenolic compounds were 75.5, 84.9 and 95.7% at concentrations of 1, 2.5, and 5 mg/mL
respectively; comparing with PG were 65.9, 81.3, and 93.3 at 1, 2.5, and 5 mg/mL respectively. The β
carotene pigment revealed a significant antimicrobial activity at a concentration of 100 mg/mL against K.
pneumonia, E. coli, and S. aureus. The highest bacterial growth inhibition was against K. pneumonia (40
mm), followed by E. coli (36 mm) and S. aureus (31 mm), while no effect showed against P. aeruginosa.
Our outcomes revealed that the phenolic bioactive compounds can be used as a natural antioxidant
instead of the industrial antioxidants, and also a β carotene pigment could be applied as a promising
natural compound rather than using the antibiotics and other manufactured compounds to inhibit
bacteria activity.
Using next generation sequencing to describe epiphytic microbiota associated ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Its seems likely that agricultural management as diverse as certified organic and conventional IPM practices would impact the microbiota associated with crop surfaces differently. We sampled organic and conventionally managed apples at multiple time-points in a growing season and characterized the bacterial taxa associated with replicates of each treatment type. Surprisingly, no evidence of significant differences persisting across multiple time-points was observed. Significant differential abundance of certain taxa was documented but when it was, it was primarily associated with a single time-point making it difficult to understand if these observations resulted from an environmental or a treatment effect. Principal component analyses demonstrated that sampling time-point explained more of the differences between bacterial communities than treatment. Description of dominant shared bacterial families for both organic and conventional samples included Oxalobacteraceae, Pseudomonadaceae, Sphingomonadaceae and Enterobacteriaceae.
Besides the lack of soil fertilization, the primary biotic stressor limiting the production of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) in Indonesia is pest and disease attacks (PDAs). As a part of the efforts to find out the appropriate solution for the farming constraints, a field trial was carried out for 14 months (2015 – 2016) in Genggelang - North Lombok Regency, Indonesia. The main objective of the experiment was to identify the effects of the use of locally-available materials, i.e., liquid-silicate rock fertilizer (LSRF), botanical pesticide (BP) of neem, and black ants (BA) of Doliccoderus thoracic, on PDAs, bean production, and polyphenol and lignin contents of cocoa pod shell. A randomized complete block design was laid out in three blocks, and the treatments were LSRF, LSRF+BP, LSRF+BA, BA, and control. Results reveal that the application of those materials reduced the intensity of pest and disease attacks (e.i., respectively, 6 - 24 % and 3 - 9 % lower than for that of the control), increased 18 – 119 % of bean production, and improved the polyphenol and lignin contents of pod shell. The highest increase (119 %) of bean production was due to the foliar application of LSRF. The positive effect of the treatments, especially the use of LSRF, associated with the improvement of the resistance of cocoa to PDAs and appropriate supply of plant-essential nutrients. Therefore, the foliar application of LSRF may be promoted as a proper method to improve the production of cocoa, especially of that grown on less fertile soils.
Antibacterial and Antifungal Activities of Essential Oils of Crude Extracts o...lukeman Joseph Ade shittu
Concern about the rising prevalence of antibiotics-resistant strains of pathogenic microorganisms has been expressed in the last three decades. However, intensive studies on extracts and biologically-active compounds isolated from medicinal plants have also doubled in the last decade. As a result of paucity of knowledge and folkloric claim on the leaves effectiveness in infectious disease treatments, we aimed to determine the antimicrobial activity of essential oils and lignans present in the crude Sesame radiatum leaves extracts. Ethanolic, Methanolic and Aqueous extracts of Sesame radiatum leaves were studied for their in-vitro antimicrobial activity against both Gram positive and Gram negative micro-organisms and Yeast using Agar diffusion method. The GC-MS phytochemical screening of methanolic extract showed the presence of carboxylic acids and phenolic groups in essential oils especially some of the most potent antioxidants like Sesamol, Sesamolin and Sesamin. Both the methanolic and ethanolic extracts have broad spectrum antimicrobial effect against all the tested micro-organisms except Streptococcus pneumoniae, Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus respectively, while the aqueous extract exhibited no inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae except on Candida albicans. The result confirmed the folkloric claims of the antimicrobial effectiveness of locally consumed Sesame leaves extracts especially against bacterial and common skin infection in many areas of the Country (Nigeria).
Insecticidal Activity of Stem Bark Extract of Lophira Alata Ekki Against Cowp...ijtsrd
Methanolic extract of Lophira alata was evaluated for its efficacy as contact and fumigant insecticides on cowpea bruchid, Callosobruchus maculatus in the laboratory at ambient tropical conditions of temperature and relative humidity. The plant powder tested was applied at rates 0.0 control , 2.0 g and 3.0 g 20 g of cowpea seeds either directly for contact with the insect pest or in plastic containers to assess its fumigant toxicity. Results of contact toxicity assay showed that powders of L. alata was effective against the adult C. maculatus causing 90 mortality 4.00 ± 0.57 within 2 days of application at 3.0 g 20 g of cowpea seeds as compared with 90 mortality 5.38 ± 0.50 recorded on day 4 of 2.0 g concentration application. The results of fumigant assays showed that L. alata had the highest insecticidal activity causing 95 mortality of C. maculatus within 4 days of application at rate 3.0 g 20g of cowpea seeds in contrast to 80 mortality recorded in 96 hrs of 2.0g concentration application. The phytochemical screening of the plant revealed alkaloids, saponins, glycosides, phytosterols, tannis, flavonoids and terpenoids while reducing sugar was absent. This study showed that the tested plant product is toxic to cowpea bruchid and the powders can be mixed with cowpea seeds to prevent hatching of the eggs thereby helping in their management. Ifelolu A. Remi-Esan | Olusola O. Bankole "Insecticidal Activity of Stem Bark Extract of Lophira Alata (Ekki) Against Cowpea Bruchid (Callosobruchus Maculatus)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31207.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/other/31207/insecticidal-activity-of-stem-bark-extract-of-lophira-alata-ekki-against-cowpea-bruchid-callosobruchus-maculatus/ifelolu-a-remiesan
A Study on the Removal of Pesticide Residues on Potatoes Using Moringa oleife...AI Publications
Moringa oleifera (MO) is a plant whose seeds possess strong coagulation properties capable of removing turbidity and heavy metals from water. In this study, the effectiveness of MO seeds as a potential pesticide removal apparatus for agricultural produce was investigated. The parameters of interest for each pesticide washing solution were pesticide-concentration reduction, cost, and taste alteration to the potatoes. Separate doses of 0.25 mL profenofos 500 EC were individually applied to distinct 250 g pesticide-free potato piles. A submersion of each tainted potato pile was carried out in one of the chosen pesticide baths (mineral water, 2% salt solution, 10% salt solution, vegetable bath wash, and 10 g MO seed) for 10 min, followed by a 10 second mineral water bath rinse. Remaining profenofos residue concentrations on potatoes were quantified using the quick, easy, cheap, rugged, and simple QuEChERs method coincided with High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The experiments showed that the MO seed was the most effective at removing profenofos at 52.9% followed by the vegetable bath at 47.3%. Neither method caused an alteration in food taste, but the MO seed method is significantly cheaper at 2,000/L IDR ($0.14 USD) compared to the vegetable bath at IDR 10,668/L ($0.77 USD) at the time of the experiment, respectively.
Distribution, Biochemical Properties and Genetic Relatedness of Endophytic Ba...AI Publications
Microbe-assisted phytoremediation is a recent application of bioremediation with much prospects. The genetic relatedness of culturable endophytic bacteria of wetland plants growing on a six month-old and twelve month-old petroleum-contaminated sites, and an uncontaminated site in Bayelsa State of the Niger Delta Region, Nigeria were compared. Most of the endophyte species isolated from the roots, stems and leaves were common to all the sites and belong to the phyla Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi and Actinomicrobia, with the γ-Proteobacteria dominating. Pseudomonas was the most prevalent species in all three sites, but higher in the petroleum contaminated sites. Biochemical properties (API 20E) of the common isolates; Pseudomonas spp.Chryseobacterium indologenes,Bacillus and Proteusvaried with sites while only Providencia rettgeri peculiar to the petroleum-contaminated sites showed the same properties. 16S rRNA PCR-DNA fragments of forty-five species of the isolates (15 from each site) were characterized using RFLP and MspI restriction enzyme and a genetic distance tree of the restriction patterns drawn. The percentage of similarity in the genetic relatedness of isolates ranged from 11.1 – 100%. The genetic tree analysis of the 45 species of identified bacteria revealed 3 major clusters with 17 DNA fingerprinting patterns. Pseudomonas species of the root and leaves of the six month-old petroleum-contaminated site and uncontaminated site were seen to cluster together irrespective of date of isolation. The endophytes may play a role in the in situ degradation of the petroleum hydrocarbon of the sites.
Study on Characterization of Various Biofilms Prepared by Starch Isolated fro...ijtsrd
In the present study, the rhizome of Maranta arundinacea L., Arrowroot, was selected for a rich source of starch for the preparation of biofilm. Firstly, some physicochemical properties of the selected sample were determined by AOAC method. Furthermore, the elemental analysis of the selected sample was carried out by Energy Dispersive X ray Fluorescence EDXRF spectroscopy. Moreover, antimicrobial activities of various solvent extracts were examined by Agar well diffusion method on six tested organisms. And then, the qualitative determination of starch tests such as Iodine test and Tannic acid test were done. In addition, starch from Arrowroot powder was isolated and confirmed by FT IR spectrum. Finally, starch biofilms were prepared by using isolated starch and various ratios of plasticizers PVA, PEG, and Sorbitol. The characterizations of seven kinds of prepared biofilms were measured. Aye Mon Thida Nyo | Arnt Win | Baby San Chit Su | Mar Pi Myint | Phyu Phyu Khaing "Study on Characterization of Various Biofilms Prepared by Starch Isolated from Maranta Arundinacea L." Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26588.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/other/26588/study-on-characterization-of-various-biofilms-prepared-by-starch-isolated-from-maranta-arundinacea-l/aye-mon-thida-nyo
The ethanol extracts of Ficus asperifolia, Mormordica charantia, Anacardium
occidentals and Psidium guajava were evaluated sole and in treatment combinations at 25, 50 and
75mg ml-1 concentration levels against the mycelial growth of Macrophomina phaseolina of
Cowpea. The pathogen was cultured on plates containing botanicals amended Potato Dextrose
Agar (PDA) in three replicates while only ethanol treated PDA tested plates served the control
experiment. The radial growths were recorded at 4th, 6th and 8th day after inoculation. Data
obtained were analysed using the SAS software program version 9.2. The extract of Mormordica
charantia was the most effective in the botanical treatments alone. The most significant inhibition
of Macrophomina phaseolina were observed from the combined treatments of Ficus asperifolia,
Mormordica charantia and Anacardium occidentals (3.11 cm), followed by Mormordica
charantia and Psidium guajava (3.29 cm), then combination of four extracts; Ficus asperifolia,
Mormordica charantia, Anacardium occidentals and Psidium guajava (3.53 cm), then
Mormordica charantia and Anacardium occidentals (3.84 cm). Other treatments, either alone or in
combination produced significant result compared to the control experiment (6.94 cm). However,
the efficacy of botanicals increased with concentration and also significantly correlated with time
and reduction in mycelia extension of the pathogen. More so, variability in the antifungicidal
potentials of the botanicals on Macrophomina phaseolina ranges from 15.93% to 34.06%
according to Eigen proportions. The treatment combinations of; Ficus asperifolia, Mormordica
charantia and Anacardium occidentals at 75mg ml-1 concentration level produced the most
inhibitory effect against Macrophomina phaseolina in vitro. However, the untreated plates did not
show inhibitory effect on the mycelial growth of the pathogen. Therefore, combined treatments of
botanicals could be a potential source in the practice of plant disease control.
Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus amendment on the yield of a Chlorella sp. s...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— A strain of microalgae was isolated from phytoplankton samples collected from the sea coast of Amsheet, North Lebanon. Molecular diagnosis based on ribosomal RNA genes showed it to be most closely related to Chlorella sp. (GenBank accession KC188335.1) with over 90 % nucleotide identity. It was then evaluated whether N and P amendments of seawater fertilized with Guillard’s f/2 medium would improve algal growth and production. Addition of nitrogen (30 ppm) and/or phosphorus (2 ppm) to microalgae grown under laboratory conditions in 3L bioreactors resulted in improved biomass yield (mg dry matter/ L) by approximately 48%, and increased protein yield by approximately 56%, from 19.5% to 30.6% of DM content. Total protein yield/L of culture medium was therefore increased by approximately 83%. Total lipid content and carotenoid levels of the microalgal culture were not affected by the N+P amendement, whereas chlorophyll content was almost doubled. When lower levels of N+P supplementations, 10 and 20 ppm N, were tried, the biomass yield was also improved. The experiment was repeated in 20 L bioreactors in a plastic greenhouse, under normal environmental conditions, with an average temperature of 28°C and a maximum temperature of 36°C. At these relatively high temperatures, the growth rate was slowed down, but N supplementations at 10 and 20 ppm resulted in improved dry matter yield by 25 and 45% respectively, and protein content by 17 and 35%, respectively. Knowledge of the optimal culturing conditions of this local Chlorella strain is essential for its efficient production and is expected to serve future environmental and biotechnological purposes.
Effect of Sakkara Brewing on the Severity of Powdery Mildew Disease of Luffa ...AI Publications
Powdery mildew is one of the major production constraint of cucurbits in almost all parts of Sri Lanka.The disease can be controlled with fungicides. However, bio control agents or organic compounds provide economically sound, practically feasible and environmentally safe approach. “Sakkaraa” brewing (SBr) is a fermented aqueous drink based on cane sugar and yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). Most of the studies assessing the efficacy of yeast as a bio control agent, however, have focused on its effects against some fungi. Two experiments were conducted in parallel to identify the effect of SBr on severity of powdery mildew of Luffa and cucumber varieties under greenhouse condition. Six luffa varieties and twelve cucumber varieties were grown in pots and artificially inoculated with powdery mildew pathogen. Layout of the factorial experiments involving crop varieties and SBr treatments was completely randomized block design with four replications. About 15 days after inoculation of spore suspension of pathogen and when powdery mildew symptoms were well appeared, started the application of diluted SBr on six Luffa varieties and twelve cucumber varieties as an aqueous spray and untreated plants of each Luffa and cucumber variety were kept as control. Disease evaluation and measurements of percentage disease severity index (DSI (%)) of powdery mildew on plants were performed and recorded at flowering stage and fruiting stage. Microscopic observations confirmed that causal agent of powdery mildew of Luffa and cucumber in the country was Podosphaera xanthii. Results of DSI % of powdery mildew in both experiment showed that there was a significant difference between SBr applied treatment and control both at flowering and fruiting stage. Luffa varieties did not show significantly different of DSI (%) of powdery mildew. Popular Luffa variety Naga recorded highest DSI (%) when compared with other tested varieties. Cucumber varieties showed significant difference of DSI (%) of powdery mildew at flowering and fruiting stages. Cucumber var. KWxG17(S) Green and Var. Tunnel Green showed significantly lower DSI (%) of powdery mildew compared to other tested varieties. Results revealed that SBr has remarkable ability of control of powdery mildew and provides an opportunity to produce an effective control tool to protect Luffa and cucumber varieties from powdery mildew disease.
Background: Dennentia tripetalla (Pepper Fruit) belongs to the Annonaceae family and is abundant in Nigeria. Its
fruit in folklore medicine is used for treatment of varying ailments. While ample research evidence exists on the
plants fruit and seed, no current study exists on the toxicological profile of the plant leaves.
Methods: qualitative and quantitative phytochemicals and In vitro antioxidant assays were carried out using
standard methods. The acute toxicity study indicates that the LD50 was higher than 2000 mg/Kg body weight. Subchronic
toxicity studies was carried out using five groups of rats. Group 1 served as control, 2–5 received 100 mg/
Kg, 200 mg/Kg, 500 mg/Kg and 1000 mg/Kg body weight orally for 28 days.
Results: Post-administration biochemical analysis indicates there was increased weight in rats administered 100
mg/kg and 200 mg/kg while it reduced in the 500 mg/kg group. Significant elevations of liver function markers
were reported for 200 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg respectively. Serum and hepatic protein profiles remained unaltered.
Renal function analysis revealed elevated serum urea and creatinine for 200 and 500 mg/kg groups, elevated serum
Na+ and Ca+ and reduced serum Cl− for the 500 mg/Kg group. Elevated Kidney K+ and Ca+ levels, reduced Cl−
were significantly observed in 500 mg/Kg group. Significant rise in hepatic and renal lipid peroxidation was
observed in 200 and 500 mg/Kg groups. There were observed disarmament of the antioxidant defense systems
occasioned by rise and drop in tissue (hepatic, renal, testes, heart) Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (Cat),
Glutathione-s-transferase (GST), Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities in the test groups relative to control.
Histopathological examination indicated architectural aberrations at 500 and 1000 mg/kg.
Conclusions: It concluded that the plant had significant phytochemical and antioxidant properties of medical
interest and possessed toxic properties in rats when administered at a dose above 200 mg/Kg over a prolonged
period of time.
In Vitro Assessment of Antioxidant Activity, Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Con...AI Publications
Sweet marjoram (Origanum majorana L.) is cultivated as a condiment for its aromatic leaves for culinary purposes and utilized as a medicinal plant for many diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro antioxidant activity of marjoram extract by the 2, 2–diphenyl–1–picrylhydrazyl–hydrate (DPPH) free radical scavenging method while total phenolic and flavonoid contents were quantified by spectrophotometry using Folin−Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride colorimetric methods, respectively. The extraction yield of sweet marjoram obtained by maceration in absolute ethanol at a ratio of 1/5 (w/v) for 24h at room temperature was 8.41 ± 0.76 % (w/w). The obtained results showed that the investigated extract contained a higher amount of phenolics: 164.96 ± 4.61 mg GAE/g of dry plant, lower flavonoid contents: 44.61 ± 2.08 mg QE/g of dry plant, and exhibited a strong antioxidant activity (IC50 value: 40.09 µg/ml) almost like those of the used standard products, namely ascorbic acid and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). Based on the obtained results, marjoram (Origanum majorana L.) features a potential application as natural antioxidants that could be exploited by the pharmaceutical and food industries.
Similar to Biochemical Resistance Mechanism Study of Jatropha curcas (Euphorbiaceae) Against Lasiodiplodia theobramae, a Leaf Blight and Necrosis Agent (20)
When breeding diploid potatoes, tetraploid progeny can result from the union of 2n eggs and 2n pollen in 2x-2x crosses. Thirty-three crosses were made to examine tetraploid progeny frequency in 2x-2x crosses. All crosses were between S. tuberosum dihaploids and diploid self-compatible donors, M6 and DRH S6-10-4P17. Using chloroplast counting for ploidy determination, the frequency of tetraploid progeny was as high as 45% in one of the 33 crosses. Based upon single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping, the tetraploid progeny were attributed to bilateral sexual polyploidization (BSP), which is caused by the union of 2n egg and 2n pollen. Dihaploids were identified that produce lower frequencies of 2n eggs. The results of this study suggest that S. tuberosum dihaploids with a high frequency of 2n eggs should be avoided in 2x - 2x crosses for diploid breeding programs.
This study developed a low cost and affordable to small-scale farmers’ indirect air-cooling combined with evaporative cooling (IAC+EC) system for storage of fruit and vegetables under both arid and hot; and humid and hot climatic conditions. Field heat from freshly harvested produce should be immediately removed through cooling to the desired storage temperature. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of IAC+EC system in terms of the cooling time requirement of the fresh tomato fruit. A fresh tomato cooling experiment to remove field heat during the summer month of September in Pietermaritzburg was conducted for 36 hours where the IAC+EC system was compared to storage under ambient conditions. The results showed that 16 hours was required to reduce the flesh temperature of tomatoes to 16.5°C while the flesh temperature for tomatoes under ambient conditions followed the ambient temperature profile with time of storage. The IAC+EC system reduced and maintained the microenvironment air temperature inside the coolers to 16.5°C - 19°C. The ambient temperature varied between 21 and 32°C. The results in this study are evidence that IAC+ EC system can be a choice for farmers, for cooling the fresh by reducing the field temperature after harvest.
Dioscorea rotundata is a staple food crop for millions of people in the tropical and subtropical regions. In vitro germplasm conservation is a very useful tool in yam improvement strategies but very little is known about the genetic integrity and stability of in-vitro conserved yam plants. In this study, 42 accessions from in vitro and field populations were genotyped using 11 microsatellite markers and 23 morphological descriptors to assess variability within and between accessions. Out of the 23 morphological variables used, 13 were identified as most discriminate and were used to cluster the accessions into 4 clusters using the unweighted pair group arithmetic mean average (UPGMA). Accession maintained in field as well as in in-vitro showed high genetic similarity (R2 = 0.91, p-value: 1e-04). Out of the 42 accessions analyzed, nine accessions maintained in the field and in-vitro displayed different genetic profiles. This study provided basic information on the possible somaclonal variation of yam accessions maintained through in-vitro. Further study with advanced tools such as next-generation sequencing is required to elucidate the nature of the observed variation within clones.
A study was carried out on plant density at the experimental field of the Institute of Agricultural Research for Development (IRAD) Nkolbisson, Yaoundé to determine the appropriate spacing to improve rainfed rice production in the bimodal rainfall forest zone of Cameroon. The experiment was conducted during the main cropping seasons of 2017 and 2018. The planting spacing used were 15cm x 15cm, 20cm x 20cm, 25cm x 25cm and 30cm x 30cm giving the plant populations of 444444, 250000, 160,000 and 111,111 plants / ha respectively using two varieties (Nerica 3 and Nerica 8). The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Significant differences were observed in the growth and yield across the years. Treatments were highly significant concerning the number of days to the appearance of the first flower, the number of days to 50% flowering, and the number of days to 50 % maturity. Plants were taller with more tillers and gave higher yields in 2017 than those of 2018. The spacing significantly affected the plant height, number of tillers, and panicle length for both varieties. The interaction of spacing and variety was significant for the number of tillers per m2 and the number of seeds per panicle, however, it was not for the weight of 1000 grains and the percentage of full bales. The yield components determining yield increase were the number of panicles / m2 and the number of seeds/panicles. Nerica 3 variety gave higher yields compared to the Nerica 8, the closer the spacing, the higher the yield. There were a strong significance and positive correlation between yield, number of panicles, and the number of grain per panicle. The spacing that gives the highest number of panicle per m2 was 15 cm X 15 cm and this spacing gave good yield in the region where the study was carried out.
Intermolecular interaction is the material basis for cells to achieve their functions, and protein-protein interaction is an important approach to illuminate the regulation network of biological molecules and has important theoretical significance and potential application value for revealing the activity law of life in nature. This paper mainly summarizes and analyzes the new advances and applications of modern biotechnologies in the study of protein-protein interactions, including local surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), yeast two-hybrid, GST-Pull-down, bimolecular fluorescence complementation, and coimmunoprecipitation. At the same time, the principles of different research methods for protein-protein interaction and their other applications in the field of life sciences are also discussed, all of these will provide a reference value for the analysis of protein-protein interaction and the molecular regulation mechanism of biomacromolecules.
Field experiment involving five improved onion (Allium cepa L.) varieties and carried out at Kulumsa Agricultural Research Center during the 2018 to 2019 cropping seasons under irrigated condition to identify the best performing variety for seed production to the target areas of Arsi Zone. The onion varieties included in the field experiment were (Nafis, Robaf, Nasic Red, Bombe Red, and Adama Red). The experimental design was a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Phenological and growth parameters, seed yield, and yield components were studied. The result showed that Variety had a significant effect on most phonological and growth attributes as well as on yield attributes. The number of days to flowering and vigorously were significantly affected by variety; while plant height, days to boolting and branch number was not significantly influenced by variety. Flower stalks height and diameter, number of umbel per plant, and umbel diameter also significantly affected by variety. Seed yield per umbel and mean seed yield per hectare also showed a significance difference among varieties. The highest seed yield per hectare (1415.89 kg/ha) was recorded from Adama Red and followed by Nafis variety, whereas Nasic rerd, Bombe red and Robaf show no significance difference among each other, Therefore, it can be concluded that use of the improved onion varieties such as Adama red and Nafis is advisable and could be appropriate for onion seed production in the test area even though further testing is required to put the recommendation on a strong basis.
Rubber trees are among the important cultivated crops in Malaysia, and have contributed to the country’s overall economic growth since the 1950s. However, the existing anatomical and morphological studies are relatively insufficient. Currently, Hevea brasiliensis has been cultivated and planted commonly as a commercial planting clone, while Hevea camargoana remains to be a non-cultivated and underutilized rubber species. For many years, there only exists little information both in private plantations and government agencies that have carried out anatomical and morphological assessments on these underutilized species. There is little information about the characteristics of H.camargoana, thus raising the issue among plant breeders on how to best use this underutilized rubber species. This study attempts to investigate the taxonomic values and characteristics of Hevea brasiliensis and Hevea camargoana through anatomical and morphological studies.
Use of distributed electricity generation systems is currently increasing due to their economic and environmental benefits. Agricultural greenhouses require heat and electricity for covering their energy needs while their annual energy requirements vary significantly. Aim of the current work is the investigation of applying various distributed electricity generation systems in greenhouses. A review of different distributed generation systems currently used in various sectors as well as in greenhouses has been implemented. Various technologies are examined utilizing either renewable energies or fossil fuels in very efficient energy systems. Most of them are mature and cost-effective having lower environmental impacts compared with traditional centralized electricity generation technologies. Their use in greenhouses results in many benefits including the creation of an additional income for the farmer, reduction of carbon emissions into the atmosphere and increasing stability of the electric grid. It is suggested that distributed electricity generation systems should be used more in greenhouses when the necessary conditions are favorable.
Grain mold, considered the most important disease of sorghum, is associated with several fungal genera. The disease reduces both yield and quality. In this study, over 300 sorghum seed samples collected from Texas, Florida, and Georgia were evaluated for grain mold severity, seed weight, germination rate, and seed fungal community. Grain mold severity of the seed samples, except for those collected from Cameron, Texas, were rated 3 or higher, indicating that these sorghum lines were moderately susceptible under naturally-infected field conditions during the 2016 and 2017 growing seasons. Seed weight across surveyed locations ranged from 1.1 g to 4.0g for samples collected in Texas during the same period. Percent germination rates for samples collected in Texas ranged from 59.6% to 86.7%. Sorghum samples collected from Florida and Georgia exhibited moderately susceptible response to grain mold infection. Mean seed weight was 1.9 g for samples collected from Florida, while in Georgia, mean seed weight was 2.3 g. Germination rate was low for samples collected from Florida and Georgia. Mycological analysis of sorghum seed samples collected from farmers’ fields in Central and South Texas during the 2016 and 2017 growing seasons showed Alternaria species as the most frequently isolated fungal genus, accounting for 40% and 42 % in 2016 and 2017, followed by Fusarium incarnatum, F. acuminatum, F. equiseti, & F. semitectum Complex. In Florida and Georgia, Fusarium incarnatum, F. acuminatum, F. equiseti, & F. semitectum Complex was the most frequently recovered fungal species, accounting for 77% and 72% of the total. genera/species isolated from seed samples. Other fungal species, including Curvularia lunata, Bipolaris sp., Colletotrichum sublineola, F. verticillioides, Penicillium sp., Aspergillus flavus, F. thapsinum, F. oxysporum, F. sporotrichioides, F. graminearum, F. proliferatum, and Aspergillus niger were also isolated from sorghum seeds in various frequencies. In conclusion, the presence of large number of fungal genera associated with grain deterioration and their effect on other traits, makes management of this disease complex challenging. To identify grain mold resistant sources in a region, using the most dominant species in that region to screen the sorghum germplasm is recommended.
Potato is the second most important food crop in Kenya after maize. It is a valuable cash and food crop mainly grown by small-scale farmers. Potato is cultivated mainly under rainfed production conditions at altitudes between 1500 and 3000 metre above sea level (masl). Consequently, National Performance Trials (NPTs) test sites are located in these highlands. Recently, potato production has spread to the mid-highlands (1200-1500masl) mostly due to high food demand occasioned by population increase, and migration of small scale farmers from the densely populated highlands to the more spacious midlands. Consequently, there is increased need to breed potato varieties that can grow profitably in the warmer mid-altitudes. This development called for identification of new conventional NPT test sites located in the mid-altitudes. Six mid-altitude sites were identified and client-managed conventional NPTs carried out. Twenty six potato genotypes were evaluated for two seasons. First season crop was planted in 2016 while the second season crop was planted in 2017. There was a significant (p≤ 0.001) effect of genotypes, environments and genotype x environment interaction in the first season. Trans-Nzoia was the highest yielding site. All genotypes yielded between 10 and 25 ton/ha. In the second season, only environments showed significant (p≤ 0.001) effects. Again, Trans-Nzoia was the highest yielding site. Across the two seasons, Trans-Nzoia gave an average yield of 26.96 ton/ha followed by Kabete at 18. 21ton/ha. All the other four sites yielded less than 10 ton/ha. The high yields at Trans-Nzoia and Kabete could be due to higher altitudes in these two sites compared to the others. In order to develop potato varieties that can produce profitably in the warm mid-altitudes, breeding and early generation selections activities should be based in these areas.
The tests for the evaluation of seedling establishment, palatability and acceptability were carried out at the Teaching and Research Farm of the Department of Agricultural Technology and the Food Laboratory of the Department of Home and Rural Economics, Adamawa State College of Agriculture, Ganye, Adamawa State. The experimental designs used were Randomized Complete Block Design and the Completely Randomized Design. Some of the parameters measured were percentage seedling establishment, palatability, and acceptability tests. The highest mean percentage seedling establishment was observed in 12.00g levels of H. suaveolens whole powder treated shelled groundnut seeds (97.67, 97.00, and 94.00) at the three periods of storage. Percentage seedling establishment decreased with a decrease in levels of H. suaveolens whole powder. One of the major constraints to the use of plant materials as an alternative to synthetic insecticides is the issue of standardization in dosage of application. This work has suggested that, if groundnut seeds are to be used for sowing, they should be stored with a 12.00g level of H. suaveolens whole powder for every 300.00g for three months. However, if they are to be used for consumption, they could be stored with a 6.00g level of H. suaveolens whole powder for every 300.00g for at most three months. There was no significant difference between treated and untreated shelled groundnut seeds at the three periods of storage on the acceptability and palatability score of cooked groundnut at all dosages of application. All treatments were within the acceptable score rates even though the two rates of the synthetic insecticides, actellic dust were at the lowest acceptable score rate. The finding also showed that acceptability and palatability decreased with an increase in dosage of application. The periods of storage also had a significant impact on the mean percentage seedling establishment. It was observed that there was a higher percentage of seedling establishment when shelled groundnut seeds were stored from November- January. At this period of the year, the temperature and humidity are usually low and this might have necessitated the high state of inactivity and low performance of the bruchids compared to other periods of storage within the year.
Irrigation experiments of cocoa tend to concentrate on yield of matured cocoa trees compared to field establishment of young seedlings. Seedling survival leading to optimum population density are fundamental to obtaining maximum yield of crops. The aim of this experiment was to determine the effect of mulching and irrigation on survival of hybrid cocoa clone raised in three different growing media during the establishment phase. The experimental design was a 2 x 2 x 3 factorial arranged in a split-split plot design, with irrigation as the main plot factor, mulching as the subplot factor and growing media as the sub-sub plot factor with three replications. Cocoa pod husk (CPH) was used as the mulching material and each plant received 5kg at a rate of 5.6 t/ha. Irrigation was done daily by applying 4L of water except when it rains. Data was collected on soil moisture, plant height, leaf number, stem girth and plant survival. Results indicated that irrigation and mulching significantly (P<0.01) enhanced soil moisture. Cocoa seedlings raised in topsoil, mulched and irrigated significantly (P<0.05) increased survival rate (94.5%) compared to seedlings raised in soil without irrigation and no mulching (47.1%). Similarly, the survival rate of seedlings raised in growing media M2, mulched and irrigated (93.0%) was significantly (P<0.05) higher than similar seedlings without irrigation (73.4%). However, the survival rate of seedlings raised in M3 without mulching but irrigated was significantly (<0.05) higher 92.1% compared to seedlings raised in M3 mulched and irrigated 67.1%. Irrigation is very important in ensuring high survival rate during early field establishment. Mulching with cocoa pod husk without irrigation did not improve cocoa seedling survival.
Few years ago National Centre for Agricultural Mechanization (NCAM) launched melon sheller to reduce burden of obtaining melon oil and cake, and to enhance rural women’s productivity. This study looked at the productivity of promoted melon shelling technology and preference by rural women in Nigeria. Data were gathered from the NCAM workshop and survey of melon processors in Niger State. In the workshop, it was found that time allowed for soaking melon and covering with piece of clothes contributed to the productivity of the sheller. Results from survey revealed that 95.1% of the respondents’ preferred Internal Combustion technology and 90.2% liked electric-driven melon shellers over the manual one. Also, 69.5% obtained the shellers from local fabricators rather than NCAM. The technology led to increased turnout of melon (378kg/hr) and reduced wastages to 1.26kg out of 75.6kg. The study concluded that the promoted melon sheller is efficient and have positive implication on the rural women’s productivity and revenue. The study recommends that the rural women should put the melon sheller into its maximum capacity use. The NCAM should extend training to the local fabricators so that they can improve on the technology most especially in the areas of winnowing and washing of melon kernels.
Keeping in view of lack of recommended rates of N and NPS fertilizers, a field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of the newly introduced NPS fertilizer and nitrogen on growth, physiology and above ground biomass of garlic. Four NPS (0-0-0, 78.75-69-12.75, 105-92-17 and 131.25-115-21.25 kg N-P-S ha-1) and three nitrogen fertilizer rates (114.13, 228.26 and 278.33 kg N ha-1) were laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. Significantly highest plant height (28.02 cm), leaf diameter (1.27 cm), dry and fresh weight (4.71 g and 6.11 g) and leaf length were recorded on garlic plants supplied with 105-92-17 kg N-P-S ha-1 and also the highest plant height (27.75 cm), leaf length (24.02 cm), fresh and dry weight (6.23 g and 5.04 g) were recorded on garlic plants supplied with 278.33 kg N ha-1. The interaction effect also show a significant effect in almost all the growth parameters; the early day to 50% emergence was recorded from a plot which received 228.26 kg N ha-1 and 105-92-17 kg NPS ha-1 and the highest plant height, leaf length, fresh and dry above ground biomass and leaf diameter were 29.62 cm, 25.60 cm, 6.93 g, 5.59 g and 1.4 cm, respectively were observed by the interaction of 278.33 kg N ha-1 and 105-92-17 kg N-P-S ha-1 with no significant difference with 228.26 N and 78.75-69-12.75 kg N-P-S ha−1. From this one season experiment, fertilizer rates 307.01-69-12.75 kg N-P-S ha−1 could be recommended for garlic production.
In the past, conservation effort has primarily focused on establishment of forest reserves for timber production, with minimal or no consideration to how these natural resources will help sustain or improve livelihoods of adjoining communities. This study examined the contribution of Aramoko forest reserve to the livelihoods of the adjoining communities in Ekiti State. One hundred and twenty pre-tested questionnaires were administered among the products collectors in the study area. Data collected were analysed and the result showed that 78.3 % of the respondents are married with 52.3 % of them male, while 50.8 % of the respondents aged between 51-70 years with 64.1 % having at least secondary education. Twenty-five (25) different products were collected by the respondents in the study area. These products include among others; timber with highest frequency of (120) followed by herbal plants (115), Archantina marginata (105), Thaumatococcus danielli (89), Bridelia ferruginea (70) and Irvingia garbonensis (65). The use of motor cycle accounted for 41.4 % of the respondents means of transportation, while 31.3 % of the respondents sell their product in bit at the village market. Picking, digging, plucking, cutting and uprooting were methods used for harvesting by the respondents while illegal felling (24 %) and indiscriminate bush burning (22.4 %) were the major conservation problem in the study area. Specifically, some of the products harvested are used for food, medicine, fuelwood, herbs and cultural purposes. The study recommends that research should be conducted into how these products can be artificially raised in the nursery for plantation establishment.
Cocoa farmer faces increasing challenging environment through exposure to risks factors which have impacted negatively on their production or output. Since farmers are primary producers and often times lack capacity to control risks factor, it is important to manage this factors. This study examines the cocoa farmers’ risk preferences and crop insurance perception and isolates the drivers of decision to uptake crop insurance among cocoa farmers in Ekiti state. The sample for the study consist of 200 cocoa farmers who were household heads selected through multi-stage sampling across four Local government areas of Ekiti State who are predominantly cocoa producers. Data collected on socio-demographic characteristics, perception of crop insurance and risk preferences, were analyzed using descriptive statistics and binary logistic model. Results showed that majority of the cocoa farmers were without crop insurance, with higher enrolment in Membership of cooperative society, owned their land, larger household size and lower educational level but higher level of farm experience when compared to cocoa farmers who are holding crop insurance. Farmers risk preferences showed no significant difference between farmers with or without insurance. Education (β=0.59), Household size (β=0.0029) and Debt use (β=0.02), Membership of cooperative (β=-4.53), Farming Experience (β=-2.51), Owned Land (β=-2.19) and Non-Farm Income (β=-0.65) were among the significant determinants of insurance uptake. Risk mitigating measures such as provision of necessary incentives such as improved varieties of cocoa seedling, as well as provision of fertiliser and approved pesticides, financial assistance, and simple processing technologies that produce standard cocoa bean plus a re-jigged Nigeria Agricultural Insurance Corporation (NAIC) for an improved discharge of its function are recommended.
Mitigation of climate change requires the decrease of greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere and the increasing use of renewable energies replacing fossil fuels. Agricultural greenhouses are energy-intensive agricultural systems using mainly fossil fuels. The use of renewable energies during their operation is limited so far. The possibility of using renewable energies for covering their energy needs has been investigated, focused on the Mediterranean region. Various sustainable energy technologies which are reliable, mature, cost-effective and broadly used in various applications are examined. These include solar-PV systems, low enthalpy geothermal energy, solid biomass burning, co-generation systems, high efficiency heat pumps and reuse of rejected industrial heat. Combined use of these systems in greenhouses can cover all their energy requirements in heat, cooling and electricity, reducing or zeroing their net CO2 emissions into the atmosphere due to operational energy use. It is concluded that depending on their local availability in Mediterranean countries, these benign energy technologies can assist greenhouse crop growers in the reduction of their carbon emissions, contributing in the achievement of the universal goal for climate change mitigation.
Field experiment was carried out under rain-fed conditions during the 2013 and 2014 cropping seasons at the Teaching and Research Farm of the Department of Agricultural Technology, Adamawa State College of Agriculture, Ganye, solely to develop an integrated pest management for the control of groundnut Aphid (Aphis craccivora Koch) [Homoptera: Aphididae]. The experimental Design used was the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). Parameters measured were, average number of leaves per plot at 6 weeks after sowing, number of branches at 3 weeks after sowing, number of branches at 6 weeks after sowing, number of pods per plot, weight of harvested seeds per plot. The result obtained shows that, there was significant difference among the treatments in all the parameters measured at 0.05 level of probability using the Least Significant Difference (LSD). According to the results recorded, the highest mean yield of groundnut was obtained on plots treated with the combination of chemical and physical control methods (1444g) followed by plots treated with physical, chemical and cultural control methods combined (1296g). The highest mean number of pods per plant was recorded in the combination of physical, chemical and cultural control methods (18.00) followed by chemical and physical control methods as combined (15.00). The work shows that, the cultivation of groundnut with the control of groundnut Aphid (Aphis craccivora Koch) using integrated pest control applied as recommended facilitates better growth and guarantees good crop yield. The use of physical, chemical and cultural control method is profitable in Ganye Area of Adamawa State and is therefore suggested for use to local farmers.
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most important food crops in the world. Purple rice, as a special rice with important nutritional and health functions, has important scientific significance and application value for genetic improvement of purple rice and breeding of new varieties through in-depth study on its agronomic and related quality traits and products processed, and analysis of its genetic basis. In this paper, the new progress of purple rice in agronomic traits, quality traits, environmental impacts on purple rice and genetic basis of purple rice seed coat in recent years were reviewed and analyzed, and the application prospects of purple rice processing products and purple gene in rice genetic improvement were also prospected. Thus, our results will provide important information and reference for breeding new purple rice varieties with good quality and high yield.
Groundnut is an important oil seed crop, grown throughout the tropics and sub tropics worldwide. It is one of the three economically important oilseed crops grown in Ethiopia. Groundnut is commonly produced by small scale farmers as food and cash crops in the study area. The area has potential to the production of Ground nut for food and nutrition security as well as export commodity. However, scarcity of varieties that fit to the environment is one of the major constraints of production. Therefore, this experiment was conducted to evaluate five Ground nut varieties and select early maturing varieties with considerable yield and agronomic traits. The field experiment was conducted in 2017 and 2018 at Abaya and varieties were planted in Randomized complete block design (RCBD). Data were collected on yield and important agronomic traits. The computed analysis of variance revealed significant variations among varieties for days to maturity, number of primary branches, number of pegs per plants, Grain yield and shelling percentage. The pooled over year mean of varieties indicated , Tole- 1 variety ( Check) is high yielding with mean grain yield of 4174.7kg followed by variety Sedi (3552.5kg/ha) and Babile local (3550.4kg/ha).Variety Sedi has special merit in terms of earliness and therefore recommended for moisture stress areas of Abaya and location with similar agro ecologies while Tole -1 (Standard check) is high yielding varieties and should be used in production until new varieties will be developed through selection/breeding program.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Biochemical Resistance Mechanism Study of Jatropha curcas (Euphorbiaceae) Against Lasiodiplodia theobramae, a Leaf Blight and Necrosis Agent
1. Journal of Agriculture and Crops
ISSN(e): 2412-6381, ISSN(p): 2413-886X
Vol. 4, Issue. 12, pp: 176-185, 2018
URL: https://arpgweb.com/journal/journal/14
DOI: https://doi.org/10.32861/jac.412.176.185
Academic Research Publishing
Group
*Corresponding Author
176
Original Research Open Access
Biochemical Resistance Mechanism Study of Jatropha curcas (Euphorbiaceae)
Against Lasiodiplodia theobramae, a Leaf Blight and Necrosis Agent
Sama Hemayoro*
Laboratory of Biochemistry and Applied Chemistry (LABIOCA), University of Ouaga I Professor Joseph Ki-Zerbo, 03 BP 7021 Ouagadougou,
Burkina Faso
Sombié Pierre Alexandre Eric Djifaby
National Center of Scientific Research and Technology, Institute of Environment and Agricultural Research, Crop Production Department, 01
P.O. Box 476 Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
Laboratory of Biochemistry and Chemistry Applied (LABIOCA), University of Ouaga I Professor Joseph Ki-Zerbo, 03 BP 7021 Ouagadougou,
Burkina Faso
Hilou Adama
Laboratory of Biochemistry and Applied Chemistry (LABIOCA), University of Ouaga I Professor Joseph Ki-Zerbo, 03 BP 7021 Ouagadougou,
Burkina Faso
Bonzi Schemaeza
Rural Development Institute (IDR), University Nazi Boni (UNB), 01 BP 1091 Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
Irénée Somda
Rural Development Institute (IDR), University Nazi Boni (UNB), 01 BP 1091 Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
Abstract
This study was initiated in order to understand the biochemical mechanisms involved in the resistance of J. curcas to
Lasiodiplodia theobromae. Artificial inoculations were done on young seedlings leaves of 8 J. curcas local
accessions from Burkina Faso including 4 resistant and 4 susceptible. Two extractions were made for the evaluation
of each biochemical parameter: one on the 1st
day before and the second on the 7th
day after inoculation. The study
revealed that the response of J curcas to L. threobromae infection is depending to the resistance or the susceptibility
of accessions. It showed an increase in the content of biomolecules synthesis such as phenolic, flavonoids, proteins,
photosynthetic pigments, salicylic acid and also an increase of catalase and trypsin inhibition activities. In
susceptible accessions, the study revealed a decrease in the photosynthetic pigments and an increase in MDA content
comparatively to resistant accessions. The ACP performed on the basis of the evaluated biochemical parameters
showed that the axis F1 allows the separation of the resistant and the susceptible accessions, and indicated that the
resistance of accessions result in the activation of biomolecules synthesis such as phenolic, flavonoids, proteins,
photosynthetic pigments, salicylic acid and stimulation of catalase and trypsin inhibition activities. The F2 axis is
associated with sugars content and, chymotrypsin inhibition and SOD activities. In susceptible accessions, an
increase in MDA content and SOD activity were observed. This study represents an important step in combating leaf
fungal diseases by opting to the green technology and by breeding for genotypes with inducing natural defense
compounds.
Keywords: Jatropha; Resistance; Lasiodiplodia theobramae; Biochemical parameters.
CC BY: Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0
1. Introduction
Since the industrial revolution in the eighteenth century, both of world population and energy consumption have
steadily increased. The consequences were a decrease in the availability of fossil fuels and an increase in the price of
oil. With the continuing rise in global energy consumption, the energy crisis is having a deeper impact on global
social and economic development [1]. In order to set up sustainable development programs and support research on
renewable energies, liquid bioenergy production from vegetable oil is an ecological alternative that ensures the
development [2]. Due to the need for energy alternatives, Jatropha curcas has attracted the attention of many
researchers and investors and has become a popular culture in the world [3, 4].
J. curcas genotypes are known to have toxins like phorbol esters, curcins and trypsin inhibitor, which confer to
the specie a resistance to many pests and various pathogens [5-7]. However, monoculture and the increase in
cultivated areas have given rise to a number of phytosanitary problems in these recent decades [1], among which the
most important are leaf diseases [5, 7]. In Burkina Faso, the major leaf diseases affecting J. curcas plantations are
necrosis and leaf blight. Symptoms occur in Jatropha plants of all ages and are characterized by discolorations
followed by necrosis or blighting from one point to spreading all the leaves. Over time, the disease can progress and
cause death of the plants [7]. Many fungal pathogens have been identified as responsible of leaf blight and necrosis
of J. curcas. Among them, Fusarium solani, Fusarium oxysporum, Curvularia lunata, Botrytis cinerae and
2. Journal of Agriculture and Crops
177
Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Botyodiplodia theobromae) are the best known. Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griffon
& Maubl, a member of Botryosphaeriaceae family, has been recognized in Burkina Faso by many authors as an
important pathogen with high aggressive potential on J. curcas [8].
Generally, the control of these diseases is dependent on the use of chemical pesticides, although concerns have
been raised due to increasing costs, deterioration of soil quality and environmental risks, and also due to consumer
preference of fruit free of residue [9, 10]. Current scenarios to combat leaf fungal diseases are opting to the green
technology by breeding for genotypes with induced natural defense compounds, thereby lowering both production
costs and pesticide use [9, 11, 12]. Plants are known to respond to herbivory and microbial attacks through a range of
factors, including those being of morphological, biochemical and molecular nature [9, 10]. Among biochemical
factors, many previous studies in many species have confirmed involving of amino acids, total sugars, tannins, total
phenols, protease inhibitors, and some osmotic and oxidant enzymes in resistance to fungal diseases [13, 14]. Thus,
knowledge of resistance mechanisms may be important in selection and breeding for resistant genotypes [15].
Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate some biochemical parameters of leaves in order to
understand their possible associations to susceptibility or resistance of J. curcas to Lasiodiplodia theobromae, a leaf
blight and necrosis agent.
2. Materiel and Methods
2.1. Plant Materials
The plant material is constituted of the seeds of eight (8) accessions of J. curcas from Burkina Faso including
four (4) resistant and four (4) susceptible accessions. The seeds were used to set up a greenhouse nursery. The seeds
were sown to a depth of 2 cm using pots with a 2-liters capacity. Each pot contains a mixture of sand, potting soil
and organic manure in the proportions 3/1/1. This mixture, previously sterilized at 120 ° C for four (04) hours,
allows good aeration of the roots and contains enough nutrients for the development of the plant. Pots were
maintained in the greenhouse and were then watered every day.
2.2. Pathogenicity Test
Four weeks after sowing, five plants of each accession were inoculated with an isolate of L. threobromae
previously produced. L. threobromae cultures were realized on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) medium during two
weeks to produce inoculums. 20 ml of sterile water were poured into each Petri dish (containing a culture of pure
strain) to obtain the maximum conidia, and the surface of the colony is minutely brushed using a fine brush. The
obtained spore suspension was filtered with muslin to separate the conidia from the mycelia fragments. The conidial
suspension collected is added with two drops of 10% Tween 80. Counts of conidia are then done under a Malassez
counting cell microscope, and the concentration is adjusted to 2.106
conidia.ml-1
. The pathogenicity test was
performed in the greenhouse according to the method described by Hernández-Cubero, et al. [6] after rubbing on the
leaves of the carborandum, an abrasive powder which creates micro wounds on the leaves.
2.3. Estimation of Resistance Parameters
The leaves were collected the first day before inoculation and the 7th
days after inoculation for each accession to
evaluate the resistance parameters.
2.3.1. Determination of Photosynthetic pigments
Photosynthetic pigments (Chlorophyll a and b) contents were determined in fresh leaves samples. 300 mg of
fresh leaves were homogenized in 1.5 ml of 95% ethanol. The mixture is stirred and kept for 10 minutes in ice. After
centrifugation for 1 minute at 20.000 g, the absorbance of 300 µl of the supernatant was measured at 665 nm for
chlorophyll a and 649 nm for chlorophyll b according to method described by Mimouni, et al. [16]. The results are
expressed as μg / 100 mg of fresh leaves extracts (μg / 100mg).
2.3.2. Total Phenolic Content
The total phenolic content of fresh leaves extracts was determined at 760 nm using gallic acid as reference
compound, as described by Yasmina, et al. [17]. The total phenolics were expressed as mg of gallic acid equivalent
per 100 mg of fresh leaves weight (mg GAE/100 mg of fresh leaves).
2.3.3. Flavonoid Content
The total flavonoid content of the cowpea seed extracts was determined at 415 nm using the AlCl3 method
described by Hilou, et al. [18]. The total flavonoid content was determined on a quercetin calibration curve and
expressed as mg of quercetin equivalents (QE) per 100 mg of fresh leaves weight (mg QE/100 mg of fresh leaves).
2.3.4. Soluble Sugar Content
500 mg of leaves were homogenized in 5 ml of 80% hot ethanol. After cooling, the homogenate was centrifuged
at 4000 rpm for 10 min. The supernatant was used to estimate the soluble sugar content of fresh leaves. The soluble
sugar content was determined using the phenol-sulfuric acid method as described by DuBois, et al. [19] and the
absorbance was red at 490 nm. The total sugar content was expressed as µg glucose equivalent/100 gram of fresh
leaves (µg GE/ 100 g of fresh leaves).
3. Journal of Agriculture and Crops
178
2.3.5. Salicylic Acid Content
500 mg of fresh leaves were homogenized in 5 ml of distilled water and then centrifuged at 10 000 g for 10
minutes. The salicylic acid content was determined in the supernatant according the method described by Yang, et
al. [20] and expressed as mg/100 mg of fresh leaves (mg/100 mg of fresh leaves).
2.4. Protein content and protease inhibition potential
2.4.1. Extraction of Protein
Proteins were extracted according to the protocol described by Klomklao, et al. [21]. 500 mg of leaves were
homogenized in 5 ml of 0.1 M NaCl for 5 h at 150 rpm / min at room temperature. The samples were centrifuged at
10000 g during 30 min and the supernatant were collected to determine the protein content and the protease
inhibition potential of leaves.
2.4.2. Protein Content
Protein concentration was measured by Bradford method as described by Mimouni, et al. [16] using bovine
serum albumin as a standard.
2.4.3. Trypsin and Chymotrypsin Inhibition Assay
Trypsin and chymotrypsin assay were determinate according a standard method described by Klomklao, et al.
[21]. To measure trypsin inhibition (TI), 100 µl of trypsin (from bovine pancreas, Sigma) at 0.0125 mg.ml-1
and 100
µl of total protein extract were combined and were incubated for 5 min prior to the addition of 50 µl of N-α-Benzoyl-
DL-Arginine p-Nitroanilide (BAPNA) at 0.8 mg.ml-1
. The liberated p-nitroanilide was monitored for 25 min at 410
nm using a spectrometer.
To assay chymotrypsin inhibition potential (CI), 100 µl of α-Chymotrypsin (from bovine pancreas, Sigma) at
0.01875 mg.ml-1
and 100 µl of total protein extract were combined and were incubated for 5 min prior to the
addition of 50 µl of N-Glutaryl-L-Phenylalanine p-Nitroanilide (GPNA) at 3.2 mg.ml-1
. The liberated p-nitroanilide
was monitored for 25 min at 410 nm using a spectrometer. Each reading was made against a control and trypsin and
chymotrypsin inhibition activities of samples were estimated as percentages of inhibition according to the formula:
Percent inhibition =
2.5. Determination of antioxidant enzymes activities
2.5.1. Extraction of Antioxidant Enzymes
500 mg of fresh leaves were milled using an extraction buffer containing 50 mM sodium phosphate (pH 7.8).
The superoxide dismutase and catalase activities were assayed on the supernatant obtained after centrifugation at
4000 rpm for 10 min at 4°C.
2.5.2. Measurement of Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) Activity
SOD was assayed using the standard method revealed by Ranjitha and Vijiyalakshmi [22]. This method is based
on the inhibition of Epinephrine-Adrenochrome transition by the enzyme. The enzyme activity in the fresh leaves
was determined using a spectrophotometer at 420 nm. The enzyme activity was expressed in terms of unit min–1
mg–
1
protein.
2.5.3. Measurement of Catalase (CAT) Activity
CAT was assayed using standard protocol described by Ranjitha and Vijiyalakshmi [22]. The breakdown of
H2O2 on addition of the enzyme is followed by absorbing the decrease in light absorption of peroxide solution in the
UV region. The activity was measured as change in optical activity/density at 240 nm for 30sec interval during
3minutes. The CAT activity was expressed in terms of µmole of H2O2 consumed/minute/mg protein.
2.6. Lipid Peroxidation Assay
The lipid peroxidation was estimated by the evaluation of Malondialdehyde (MDA) content according to the
method described by Zineb, et al. [23]. The lipid peroxidation was expressed as concentration of MDA in fresh
leaves (μmol.mg-1
of fresh leaves.
2.7. Statistical Analysis
The results are presented as mean ± SD for triplicate analysis and were subjected to one-way analysis of
ANOVA variation with Tukey’s Significant Difference test and P < 0.05 was considered significant. The Pearson
correlation test was used to study correlations between parameters and the effect of parameters variation on the
susceptibility or the resistance of accessions. The statistical analysis was performed using XLSTAT Version Pro-
2017 and the graphs were drawn using Graph Pad Prism software version 5.0.
4. Journal of Agriculture and Crops
179
3. Results
3.1. Pathogenicity Test
The results of the pathogenicity test are presented in Fig 1.
Fig-1. Leaf structures of some accessions of J. curcas at the 7th day after inoculation (the blue arrows indicate necrosis on inoculation zone)
a: leaf of JR2 (resistant accession) at 7th
day; b: leaf of JS1(susceptible accession) at 7th
day; c: leaf of JS3 at
(susceptible accession)7th
day; d: leaf of JS4 (susceptible accession) at 7th
day
Inoculated plants showed different reactions to the fungal pathogen according to their susceptibility or their
resistance/tolerance. Susceptible accessions presented necrosis on inoculation zones (Photo 1a) and resistant
accessions did not show any symptoms of leaf diseases (Photo 1b, 1c, 1d) at the 7th
day after inoculation.
3.2. Chemical Compounds Contents
The variation in the levels of various chemical compounds between the 1st
day before and the 7th
day after
inoculation of different accessions of J. curcas are presented in Table 1.
Table-1. Variation of various chemical compounds contents of the 8 accessions
Accessions Phenolic
(mg EAG/100mg)
Flavonoids
(mg EQ/100mg)
Proteins
(10-2
mg/100mg)
Sugars
(µg EG/100mg)
Salicylic acid
(mg/100mg)
JR1 8,098 a
8,651 a
11,228 a
64,679 a
13,667 a
JR2 8,166 a
8,151 a
11,489 a
33,616 cd
13,087 a
JR3 8,037 a
8,420 a
10,947 a
34,931 bcd
13,638 a
JR4 8,764 a
7,408 a
13,798 a
62,585 ab
13,667 a
JS1 1,207 b
0,564 b
1,082 b
27,218 d
5,333 b
JS2 1,746 b
0,974 b
-3,125 b
16,258 d
5,058 b
JS3 1,071 b
1,384 b
1,426 b
62,017 abc
4,826 c
JS4 1,339 b
1,625 b
0,568 b
43,020 abcd
5,348 b
The contents of total phenolic, total flavonoid, protein and salicylic acid of the 8 accessions showed significant
variation according to their resistance/susceptibility between 1st
day before and 7th
day after inoculation. The
resistant accessions possessed the significant high content in these compounds comparatively to the susceptible
accessions of J. curcas. The sugar content did not show any significant variation among the accessions according to
their resistance/susceptibility. In fact, the resistant accessions JR1 and JR4 showed the high content of sugar but not
significantly different with those of some susceptible accessions like JS3 and JS4.
3.3. Photosynthetic Pigment Content
The variation in the levels of photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a and b) at 1st
day before and 7th
day after
inoculation are presented in the fig 2.
5. Journal of Agriculture and Crops
180
Figure-2. Photosynthetic pigment (Chlorophyll a and b) content of accessions
JR
1
JR
2
JR
3
JR
4
JS
1
JS
2
JS
3
JS
4
-5
0
5
10
Chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll b
a
d d d d d
b b
b
Accessions
Chlrophyllcontentvariations(µg/100mg)
c
a
b b
b
c c
There is significant difference in the variation of photosynthetic pigments content according to the resistance or
susceptibility of the accessions. Resistant accessions recorded significant increases in the two pigments between the
1st
day before and the 7th
day after inoculation, unlike the susceptible accessions recorded slight decreases in the two
pigments content. The increases in the contents of the photosynthetic pigments are positively correlated with the
resistance of the accessions.
3.4. Proteases Inhibition Activities
The variations in the percent inhibition of trypsin and chymotrypsin of the 8 accessions are shown in the fig 3.
Figure-3. Inhibition potential of Jatropha curcas accessions on trypsin and chymotrypsin
JR
1
JR
2
JR
3
JR
4
JS
1
JS
2
JS
3
JS
4
-5
0
5
10
15
Trypsin percent inhibition
Chymotrypsin percent inhibition
a a
a
a
a
b
b
b
b
b
c c c
d
b
c
Accessions
Percentinhibitionsvariation
These results showed significant variation on the two proteases inhibition potential of the different accessions.
The resistant accessions recorded a significant increase on the trypsin inhibition compared to the susceptible
accessions which presented a decrease of trypsin inhibition activity in some accessions between 1st
day before and
7th
day after inoculation. The increase of trypsin inhibition percentage of the resistant accessions could be explained
by the strong presence of trypsin inhibitors in resistant accessions comparatively to susceptible accessions of
Jatropha curcas. The resistant accession JR3 showed the high increase of chymotrypsin inhibition activity among
the 8 accessions. The resistant accession JR4 and the susceptible accessions JS2 and JS4 also showed increase in
their chymotrypsin inhibition activity. In contrary, the resistant accessions JR1 and JR2, and the susceptible
accessions JS1 and JS3 showed diminution in the chymotrypsin enzyme inhibition activity. The chymotrypsin
inhibition potential of Jatropha curcas is not related to the resistance or the sensitivity of the accessions.
3.5. Activities of Antioxidant Enzymes
The antioxidant enzymes (catalase and SOD) activities variations of different accessions between 1st
day before
and 7th
day after inoculation are presented in the fig 4.
6. Journal of Agriculture and Crops
181
Figure-4. Catalase and superoxide dismutase activities
JR
1
JR
2
JR
3
JR
4
JS
1
JS
2
JS
3
JS
4
-5
0
5
10
15
CAT activity
SOD activity
b
a
b b
b
c c
c
a
b b b
b
c cc
Accessions
10-4
U.mn-1
.mg-1of
proteins
The results showed that the variation of the catalase enzyme activity is depending on the resistance or
susceptibility of the accessions. The resistant accessions showed an increase in the activity of catalase while the
activity of this enzyme decrease in the susceptible accessions between the first day before and the seventh day after
inoculation. The JR2 resistant accession exhibited the high significant increase of superoxide dismutase activity
among the accessions. The JR3 and JR4 resistant accessions showed a decrease of SOD activity between the 1st
day
before and the 7th
day after inoculation. The significant increase of CAT enzyme activity after fungal infestation
could explain their resistance mechanism.
3.6. Lipid Peroxidation of Leaves
The fig 5 shows the concentration of MDA expressed as μmol.mg-1
of fresh leaves of the different accessions at
1 day before inoculation and 7 days after inoculation.
Figure-5. MDA content of accessions at 1st
day and 7th
day after inoculation
JR
1
JR
2
JR
3
JR
4
JS
1
JS
2
JS
3
JS
4
0
10
20
30
40
50 1 day before inoculation
7 days after inoculation
a
a
a
a a a
a a
a
b
b
b
c
c
c
c
MDA(10-4µmol.mg-1
freshleaves)
The results showed that at the 1st
day before inoculation, there is no significant difference between the MDA
concentration in the leaves of both resistant and susceptible accessions. However, at 7th
day after inoculation, the
susceptible accessions showed significant increases in MDA concentration than resistant accessions whose MDA
concentration did not vary significantly. In addition, the susceptibility of accessions was significantly correlated with
the increased of leaves MDA concentration.
3.7. Correlations Between the Evaluated Parameters
The table 2 shows the correlations between the different parameters evaluated.
Table-2. Pearson correlation coefficients between different chemical compounds
Variables Phenolic Flavonoids Proteins Sugars Salicylic acid ChA ChB Trypsin Chymotrypsin Catalase MDA SOD
Phenolic 1
Flavonoids 0.983 1
Proteins 0.963 0.953 1
Sugars 0.335 0.369 0.489 1
Salicylic acid 0.992 0.993 0.965 0.338 1
ChA 0.874 0.901 0.856 0.492 0.868 1
ChB 0.947 0.972 0.916 0.226 0.967 0.834 1
Trypsin 0.974 0.966 0.949 0.276 0.974 0.892 0.935 1
Chymotrypsin 0.362 0,355 0.268 -0.266 0.341 0.207 0.502 0.260 1
Catalase 0.081 0.033 -0.072 0.120 0.027 0.230 -0.102 0.014 -0.128 1
MDA -0.884 -0.903 -0.848 -0.411 -0.866 -0.856 -0.835 -0.866 -0.298 -0.003 1
SOD -0.262 -0.220 -0.294 -0.351 -0.233 -0,148 -0.258 -0.082 -0.620 -0.138 0.092 1
Values in bold indicate a significant value (p < 0.5)
7. Journal of Agriculture and Crops
182
Significant and positive relationship were found between variation in phenolic content and variation in
flavonoids (r = 0.983), total protein (r = 0.963), salicylic acid (r = 0.992), chlorophyll a (r = -0.856), chlorophyll b (r
= 0.947) and trypsin inhibition (r = 0.974). High and significant correlations were also found with variation of
flavonoids contents and protein (r = 0.953), salicylic acid (r = 0.993), chlorophyll a (r = 0.901), chlorophyll b (r =
0.972) and trypsin inhibition (r = 0.966). In addition, the variation in MDA content was negatively correlated with
those of phenolic (r = - 0.884), flavonoids (r = - 0.903), total proteins (r = -0.848), salicylic acid (r = - 0.866), and
variation in trypsin inhibition (r = -0.866). The variation of chymotrypsin inhibition was positively correlated with
that of chlorophyll b (r = 0.502) and negatively correlated with the variation of SOD activity (r = -0.620). The
variation in total sugar content and catalase activity was not significantly correlated with any of the parameters
evaluated.
3.8. Comparative Analysis of the Variation of Resistant and Susceptible Accessions
The principal component analysis was performed on the basis of variations in the different parameters evaluated
between the 1st
day before inoculation and the 7th
day after inoculation. The table 3 shows coordinates of accessions.
The results showed positive values for resistant accessions and negative values for susceptible accessions for F1
axis. This axis allows a separation of the resistant accessions of the susceptible accessions.
Table-3. Coordinates of the different accessions
JR1 JR2 JR3 JR4 JS1 JS2 JS3 JS4
F1 2,967 2,339 2,890 2,860 -3,183 -3,156 -2,712 -2,006
F2 -1,694 -1,170 2,722 0,130 0,226 0,519 -0,581 -0,152
Figure-6. Principal component analysis based on the evaluated parameters of the different accessions
The fig 6 presents the repartition of the 8 accessions in the biplot (axis F1 and F2: 77.74 %). The contribution of
the different variables for the F1 and F2 axes shows a strong contribution of the variables phenolic (12.500), total
flavonoids (12.656), proteins (12.084), salicylic acid (12.478), chlorophyll a (10.776), chlorophyll b (11.850), MDA
(10.636) and inhibition of trypsin activity (11.932) for F1 axis and sugars (12.212), chymotrypsin (51.795) and SOD
(24.576) for the F2 axis (12.86 %°).
4. Discussion
The study was initiated in order to identify the biochemical mechanisms involved in the resistance of J. curcas
to L. threobromae, a fungal pathogen of this species. The results of the pathogenicity test showed necrosis or leaf
blight on leaves of susceptible accessions while the leaves of resistant accessions did not show symptoms of leaf
diseases. Similar results have been reported by Lanubile, et al. [24]. Lehmann, et al. [13] whom also recorded a
variability of responses between susceptible and resistant accessions of maize inoculated with Fusarium
proliferatum, Fusarium subglutinans, and Aspergillus flavus.
The resistant accessions showed a significant increase in the contents of polyphenols, flavonoids, proteins,
salicylic acid and in photosynthetic pigments between the 1st
day before and the 7th
days after inoculation. The
susceptible accessions did not show significant variations in the content of these compounds. The resistance of J.
curcas to L. threobromae could be explain by the synthesis of these compounds in the resistant accessions. Similar
results were reported in others studies. Indeed, Borković, et al. [25] reported that resistance to Monilinia fructicola in
Prunus persica L. is associated with increased levels of polyphenols, flavonoids and various biomolecules. Vagiri, et
al. [10] have also reported that phenolic compounds such as catechin and epicatechin are responsible for resistance
to gray mold (Botrytis cinerea) in strawberries. According to Gharbi, et al. [26], Zraibi, et al. [27], the slight
Phenolic
Flavonoids
Proteins
Sugars Salicylic acid
ChA
ChB
Trypsin
Chymotrypsi
n
Catalase
MDA
SOD
JR1
JR2
JR3
JR4JS1
JS2
JS3
JS4
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
F2(12,86%)
F1 (64,88 %)
Biplot (axes F1 et F2 : 77,74 %)
Variables actives Observations actives
8. Journal of Agriculture and Crops
183
decrease in the photosynthetic pigments content in susceptible accessions could be explained by a degradation or a
perturbation of the photosynthetic system. Also, Cameron, et al. [28]; Fu, et al. [29] have reported that resistance of
plants is associated with increased accumulation of salicylic acid. Indeed, Klessig, et al. [30] reported that the
transfer to 30 ° C of tobacco resistant cultivars to the mosaic virus block the accumulation of salicylic acid and lose
the resistance character, the plant being unable to ensure the biosynthesis of the molecules of defense. Our results are
also similar to those reported by Machado, et al. [31]; Zhu [32]. They reported that plant resistance to stress was
associated with increased in protein levels. Machado, et al. [31], have reported that resistance to stress is associated
with accumulation of certain proteins including proline. However, our results are contrary to those of Zhu [32];
Srinivasa, et al. [33] whom reported an increase in sugar levels in resistant accessions.
The variations in the levels of the biomolecules was accompanied by a significant increase in the inhibition
activity of trypsin and in the activity of CAT in resistant accessions. Previous studies have reported similar results in
other plant-pathogen ecosystems. Hegazi, et al. [15] reported plant resistance mechanisms involving antioxidant
system enzymes including catalase (CAT) and proteases inhibition including trypsin inhibition. Lehmann, et al. [13]
also reported that CAT activity were augmented after inoculation of fungi, especially in the resistant line of maize.
In susceptible accessions, an increase in MDA content was observed. Similar results were reported by
Benhamou and Rey [34]; Zraibi, et al. [27]. They reported an increase in MDA content, an indicator of oxidative
degradation of membrane lipids, in leaves of susceptible accessions. Srinivasa, et al. [33]; Benhamou and Rey [34]
explained this result by perturbation of photosynthetic activity. Indeed, Gharbi [35] have reported that lipid
degradation is due firstly to a disruption of thycoidal membranes, a loss of integrity of chloroplasts and hence a
decrease in photosynthetic activity and secondly to a reduction of the activity of different enzymes of the antioxidant
system of leaves. This would cause an accumulation of Reactive Oxygen Species or (ROS); such as superoxide ion
O2
-
, hydrogen peroxide H2O2, OH.
Hydroxyl radical in the tissues and thus fortify the oxidation of membrane lipids.
Thus, the reduction would promote the negative effects of lipid peroxidation reactions.
The ACP results indicate the involving in the resistance of accessions a multi-component defense system, in
which regulation of chemical compound levels, trypsin inhibition photosynthetic pigments and catalase activity
would play a central role in limiting the invasion and growth of pathogens. Similar results have been reported in
various plant species. Indeed, according to [14, 34] the global expression of resistance to microbial pathogens is the
result of a synergy of coordinated action in time and space between all whether direct or indirect defense
mechanisms. Among the indirect mechanisms, there is parietal enhancement by incrustation of polysaccharide
molecules, such as callose, phenylpropanoid pathway metabolites, such as lignin and phenolic compounds, and
structural proteins and glycoproteins, such as hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins (HRGPs). This parietal
enhancement most often results in the formation of new barriers called papillae or parietal appositions which
strongly contribute to delay the progression of the pathogen in the plant tissues and to prevent the diffusion of
deleterious substances such as walls degrading enzymes, or toxins. Direct mechanisms include, among others, the
synthesis of new proteins such as stress proteins, enzymes (antioxidant enzymes for example) and protease inhibitors
[15, 34] as well as the production of phytoalexins, secondary metabolites with antimicrobial potential [14].
The positive and significant correlations between some of resistance parameters are very interesting results for
breeding programs. Indeed, according to Freitas, et al. [36] knowledge of the magnitude of the correlation between
characters is important in the choice of improvement methods and the formulation of strategies for the simultaneous
selection for several desired characters. This research is an interesting study to determine sources influencing
resistance to pathogens in Jatropha genotypes for consequent breeding purposes.
5. Conclusion
This study revealed that the response of J curcas to L. threobromae infection is depending to the resistance or
the susceptibility of accessions. It also revealed that the resistance of resistant accessions is the result of an activation
of biomolecules synthesis such as phenolic, flavonoids, proteins, photosynthetic pigments, salicylic acid and increase
of catalase activity and trypsin inhibition activity which would aim at either curbing the penetration of the pathogen
or destroying it.
In susceptible accessions, pathogens would attack by degrading or disrupting photosynthetic activity and
increasing peroxidation of membrane lipids. These results open voices for improvement J. curcas resistance in
breeding programs and in the identification of J. curcas natural defense stimulators, which could lead to effective
management of its phytosanitary problems by non-recourse chemical pesticides.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the WARC Travel Grant. We thank sincerely West African Research Association
(WARA) for its support in realizing of this work.
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