The document discusses evidence related to the Indo-Aryan invasion theory, including archaeological, chronological, linguistic, and biological evidence. It examines the origins and spread of Dravidian languages in India. It also discusses genetic evidence from mitochondrial DNA and Y-DNA haplogroup testing, which can provide insights into human migration patterns and the deep ancestry of all living humans tracing back to origins in Africa over 100,000 years ago. The document explores the origins and spread of different human skin colors and debunks the vitamin D hypothesis for the evolution of light skin.
The document summarizes the arrival and civilization of the Aryans in northern India around 1500 BC. The Aryans migrated from southern Russia with superior weapons and conquered the Indus region, establishing themselves as war-like nomadic herders. Their civilization developed over two periods - the Vedic Age from 1500-1000 BC, where they preserved oral traditions in sacred texts called the Vedas, and the Epic Age from 1000-500 BC, which was defined by the composition of the great epics, the Ramayana and Mahabharata. Aryan society consisted of a caste system with four classes - Brahmins (priests), Kshatriyas (warriors), Vaishy
1. In the 18th century, the term "Aryan" was adopted to refer to ancient Indo-European language speakers as a whole, including groups across Europe and India.
2. Models of Indo-Aryan migration discuss scenarios of early Indo-Aryans migrating to northwest India, with linguistic and some genetic evidence supporting migration claims.
3. More recent genetic studies found no evidence that castes in South Asia resulted from an Aryan invasion or subjugation of Dravidian people, suggesting castes developed from traditional tribal organizations during Indian society formation.
The Indus Valley civilization flourished from 3300 BCE to 1300 BCE along the Indus River valley. It was a large, well-organized urban society that had widespread trade networks. The civilization included over 1,000 cities and settlements, some as large as 40,000 people. It had advanced sanitation systems, including covered sewers. Writing systems and uniform weights and measures showed a sophisticated culture. The civilization unexpectedly declined around 1300 BCE possibly due to climate change and flooding, though the exact cause is unknown.
Early civilisations: Mesopotamia. Different aspect of the Mesopotamian civilisation: cuneiform script, ziggurats, Gilgamesh, Assyrian palaces, Babilonia, Hammurabi, religion, society.
This document provides an overview of key aspects of Vedic literature including:
- The four Vedas (Rig, Yajur, Sama, Atharva) and their components like Samhitas and Upanishads.
- The Vedangas or auxiliary sciences that support the study and recitation of the Vedas like phonetics, prosody, etymology, grammar, astronomy and rituals.
- The Upavedas or supplementary sciences like archery, music, fine arts, medicine, governance and construction.
- Darshana Shastras or schools of philosophy like Mimamsa, Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Sankhya, Yoga and V
The document discusses the origins and culture of the Aryans in India. It describes how the Aryans migrated to India from Iran between 1300-1100 BC and subjugated the native populations. It outlines the key aspects of early Aryan culture, including their pastoral nomadic lifestyle, religious texts like the Vedas, and architectural styles like circular huts and village layouts influenced by principles of vastu shastra and harmony with the elements. Various residential unit types are also summarized that were used by different social classes within Aryan society.
In 176 BC, the Yuezhi were driven from Tarim Besin to westward by the Xiongnu, a fierce people of Magnolia.
The Yuezhi under the leadership of the Kushanas came down from Central Asia and swept away all earlier dynasties of the Northwest in a great campaign of conquest. They established an empire which extended from Central Asia right down to the eastern Gangetic basin.
In Bactria, they conquered the Scythians and the local Indo-Greek kingdoms, the last remnants of Alexander the Great's invasion force that had failed to take India.
From this central location, the Kushan Empire became a wealthy trading hub between the peoples of Han China, Sassanid Persia and the Roman Empire.
Roman gold and Chinese silk changed hands in the Kushan Empire, at a very tidy profit for the middle-men.
The document summarizes the arrival and civilization of the Aryans in northern India around 1500 BC. The Aryans migrated from southern Russia with superior weapons and conquered the Indus region, establishing themselves as war-like nomadic herders. Their civilization developed over two periods - the Vedic Age from 1500-1000 BC, where they preserved oral traditions in sacred texts called the Vedas, and the Epic Age from 1000-500 BC, which was defined by the composition of the great epics, the Ramayana and Mahabharata. Aryan society consisted of a caste system with four classes - Brahmins (priests), Kshatriyas (warriors), Vaishy
1. In the 18th century, the term "Aryan" was adopted to refer to ancient Indo-European language speakers as a whole, including groups across Europe and India.
2. Models of Indo-Aryan migration discuss scenarios of early Indo-Aryans migrating to northwest India, with linguistic and some genetic evidence supporting migration claims.
3. More recent genetic studies found no evidence that castes in South Asia resulted from an Aryan invasion or subjugation of Dravidian people, suggesting castes developed from traditional tribal organizations during Indian society formation.
The Indus Valley civilization flourished from 3300 BCE to 1300 BCE along the Indus River valley. It was a large, well-organized urban society that had widespread trade networks. The civilization included over 1,000 cities and settlements, some as large as 40,000 people. It had advanced sanitation systems, including covered sewers. Writing systems and uniform weights and measures showed a sophisticated culture. The civilization unexpectedly declined around 1300 BCE possibly due to climate change and flooding, though the exact cause is unknown.
Early civilisations: Mesopotamia. Different aspect of the Mesopotamian civilisation: cuneiform script, ziggurats, Gilgamesh, Assyrian palaces, Babilonia, Hammurabi, religion, society.
This document provides an overview of key aspects of Vedic literature including:
- The four Vedas (Rig, Yajur, Sama, Atharva) and their components like Samhitas and Upanishads.
- The Vedangas or auxiliary sciences that support the study and recitation of the Vedas like phonetics, prosody, etymology, grammar, astronomy and rituals.
- The Upavedas or supplementary sciences like archery, music, fine arts, medicine, governance and construction.
- Darshana Shastras or schools of philosophy like Mimamsa, Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Sankhya, Yoga and V
The document discusses the origins and culture of the Aryans in India. It describes how the Aryans migrated to India from Iran between 1300-1100 BC and subjugated the native populations. It outlines the key aspects of early Aryan culture, including their pastoral nomadic lifestyle, religious texts like the Vedas, and architectural styles like circular huts and village layouts influenced by principles of vastu shastra and harmony with the elements. Various residential unit types are also summarized that were used by different social classes within Aryan society.
In 176 BC, the Yuezhi were driven from Tarim Besin to westward by the Xiongnu, a fierce people of Magnolia.
The Yuezhi under the leadership of the Kushanas came down from Central Asia and swept away all earlier dynasties of the Northwest in a great campaign of conquest. They established an empire which extended from Central Asia right down to the eastern Gangetic basin.
In Bactria, they conquered the Scythians and the local Indo-Greek kingdoms, the last remnants of Alexander the Great's invasion force that had failed to take India.
From this central location, the Kushan Empire became a wealthy trading hub between the peoples of Han China, Sassanid Persia and the Roman Empire.
Roman gold and Chinese silk changed hands in the Kushan Empire, at a very tidy profit for the middle-men.
hope you like it
this power point presentation is about Indus valley its culture traditions customs and religion also it is about geography and location of the valley
hope it is beneficial to you
The Indus Valley Civilization spanned parts of modern-day Pakistan and northwest India from 3300 BCE to 1300 BCE. At its peak during the Mature Harappan period from 2600-1900 BCE, the civilization had trade networks connecting it as far as Mesopotamia in the west and parts of Central Asia. It featured large urban settlements built along major rivers, many with sophisticated water and drainage systems. While no conclusive evidence of religious structures has been found, some seals depict figures in poses resembling later Hindu deities like Shiva, and burial practices included both burial and cremation.
Nalanda University was an ancient center of learning in India established in the 5th century. It was the world's first residential university, housing up to 10,000 students and 2,000 professors. The university attracted students from across India as well as other countries in Asia and had temples, meditation halls, classrooms, and a huge library containing over 9 million books. Though destroyed several times, it was finally and completely razed in 1197 by Bakhtiyar Khilji who burned many of the books and killed Buddhist monks and students. Over 800 years later, the university was reestablished in a new location in Bihar.
The document summarizes the key factors that contributed to the rise of the Magadha kingdom in ancient India, including its strategic geographical location along important trade routes, fertile agricultural lands, mineral resources, growing population and economic prosperity, interaction of Aryan and non-Aryan cultures, and its control over important river ports along the Ganges river which allowed it to dominate trade in northern India. Politically, the rivalry among other states and lack of a unified resistance prevented opposition to Magadha's expansion and consolidation of power in the region.
The document provides information about the earliest civilizations that emerged in Mesopotamia, located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. It describes how the Sumerian civilization arose around cities along these rivers due to favorable conditions for farming provided by annual flooding. Key aspects of Sumerian civilization discussed include their invention of cuneiform writing, construction of ziggurats for worship, establishment of city-states each with their own government, and social hierarchy with priests and kings ruling over craftspeople, merchants, farmers and slaves. The document also notes how Sumerian innovations like the wheel and calendar system influenced later peoples in the region.
Chandragupta Maurya's life and reign can be dated with reasonable accuracy by reconciling sources such as Buddhist, Jain, and Puranic texts.
Bimbisara began ruling Magadha in 519 BC according to the Puranas and Mahavansa. He was succeeded by Ajatashatru in 491 BC, who ruled for 25 years. Ajatashatru was followed by Darsaka in 466 BC, who also ruled for 25 years according to the Vayu Purana.
Udayi then became king in 441 BC and ruled for 33 years. The Jain text Parisishtaparvan states Udayi died 60 years after
These are the slides for the Udemy course: A Brief History of India. https://www.udemy.com/a-brief-history-of-india
I will walk you through 5000 years of Indian history and explain how the various events in India are connected.
The Indus Valley Civilization began around 7000 BCE and reached its peak around 2500 BCE, centered around the large cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. These cities had populations of around 40,000 people and were carefully planned with grid-like streets and drainage systems. Around 1500 BCE, Aryan nomads began migrating into northern India, bringing with them their Indo-European language and religion centered around gods like Indra. They established themselves throughout the region and influenced the collapse of the Indus civilization. Their migrations helped establish Vedic culture and the beginnings of the caste system in India.
The document provides information on cultural developments in India between 600 BCE and 600 CE. It discusses the emergence of influential thinkers from this time period like Plato, Aristotle, Buddha, and Mahavira who questioned social and economic changes and humanity's relationship to the universe. It also describes the spread of Buddhism and Jainism as new schools of thought, with Buddhism spreading across Asia through missionary work and translation of texts. Key Buddhist and Jain concepts are outlined. Architecture like stupas and temples from this era contained symbolic sculptures that told religious stories and myths on stone.
The document summarizes the Indus Valley Civilization, one of the three oldest civilizations in the ancient world. It discusses the geography and timeline of the civilization, revealing aspects of its urban planning, sanitation systems, arts, religion, and eventual decline around 1800 BCE. The causes of the decline are unknown but may have included drought or the arrival of the Aryans. Regional cultures emerged in the aftermath, blending with Vedic traditions, and the region later came under the control of successive empires until the arrival of Islam in 712 CE.
Jainism was founded by Mahavira in the 6th century BCE. According to Jain tradition, Mahavira was the last in a line of spiritual teachers called Tirthankaras. Mahavira practiced extreme asceticism and taught non-violence and non-attachment. He achieved liberation after 12 years. Jainism believes in reincarnation and karma and that individuals must renounce worldly attachments to achieve liberation from the cycle of rebirth. The religion is divided into the Svetambara and Digambara sects and emphasizes non-violence, fasting, and pilgrimage. Today there are approximately 4 million Jains worldwide.
The Indus is the longest river in Pakistan. The Indus River begins in the Himalayas Mountains and flows nearly 3,000 kilometers to the Arabian Sea.
In the Sanskrit language of Ancient India, the Indus was called the Sindhu. A valley is a physical feature. Its the land shaped by a river. The Indus Valley was shaped by the Indus River.
Indus River, Tibetan and Sanskrit Sindhu, Sindhi Sindhu, or Mehran, great trans-Himalayan river of South Asia. It is one of the longest rivers in the world, with a length of some 2,000 miles (3,200 km).
It is divided in three parts ; Early,Mature,late, Harappan Phase-
The Indus is the longest river in Pakistan. The Indus River begins in the Himalaya Mountains, and flows nearly 3,000 kilometres to the Arabian Sea.
In the Sanskrit language of Ancient India, the Indus was called the Sindhu. A valley is a physical feature. Its the land shaped by a river. The Indus Valley was shaped by the Indus River.
Indus River, Tibetan and Sanskrit Sindhu, Sindhi Sindhu, or Mehran, great trans-Himalayan river of South Asia. It is one of the longest rivers in the world, with a length of some 2,000 miles (3,200 km).
It is divided into three parts; Early, Mature, late, Harappan Phase-
Kashmir is known as "Heaven on Earth" due to its natural beauty. The region has diverse ethnic groups including Kashmiris, Ladakhis, Dogras, Hanjis, Gujjars, Bakarwals and Dards. Kashmiri culture has been influenced by Central Asia and Persia. The Kashmiri language and traditional clothing like the pheran distinguish the cultural identity of Kashmiris. Traditional Kashmiri cuisine includes the multi-course wazwan meal. Noon chai and kehwa are popular teas. Musical instruments like the rubab and harmonium are used in chakri music which features dance performances by girls.
The document provides an overview of the Indus Valley or Harappan civilization, including its sources, origin and extent, urban planning, trade, and arts and crafts. Some key points:
- The civilization developed on the Indus River valley and two major sites are Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. Archaeological remains provide information about the civilization.
- It had an extensive territory covering parts of modern India and Pakistan and advanced urban planning with standardized brick architecture and drainage systems.
- The civilization engaged in extensive trade networks reaching Mesopotamia and other regions. Metallurgy and crafts like pottery were highly developed.
- The decline of the civilization around 1900 BCE
The Indus Valley Civilization was one of the earliest urban civilizations that flourished between 3300-1300 BCE along the Indus River valley. Two major cities, Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa, were centers of this advanced civilization, which engaged in extensive trade, used wheeled vehicles and sea-faring craft, and developed a sophisticated system of weights, measures, and an as yet undeciphered writing system. The Indus Valley people practiced agriculture and domesticated crops like wheat and barley. Remains also provide evidence of well-developed arts and crafts.
The document discusses the emergence and evolution of the Aryan debate theory over time. There were two main theories: 1) Aryans originated in Central Asia and invaded India, and 2) Aryans originated in India and later migrated west. The first theory proposed by Max Mueller of an original Aryan homeland in Central Asia was later adapted differently by missionaries, Hindu nationalists, and others to suit their social and political agendas. Archaeological evidence from the Indus civilization challenged this theory, and it is now understood that widespread contacts existed between northwestern India, Iran, and Central Asia in ancient times without a massive migration or invasion.
Indian culture had a significant influence on Southeast Asia between 200 BC and the 15th century. Indian traders, missionaries, and monks spread Hinduism and Buddhism through peaceful means rather than military conquest. They introduced Indian aspects like architecture, religion, art, culture, society, literature, maritime activities, trade, cuisine, and language. Key examples include Angkor Wat in Cambodia, which shows Dravidian architectural influences, and Prambanan temple in Java, which blended Buddhism and Dravidian styles. Indian missionaries and their role in spreading culture through ashrams and hermitages were also important to cultural exchange. Overall, Indian cultural dominance was established through maritime activities, trade routes, and powerful kingdoms with Indian names and heritage
Sindh is one of Pakistan's five provinces located along the Indus River. The main language is Sindhi and the population includes Muslims, Christians, Hindus and Zoroastrians. The province was home to the ancient Indus Valley Civilization and is known for irrigation agriculture including wheat, rice and sugarcane. Sindhi culture is reflected through folk songs, dances and festivals celebrating their peaceful and hospitable community.
The document discusses the history of architecture in Jammu and Kashmir from 200 AD to the modern period. It covers early Buddhist structures from the Kushan period at sites like Harwan and Ushkar. From 600-1300 AD, the Buddhist and Brahmanical styles are described, using local limestone and featuring reliefs. Gandhara art developed between 1st century BC-7th century AD, influencing Kashmiri temples like Martand. Hindu structures from the medieval period are also outlined. Muslim rule starting in the 14th century introduced new architectural styles seen in mosques, tombs and other buildings, combining local and Islamic forms.
The document discusses the Indus Valley Civilization, which arose around 2700 BCE along the Indus River valley in modern-day Pakistan and northwestern India. Two major cities of the civilization were Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa, which had planned streets laid out in a grid pattern and structures like granaries, wells, and public baths. While much remains unknown about the Indus Valley civilization due to its undeciphered writing system, archaeologists have uncovered evidence that its people engaged in agriculture, crafts like pottery, and may have mysteriously disappeared due to ecological disasters or invasions by other groups.
The document provides information on preparation of various media used for growing yeast and bacterial cells. It includes recipes for YPD, YPDU, YT, YTA media for yeast and L-sorbose, Ura-, Trp- media for selection of auxotrophic mutants of yeast. It also provides recipes for SD medium and composition of H17 base for yeast. Protocols are provided for plasmid isolation from yeast and E. coli and transformation of Candida and E. coli. Important points and observations from the author are highlighted. Solutions and buffers used in plasmid preparation from E. coli are also listed.
hope you like it
this power point presentation is about Indus valley its culture traditions customs and religion also it is about geography and location of the valley
hope it is beneficial to you
The Indus Valley Civilization spanned parts of modern-day Pakistan and northwest India from 3300 BCE to 1300 BCE. At its peak during the Mature Harappan period from 2600-1900 BCE, the civilization had trade networks connecting it as far as Mesopotamia in the west and parts of Central Asia. It featured large urban settlements built along major rivers, many with sophisticated water and drainage systems. While no conclusive evidence of religious structures has been found, some seals depict figures in poses resembling later Hindu deities like Shiva, and burial practices included both burial and cremation.
Nalanda University was an ancient center of learning in India established in the 5th century. It was the world's first residential university, housing up to 10,000 students and 2,000 professors. The university attracted students from across India as well as other countries in Asia and had temples, meditation halls, classrooms, and a huge library containing over 9 million books. Though destroyed several times, it was finally and completely razed in 1197 by Bakhtiyar Khilji who burned many of the books and killed Buddhist monks and students. Over 800 years later, the university was reestablished in a new location in Bihar.
The document summarizes the key factors that contributed to the rise of the Magadha kingdom in ancient India, including its strategic geographical location along important trade routes, fertile agricultural lands, mineral resources, growing population and economic prosperity, interaction of Aryan and non-Aryan cultures, and its control over important river ports along the Ganges river which allowed it to dominate trade in northern India. Politically, the rivalry among other states and lack of a unified resistance prevented opposition to Magadha's expansion and consolidation of power in the region.
The document provides information about the earliest civilizations that emerged in Mesopotamia, located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. It describes how the Sumerian civilization arose around cities along these rivers due to favorable conditions for farming provided by annual flooding. Key aspects of Sumerian civilization discussed include their invention of cuneiform writing, construction of ziggurats for worship, establishment of city-states each with their own government, and social hierarchy with priests and kings ruling over craftspeople, merchants, farmers and slaves. The document also notes how Sumerian innovations like the wheel and calendar system influenced later peoples in the region.
Chandragupta Maurya's life and reign can be dated with reasonable accuracy by reconciling sources such as Buddhist, Jain, and Puranic texts.
Bimbisara began ruling Magadha in 519 BC according to the Puranas and Mahavansa. He was succeeded by Ajatashatru in 491 BC, who ruled for 25 years. Ajatashatru was followed by Darsaka in 466 BC, who also ruled for 25 years according to the Vayu Purana.
Udayi then became king in 441 BC and ruled for 33 years. The Jain text Parisishtaparvan states Udayi died 60 years after
These are the slides for the Udemy course: A Brief History of India. https://www.udemy.com/a-brief-history-of-india
I will walk you through 5000 years of Indian history and explain how the various events in India are connected.
The Indus Valley Civilization began around 7000 BCE and reached its peak around 2500 BCE, centered around the large cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. These cities had populations of around 40,000 people and were carefully planned with grid-like streets and drainage systems. Around 1500 BCE, Aryan nomads began migrating into northern India, bringing with them their Indo-European language and religion centered around gods like Indra. They established themselves throughout the region and influenced the collapse of the Indus civilization. Their migrations helped establish Vedic culture and the beginnings of the caste system in India.
The document provides information on cultural developments in India between 600 BCE and 600 CE. It discusses the emergence of influential thinkers from this time period like Plato, Aristotle, Buddha, and Mahavira who questioned social and economic changes and humanity's relationship to the universe. It also describes the spread of Buddhism and Jainism as new schools of thought, with Buddhism spreading across Asia through missionary work and translation of texts. Key Buddhist and Jain concepts are outlined. Architecture like stupas and temples from this era contained symbolic sculptures that told religious stories and myths on stone.
The document summarizes the Indus Valley Civilization, one of the three oldest civilizations in the ancient world. It discusses the geography and timeline of the civilization, revealing aspects of its urban planning, sanitation systems, arts, religion, and eventual decline around 1800 BCE. The causes of the decline are unknown but may have included drought or the arrival of the Aryans. Regional cultures emerged in the aftermath, blending with Vedic traditions, and the region later came under the control of successive empires until the arrival of Islam in 712 CE.
Jainism was founded by Mahavira in the 6th century BCE. According to Jain tradition, Mahavira was the last in a line of spiritual teachers called Tirthankaras. Mahavira practiced extreme asceticism and taught non-violence and non-attachment. He achieved liberation after 12 years. Jainism believes in reincarnation and karma and that individuals must renounce worldly attachments to achieve liberation from the cycle of rebirth. The religion is divided into the Svetambara and Digambara sects and emphasizes non-violence, fasting, and pilgrimage. Today there are approximately 4 million Jains worldwide.
The Indus is the longest river in Pakistan. The Indus River begins in the Himalayas Mountains and flows nearly 3,000 kilometers to the Arabian Sea.
In the Sanskrit language of Ancient India, the Indus was called the Sindhu. A valley is a physical feature. Its the land shaped by a river. The Indus Valley was shaped by the Indus River.
Indus River, Tibetan and Sanskrit Sindhu, Sindhi Sindhu, or Mehran, great trans-Himalayan river of South Asia. It is one of the longest rivers in the world, with a length of some 2,000 miles (3,200 km).
It is divided in three parts ; Early,Mature,late, Harappan Phase-
The Indus is the longest river in Pakistan. The Indus River begins in the Himalaya Mountains, and flows nearly 3,000 kilometres to the Arabian Sea.
In the Sanskrit language of Ancient India, the Indus was called the Sindhu. A valley is a physical feature. Its the land shaped by a river. The Indus Valley was shaped by the Indus River.
Indus River, Tibetan and Sanskrit Sindhu, Sindhi Sindhu, or Mehran, great trans-Himalayan river of South Asia. It is one of the longest rivers in the world, with a length of some 2,000 miles (3,200 km).
It is divided into three parts; Early, Mature, late, Harappan Phase-
Kashmir is known as "Heaven on Earth" due to its natural beauty. The region has diverse ethnic groups including Kashmiris, Ladakhis, Dogras, Hanjis, Gujjars, Bakarwals and Dards. Kashmiri culture has been influenced by Central Asia and Persia. The Kashmiri language and traditional clothing like the pheran distinguish the cultural identity of Kashmiris. Traditional Kashmiri cuisine includes the multi-course wazwan meal. Noon chai and kehwa are popular teas. Musical instruments like the rubab and harmonium are used in chakri music which features dance performances by girls.
The document provides an overview of the Indus Valley or Harappan civilization, including its sources, origin and extent, urban planning, trade, and arts and crafts. Some key points:
- The civilization developed on the Indus River valley and two major sites are Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. Archaeological remains provide information about the civilization.
- It had an extensive territory covering parts of modern India and Pakistan and advanced urban planning with standardized brick architecture and drainage systems.
- The civilization engaged in extensive trade networks reaching Mesopotamia and other regions. Metallurgy and crafts like pottery were highly developed.
- The decline of the civilization around 1900 BCE
The Indus Valley Civilization was one of the earliest urban civilizations that flourished between 3300-1300 BCE along the Indus River valley. Two major cities, Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa, were centers of this advanced civilization, which engaged in extensive trade, used wheeled vehicles and sea-faring craft, and developed a sophisticated system of weights, measures, and an as yet undeciphered writing system. The Indus Valley people practiced agriculture and domesticated crops like wheat and barley. Remains also provide evidence of well-developed arts and crafts.
The document discusses the emergence and evolution of the Aryan debate theory over time. There were two main theories: 1) Aryans originated in Central Asia and invaded India, and 2) Aryans originated in India and later migrated west. The first theory proposed by Max Mueller of an original Aryan homeland in Central Asia was later adapted differently by missionaries, Hindu nationalists, and others to suit their social and political agendas. Archaeological evidence from the Indus civilization challenged this theory, and it is now understood that widespread contacts existed between northwestern India, Iran, and Central Asia in ancient times without a massive migration or invasion.
Indian culture had a significant influence on Southeast Asia between 200 BC and the 15th century. Indian traders, missionaries, and monks spread Hinduism and Buddhism through peaceful means rather than military conquest. They introduced Indian aspects like architecture, religion, art, culture, society, literature, maritime activities, trade, cuisine, and language. Key examples include Angkor Wat in Cambodia, which shows Dravidian architectural influences, and Prambanan temple in Java, which blended Buddhism and Dravidian styles. Indian missionaries and their role in spreading culture through ashrams and hermitages were also important to cultural exchange. Overall, Indian cultural dominance was established through maritime activities, trade routes, and powerful kingdoms with Indian names and heritage
Sindh is one of Pakistan's five provinces located along the Indus River. The main language is Sindhi and the population includes Muslims, Christians, Hindus and Zoroastrians. The province was home to the ancient Indus Valley Civilization and is known for irrigation agriculture including wheat, rice and sugarcane. Sindhi culture is reflected through folk songs, dances and festivals celebrating their peaceful and hospitable community.
The document discusses the history of architecture in Jammu and Kashmir from 200 AD to the modern period. It covers early Buddhist structures from the Kushan period at sites like Harwan and Ushkar. From 600-1300 AD, the Buddhist and Brahmanical styles are described, using local limestone and featuring reliefs. Gandhara art developed between 1st century BC-7th century AD, influencing Kashmiri temples like Martand. Hindu structures from the medieval period are also outlined. Muslim rule starting in the 14th century introduced new architectural styles seen in mosques, tombs and other buildings, combining local and Islamic forms.
The document discusses the Indus Valley Civilization, which arose around 2700 BCE along the Indus River valley in modern-day Pakistan and northwestern India. Two major cities of the civilization were Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa, which had planned streets laid out in a grid pattern and structures like granaries, wells, and public baths. While much remains unknown about the Indus Valley civilization due to its undeciphered writing system, archaeologists have uncovered evidence that its people engaged in agriculture, crafts like pottery, and may have mysteriously disappeared due to ecological disasters or invasions by other groups.
The document provides information on preparation of various media used for growing yeast and bacterial cells. It includes recipes for YPD, YPDU, YT, YTA media for yeast and L-sorbose, Ura-, Trp- media for selection of auxotrophic mutants of yeast. It also provides recipes for SD medium and composition of H17 base for yeast. Protocols are provided for plasmid isolation from yeast and E. coli and transformation of Candida and E. coli. Important points and observations from the author are highlighted. Solutions and buffers used in plasmid preparation from E. coli are also listed.
Arya is a term meaning "noble" which was used as a self-designation by Indian and Iranian or Indo-Iranian people.
The word was used by the Indic people of the Vedic period in India as an ethnic label for themselves, as well as to refer to the noble class and geographic location known as Āryāvarta where Indo-Aryan culture was based.
The closely related Iranian people also used the term as an ethnic label for themselves in the Avesta scriptures, and the word forms the etymological source of the country Iran.
This document discusses quality and accreditation in hospitals in India. It provides information on:
1) What NABH is and its organizational structure, including its technical committee, accreditation committee, appeals committee and secretariat.
2) NABH's accreditation standards, which have 10 chapters covering 102 standards and 636 objectives.
3) The NABH accreditation process, including self-assessment, pre-assessment, final assessment, and the criteria hospitals are assessed against.
4) Consequences for hospitals like inactive status, shifting renewal dates, abeyance, suspension and withdrawal of accreditation if they do not meet requirements.
The Indigenous Aryans theory, also known as the Out of India theory, proposes that the Indo-European languages, or at least the Indo-Aryan languages, originated within the Indian subcontinent, as an alternative to the established migration model which proposes the Pontic steppe as the area of origin of the IndoEuropean languages.
The indigenist view sees the Indo-Aryan languages as having a deep history in the Indian subcontinent, and being the carriers of the Indus Valley Civilization.
This view proposes an older date than is generally accepted for the Vedic period, which is generally considered to follow the decline of Harappan culture.
This document provides information about India's geography, climate, and culture. It notes that India is located in southern Asia, separated from the rest of the continent by the Himalayan Mountains. It has a variety of landscapes, including deserts, jungles, forests, and farmland. The major rivers are the Indus and Ganges. The capital of India is New Delhi. The document also discusses India's diverse climate regions and monsoon seasons, and highlights some cultural aspects like clothing, festivals, and the Taj Mahal mausoleum.
The Indo-Aryans migrated from Central Asia to northern India between 1500-500 BCE. They brought with them new pastoral and agricultural practices, as well as their Indo-Aryan language and religious beliefs recorded in the Vedas. The Vedic Age saw the development of Sanskrit, the language of the priests and rituals. Indo-Aryan society was organized into social classes and castes, with priests called Brahmins holding high status. Marriage rules helped govern relations between social groups as the Indo-Aryans established control over northern India.
The Indus Valley Civilization began around 7000 BCE and reached its peak around 2500-1500 BCE, centered around the large cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. These cities had populations of around 40,000 people and were carefully planned with grid-like streets and drainage systems. Around 1500 BCE, Aryan groups migrated into northern India, influencing the Harappan culture and religion. They established Vedic religion, with its hymns collected in the Rig Veda, and introduced the caste system. The Upanishads later expanded Vedic philosophy, introducing concepts like samsara, karma, and moksha.
The document summarizes the key differences between Dravidian and Nagara styles of Hindu temples in India. Dravidian temples, more common in South India, emphasize horizontality with one or more stories and a stepped pyramidal tower. Nagara temples of North India emphasize verticality with a tall spire and suppression of horizontal lines. Some examples of architectural features described include the Kailasanatha Temple at Ellora, Brihadeeswarar Temple at Thanjavur, and Kandariya Mahadeva Temple at Khajuraho.
The document discusses the Vedic culture of the Rigvedic Aryans who migrated to India. It describes the Aryans as tall, fair-skinned people who originally came from central Asia. It outlines their social organization into tribes and clans ruled by kings. The Aryans practiced agriculture, herding, ironworking, and trade and were divided into castes and classes. Warfare was conducted from chariots or on foot using weapons like swords, spears and bows.
In Hot Pursuit of Language in Prehistory edited-by-john-d-bengtsonPieterUys7
This document provides a summary of the book "In Hot Pursuit of Language in Prehistory" which contains essays exploring aspects of prehistory with an emphasis on language. It discusses several parts of the book that focus on various language families and their connection to human migration patterns and genetics. The summary highlights articles examining questions about pan-African language roots and the distribution of certain mitochondrial haplogroups. It also critically analyzes the prevailing "Out-of-Africa" view of human origins and notes recent fossil evidence that places modern humans in locations outside of Africa earlier than previously believed.
The document discusses the origins of modern humans. It describes two main models - the multiregional model which suggests simultaneous evolution in different parts of the world, and the Out of Africa model which explains a common origin from a small population in Africa around 200,000 years ago that then spread to other continents. Genetic evidence from mitochondrial DNA and the Y chromosome support the Out of Africa model with a recent African origin for all humans between 100,000-200,000 years ago.
Brenau University Journey of Man The Story of the Human.docxsdfghj21
1) The documentary Journey of Man traces the origins of the human species back to a small group of humans who left their African homeland around 60,000 years ago against impossible odds to eventually conquer and populate the entire earth.
2) Geneticist Dr. Spencer Wells travels the world collecting and studying DNA samples to rewrite the history of human migration by disentangling evidence contained in our genetic code inherited from ancient human ancestors.
3) His research shows that all six billion people today descended from a common group of ancestors in Africa within the last 60,000 years and that all modern humans share the same ancestral origins, despite outward physical differences between populations around the world.
28 JANUARY 2011 VOL 331 SCIENCE www.sciencemag.org 39.docxtamicawaysmith
28 JANUARY 2011 VOL 331 SCIENCE www.sciencemag.org 392
NEWSFOCUS
New genomic data are settling an old
argument about how our species evolved
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FOR 27 YEARS, CHRIS STRINGER AND
Milford Wolpoff have been at odds about
where and how our species was born.
Stringer, a paleoanthropologist at the Nat-
ural History Museum in London, held that
modern humans came out of Africa, spread
around the world, and replaced, rather than
mated with, the archaic humans they met.
But Wolpoff, of the University of Michigan,
Ann Arbor, argued that a single, worldwide
species of human, including archaic forms
outside of Africa, met, mingled and had
offspring, and so produced Homo sapiens.
The battle has been long and
bitter: When reviewing a man-
uscript in the 1980s, Wolpoff
scribbled “Stringer’s desper-
ate argument” under a chart;
in a 1996 book, Stringer wrote
that “attention to inconvenient
details has never been part of
the Wolpoff style.” At one tense
meeting, the pair presented
opposing views in rival sessions
on the same day—and Wolpoff
didn’t invite Stringer to the
meeting’s press conference. “It
was diff icult for a long time,”
recalls Stringer.
Then, in the past year, geneticists an-
nounced the nearly complete nuclear
genomes of two different archaic humans:
Neandertals, and their enigmatic eastern
cousins from southern Siberia. These data
provide a much higher resolution view of
our past, much as a new telescope allows
astronomers to see farther back in time
in the universe. When compared with the
genomes of living people, the ancient
genomes allow anthropologists to thor-
oughly test the competing models of human
origins for the fi rst time.
The DNA data suggest not one but
at least two instances of interbreeding
between archaic and modern humans, rais-
ing the question of whether H. sapiens at that
point was a distinct species (see sidebar,
p. 394). And so they appear to refute the com-
plete replacement aspect of the Out of Africa
model. “[Modern humans] are certainly com-
ing out of Africa, but we’re fi nding evidence
of low levels of admixture wherever you
look,” says evolutionary geneticist Michael
Hammer of the University of Arizona in Tuc-
son. Stringer admits: “The story has undoubt-
edly got a whole lot more complicated.”
But the genomic data don’t prove the
classic multiregionalism model correct
either. They suggest only a small amount
of interbreeding, presumably at the margins
where invading moderns met archaic groups
that were the worldwide descendants of
H. erectus, the human ancestor that left
Africa 1.8 million years ago. “I have lately
taken to talking about the best model as
replacement with hybridization, … [or]
‘leaky replacement,’ ” says paleogeneticist
Svante Pääbo of ...
- According to skeletal evidence, early humans first migrated from Africa to the Middle East around 80,000 years ago, crossing into Yemen.
- Within 60,000 years, Homo sapiens had spread throughout Southeast Asia, though volcanic eruptions later covered parts of Asia, India, and Malaysia.
- Around 70,000 years ago, modern humans first arrived in Australia, and by 50,000 years ago they had inhabited Europe as well. Mitochondrial Eve is theorized to have lived in Africa around 200,000 years ago, with her mitochondrial DNA inherited by all living humans.
The document discusses the journey of modern humans out of Africa from around 60,000 years ago based on genetic evidence. It describes how DNA markers on the Y chromosome and mitochondria can be traced back to populations in Africa, such as the San Bushmen in Botswana. These genetic markers were then mapped as people migrated through Central Asia, Siberia, Beringia into North America, and eventually all the way to the southern tip of South America over tens of thousands of years. The document examines how human populations adapted to different environments along the way and discusses the genetic connections between all living people today.
This document provides a briefing on the history of long-range historical comparative linguistics, beginning with early studies in the 17th-18th centuries exploring linguistic connections between various language families. It then discusses the foundational work of Trombetti in 1902 establishing the monogenesis of language based on the comparative method. The briefing outlines major schools and scholars who have further developed long-range comparative linguistics such as the Italian, USSR, USA, and Iran schools from the 20th century onward.
This document provides an overview of the field of long-range historical comparative linguistics, beginning with Trombetti's founding of the doctrine of monogenesis of language in 1902 based on Junggrammatiker scientific linguistics. It then discusses schools of thought that further developed the field, including the USSR school founded by Illich-Svitych, the USA school including Greenberg and Ruhlen, and the Iran school of Assadian. The document also briefly discusses human migration based on genetic evidence from mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome studies, which corroborate the linguistic findings on the origin and migration paths of anatomically modern humans out of Africa.
The Untaught Latest Horizon in Historical Comparative Linguisticshellas vuosaly
This document provides a briefing on the history of long-range historical comparative linguistics, beginning with early studies in the 17th-18th centuries exploring linguistic connections between various language families. It then discusses the foundational work of Trombetti in 1902 establishing the monogenesis of language based on the comparative method. The briefing outlines major schools and scholars who have further developed long-range comparative linguistics such as the Italian, USSR, USA, and Iran schools from the 20th century onward.
The power of language over the past: Tai settlement and Tai linguistics in s...FOODCROPS
The document discusses three themes related to the power of language over history: 1) How genetic linguistic analysis can reveal the remote migration of Tai peoples from India to southern China and northern Vietnam thousands of years ago. 2) How the ancient Bai-Yue language still influences modern Tai languages and provides insights into pre-historic culture. 3) How the power dynamics between Tai languages have changed over time, with some becoming threatened as more dominant languages spread. The document uses genetic evidence to support the theory that all modern human populations outside of Africa descended from a single group that migrated from East Africa approximately 80,000 years ago.
The Out-of-Africa theory suggests that Homo sapiens evolved in Africa around 100,000-200,000 years ago and then migrated throughout the world, replacing earlier hominin species. Genetic evidence from mitochondrial DNA, Y-chromosome DNA, and microsatellite DNA analyses indicate that all modern human populations outside of Africa can be traced back to a common ancestral population that lived in Africa relatively recently, between 100,000-150,000 years ago. This supports the theory that modern humans originated in Africa and then migrated throughout the world.
The document discusses human evolution and major population movements based on genetic evidence. It summarizes that Bushmen from Southern Africa represent an early lineage of anatomically modern humans. It also describes the Bantu expansion from West Africa across much of sub-Saharan Africa around 5,000 years ago. Additionally, it outlines five episodes of settlement in Europe over the past 50,000 years based on mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome evidence.
My fourth lecture in my series on human evolution, migration, population genetics and genomics. Discussion of Polynesians, Jewish populations, origins of the English and Thomas Jefferson's black descendants.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o0FSXmDlO-c
Out of Africa_ _ American Scientist.pdfBraydenStoch2
- The document discusses the debate between the "Out of Africa" and "Multiregional" theories of human evolution.
- The Out of Africa theory proposes that modern humans originated in Africa over 100,000 years ago and replaced indigenous populations as they migrated. The author questions if Asian populations could really have been replaced.
- The Multiregional theory proposes that Homo erectus migrated out of Africa over a million years ago and evolved independently in different regions with gene exchange.
- Neither theory can yet be definitively proven or disproven based on archaeological evidence alone, and dating of genetic events is uncertain.
Neanderthals lived, interbred, and behaved like the modern humans, but surprisingly disappeared after few years. You will appreciate the true definition of biological extinction after reading to the end of this article
The document discusses the genetic ancestry and migration patterns of Cape Verdeans based on DNA research. It finds that while most Cape Verdeans' maternal lineages are fully West African, over half of paternal lineages originate from Europe and the Middle East. This indicates that the founding population of Cape Verde had significant gene flow from multiple sources. Specifically, only about 16% of Cape Verdean Y-DNA is of purely West African descent, with the rest deriving from European/Middle Eastern haplogroups. Island populations also show variation, with some having higher levels of African ancestry than others.
1) Recent genetic evidence shows that all non-Africans have approximately 2.5% Neanderthal ancestry from interbreeding between ancestral modern humans and Neanderthals after modern humans migrated out of Africa.
2) Around 10% of non-Africans have a Neanderthal gene variant related to skeletal and muscular development.
3) Having Neanderthal ancestry does not make some groups inferior to others, as all human populations are closely related despite differences in external appearance.
Genetic Evidence For Theories Of Human Dispersalallyjer
The document discusses two theories of human dispersal and evolution:
1) The Replacement Theory ("Out of Africa" hypothesis) proposes that Homo sapiens arose in Africa and replaced all other human populations without interbreeding as they migrated.
2) The Multiregional Theory proposes that Homo erectus dispersed from Africa and evolved independently in different regions with some gene flow, leading to modern human diversity. Genetic evidence best supports the former while fossil evidence best supports the latter.
Similar to Indo aryan invasion theory validation & origin of world races (20)
Bioreactors are essential in tissue
engineering, not only because they provide an
in vitro environment mimicking in vivo conditions
for the growth of tissue substitutes, but also
because they enable systematic studies of the
responses of living tissues to various mechanical
and biochemical cues.
DIFFUSION BASED AND VASCULAR CONSTRUCTS, TRANSPORT OF NUTRIENTS AND METABOLITES Vijay Raj Yanamala
The document discusses vascular tissue engineering and strategies for scaffold vascularization. It begins by covering tissue engineering procedures and the structure of blood vessels. It then discusses blood vessel formation through vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. Various vascular tissue engineering approaches are examined, including using decellularized matrices, natural polymers like fibrin and collagen, and biodegradable synthetic polymers. Strategies to vascularize scaffolds are outlined, such as scaffold functionalization with growth factors, incorporating endothelial cells, designing channeled scaffolds, and using growth factor-producing cells.
DIFFUSION BASED AND VASCULAR CONSTRUCTS, TRANSPORT OF NUTRIENTS AND METABOLITES Vijay Raj Yanamala
Tissue Engineering is the study of the growth of new connective tissues, or organs, from cells and a collagenous scaffold to produce a fully functional organ for implantation back into the donor host. It also refers to the application of engineering principles to the design of tissue replacements, usually formed from cells and biomolecules. Tissue engineering is a fast growing area of research that aims to create tissue equivalents of blood vessels, heart muscle, nerves, cartilage, bone, and other organs for replacement of tissue either damaged through disease or trauma. As an interdisciplinary field, principles from biological, chemical, electrical, materials science, and mechanical engineering are employed in research and development. Concepts and discoveries from the fields of molecular and cell biology, physiology and immunology are also readily incorporated into research activities for tissue engineering. Recent advancements in stem cell research provide exciting opportunities of using stem cells for regeneration of tissues and organs.
The Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) is a government body which was set up in 2003 to bring together the functions of the Medicines Control Agency (MCA) and the Medical Devices Agency (MDA).
The Agency has the power to withdraw a product from the market, and in the case of medicines, to suspend production. The Agency can also prosecute a manufacturer or distributor if the law has been broken. The regulations need to be robust enough to protect the public’s health, and this costs money. The MHRA is funded largely by public monies from government for the regulation of devices, and by fees from the pharmaceutical industry for the regulation of medicines.
This document discusses the National Accreditation Board for Hospitals & Healthcare (NABH) standards for hospital accreditation in India. It provides an overview of NABH, outlines the 10 chapters and over 100 standards that hospitals must meet for accreditation, and gives examples of some key standards within chapters related to access to care, patient care, medication management, patient rights, and quality improvement. The standards are designed to help hospitals improve patient outcomes, safety, and satisfaction by benchmarking their services and processes against internationally recognized quality criteria.
The document discusses various topics related to information systems in healthcare, including electronic medical records, hospital information systems, intranets, telemedicine, picture archiving and communication systems, and clinical decision support systems. It provides details on the objectives, capabilities and benefits of these systems, highlighting how they can improve various aspects of healthcare delivery such as quality, efficiency, cost and accessibility.
This document describes a micro project to develop a C. elegans tracking system using a digital microscope and tracking software. The project aims to analyze the locomotion of C. elegans to better understand the mechanisms underlying its forward movement. A Dino-Lite digital microscope will be used to record videos of C. elegans on an agar plate. Tracking software like WormLab and ImageJ will then analyze the videos to track the worm's movement and calculate metrics like number of bends and directional changes. The goal is to help elucidate the neural control of C. elegans locomotion and how it mediates the worm's foraging and avoidance behaviors.
Electro-surgery uses high frequency electric current to cut, coagulate, desiccate, or fulgurate tissue. The generator converts electricity to high frequency waveforms over 30,000 cycles per second. Tissue effects are regulated by current, power, modulation level, electrode shape and condition, cutting speed, and tissue properties. Monopolar electro-surgery uses an active electrode at the surgical site and a return electrode elsewhere to complete the circuit. Bipolar electro-surgery contains active and return electrodes within the instrument to limit current flow. Proper use and maintenance of equipment, along with correct patient positioning and electrode application, are necessary to avoid risks like unintended burns.
Hewlett-Packard's (HP) mission is to provide the highest quality products, services, and solutions and deliver more value to customers. Their vision is to view changes in the market as opportunities for growth and develop solutions that satisfy emerging customer needs. Hindustan Coca-Cola's vision is to make their refreshments available within easy reach of every Indian, and their mission is to be a profitable, sustainable, socially responsible and customer-focused company. Caterpillar's vision is to be the undisputed global leader in construction and mining equipment, and their mission is to provide the best products and services in those industries.
RAS (reticular activating system) is a set of connected nuclei responsible for regulating wakefulness and sleep wake transitions. RAS has both cholinergic and adrenergic components.
Anatomical components of RAS are
• Mid-brain reticular formation,
• Dorsal hypo-thalamus,
• Thalamic intra laminar nuclei,
• Tegmentum
This document discusses leucodepletion filters, which are used to remove white blood cells (leukocytes) from blood components. It provides information on the reasons for leukocyte removal, potential benefits, and methods used. Leukocytes provide no therapeutic benefit during transfusion and can cause adverse reactions, so leucodepletion filters are used to reduce these risks. The filters work using depth filtration and adhesion mechanisms to remove over 99% of leukocytes from blood components before storage. They have improved transfusion safety by lowering reaction risks and alloimmunization.
In medical field, a catheter is a thin tube made from biomaterial material that
has wide range of uses. Catheters are medical devices that can be inserted in the
body to treat diseases or perform a surgical procedure. Catheters are mainly used
in cardiovascular, urological, gastrointestinal, neurovascular, and ophthalmic
surgical applications.
Catheters can be inserted into a body cavity, duct, or vessel. Functionally, they
allow drainage, administration of fluids or gases, access by surgical instruments,
and also perform a wide variety of other tasks depending on the type of catheter.
The process of inserting a catheter is catheterization. In most uses, catheter is a
thin, flexible tube though catheters are available in varying levels of stiffness
depending on the application. A catheter left inside the body, either temporarily or permanently, may be referred to as an indwelling catheter.
1. Impedance is opposition to alternating current flow and has two components: resistance and reactance. Resistance opposes direct current, while reactance depends on frequency and includes capacitance and inductance. (2) Because EEG contains strong AC signals, impedance rather than just resistance is measured. (3) Electrode impedance is measured by passing a small current between electrodes and is impacted by dead skin cells separating the electrode from living tissue.
This document provides a summary of Yanamala Vijay Raj's clinical rotation report at CMC Vellore. It lists the 17 departments visited, including Cardiology, Child Health, Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology. For several departments, it describes the key functions and some challenges identified. It provides examples of proposed solutions to issues like optimizing cardiac stents, managing pediatric dialysis machines, and digitizing community health workflows. The report reflects on Yanamala's experiences in different clinical specialties at CMC Vellore.
This document is a report on analyzing the gait of a pregnant lady. It begins by providing background on gait analysis and describing the normal gait cycle. It then discusses the anatomical and physiological changes that occur during pregnancy, including changes to the uterus, ligaments, respiratory system, musculoskeletal system, posture, bones and joints, and hormones. The report also describes conducting a literature review on the effects of pregnancy on factors like hip movement, knee ligament laxity, and using simulation software to model pregnant gait. It outlines the study's methods, results, and conclusions.
The document describes the development and implementation of a Hospital Information System (HIS) at Christian Medical College (CMC) in Vellore, India. The HIS integrated various hospital departments like labs, medical records, pharmacy, dietary, and inpatient and outpatient areas. It allowed for real-time sharing of patient information between departments. This reduced costs and errors, improved efficiency of healthcare delivery, and enabled better decision-making at CMC.
This document discusses clinical information systems and their role in healthcare. It begins with background on healthcare and how information technology has helped address issues with declining resources and rapid knowledge growth. It then defines and discusses hospital information systems, clinical information systems, clinical decision support systems, and electronic medical records. It explains how these systems help with tasks like data management, decision making, and improving quality of care. The document also covers healthcare strategy making and how clinical information systems are developed and integrated.
The Seliwanoff's test distinguishes between aldose and ketose sugars. It involves heating the sugar with resorcinol and hydrochloric acid. Ketoses are more rapidly dehydrated than aldoses under these conditions. The dehydrated ketose will react with resorcinol to produce a deep cherry red color, indicating a positive test. Aldoses may produce a faint pink color. Fructose and sucrose give a positive test since sucrose contains fructose. The test exploits the difference in reactivity between aldehyde and ketone functional groups.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...Diana Rendina
Librarians are leading the way in creating future-ready citizens – now we need to update our spaces to match. In this session, attendees will get inspiration for transforming their library spaces. You’ll learn how to survey students and patrons, create a focus group, and use design thinking to brainstorm ideas for your space. We’ll discuss budget friendly ways to change your space as well as how to find funding. No matter where you’re at, you’ll find ideas for reimagining your space in this session.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
2. List of evidences:
ARCHEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE FROM INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION
CHRONOLOGICAL EVIDENCE
YANAMALA VIJAY RAJ 9/9/2014
LINGUSTIC DIVISION
BIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE
VITAMIN D A FAILURE STORY
4. Origin: Nothing definite is known about the origin of the Dravidian family.
Myth of Lemuria: vague indigenous traditions about an ancient migration from
the south, from a submerged continent in what is now the Indian Ocean.
Dravidian languages indigenous to India? Another theory connects the Dravidian
speakers with the peoples of the Indus Valley civilization.
No proof of Dravidian languages being related to any other language family: Not
with the Indo-European tongues, Mitanni, Basque, Sumerian, or Korean.
The most promising and plausible hypothesis is that of a linguistic relationship
with the Uralic (Hungarian, Finno-Ugric) and/or Altaic (Turkic, Mongolian,
Korean, Japanese) language groups.
As an independent family, the Dravidian languages were first recognized in 1816
by Francis W. Ellis, a British civil servant.
YANAMALA VIJAY RAJ 9/9/2014
11. Genealogical DNA test
A genealogical DNA test looks at a person's genetic code
Autosomal DNA (atDNA)
STRs:
Like Y-DNA STRs, autosomal STRs are
counts of repeated genetic code
SNPs:
Like mtDNA and Y-DNA SNPs, autosomal
SNPs are changes at a single point in
genetic code.
at specific locations. Results give information about
genealogy or personal ancestry. Matching In process
There are currently general, two these types of matching
tests
compare the results of an individual processes used.
to others from the
same lineage or to current and historic ethnic groups. The
test results are not meant for The medical first is haplo use, block where matching.
different
types of genetic testing are needed. The second method They is do bio not
geographical
determine specific genetic diseases analysis.
or disorders (see
possible exceptions in Medical information below). They
are intended only to give genealogical information.
YANAMALA VIJAY RAJ 9/9/2014
12. Understanding Haplogroups, “Deep Ancestry”
Haplogroups relate to our deep ancestry. Deep ancestry is not traditional
Our Y-DNA, which is passed down from father
to son shows that the Y-DNA of every male
living today can be traced back to a common
male ancestor who lived in Africa over 100,000
years ago. He is often termed the “Y-Chromosomal
Adam”.
genealogy: it is not for tracing family or confirming family linkages. Deep ancestry is
a look at our ancient ancestral roots from tens of thousands of years ago and shows
how all people living today are connected to an ancient ancestor who lived in Africa
over 100,000 years ago.
Likewise, our mtDNA, which is passed down
from a mother to her children shows that all
people living today shared a common female
ancestor who lived in Africa over 100,000
years ago. She is often termed the
“Mitochondrial Eve”.
Humans represent one branch of the phylogenetic tree of all living organisms. The
human branch of the phylogenetic tree was built based on DNA, in particular, SNP
markers found in human DNA.
YANAMALA VIJAY RAJ 9/9/2014
13. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) testing
In human genetics, a human mitochondrial DNA
haplo group is a haplo group defined by differences
in human mitochondrial DNA. Haplo groups are
used to represent the major branch points on the
mitochondrial phylogenetic tree.
Understanding the evolutionary path of the female
lineage has helped population geneticists trace
inheritance of modern humans back to human
origins in Africa and the subsequent spread across
the globe.
YANAMALA VIJAY RAJ 9/9/2014
16. haplogroups
Human Y chromosome DNA (Y-DNA) haplogroups are named from A to
T, and are further subdivided using numbers and lower case letters. Y
chromosome haplogroup designations are established by the Y
Chromosome Consortium
Y-chromosomal Adam is the name given by researchers to the male who
is the most recent common patrilineal (male-lineage) ancestor of all
living humans.
Major Y-chromosome haplogroups, and their geographical regions of
occurrence are illustrated in the figure shown
YANAMALA VIJAY RAJ 9/9/2014
18. Human Y-chromosome DNA
haplogroups
Human Y chromosome DNA (Y-DNA)
haplo groups are named from A to T,
and are further subdivided using
numbers and lower case letters. Y
chromosome haplo group
designations are established by the Y
Chromosome Consortium
Y-chromosomal Adam is the name
given by researchers to the male
who is the most recent common
patrilineal (male-lineage) ancestor of
all living humans
Groups without mutation M168[edit]
Haplogroup A (M91) (Africa,
especially the Khoisan, Ethiopians,
and Nilotes)
Haplogroup B (M60) (Africa,
especially
the Polynesians and Hadzabe)
YANAMALA VIJAY RAJ 9/9/2014
20. The prologue
After the White world was Apprised in Oct. 2013 that a "Brown" Roma
family in Greece had a little White girl named Maria, termed a little
"Angle" with Blue eyes and Blonde hair, in their care, it elicited outrage
and many conspiracy theories in the minds of the worlds Whites.
They reasoned that there was no way that this little White girl , with
Blue eyes and Blonde hair, could possibly be legitimately in the
company of those Brown skinned Roma people aka Gypsies. Some
publications speculated that she had been kidnapped by the Roma, so
that she could be used for sexual purposes or to beg money for them.
The logic being that a little “White” child would be more sympathetic,
and thus earn more money for her handlers.
A world wide hunt was soon launched to find Maria's real (White)
parents began. YANAMALA VIJAY RAJ 9/9/2014
22. YANAMALA VIJAY RAJ 9/9/2014
Albinism (achromia,
achromasia,achrom
atosis) is
a congenital
disorder characteriz
ed by the complete
or partial absence
of pigment in the
skin, hair and eyes
due to absence or
defect of tyrosinase,
a copper-containing
enzyme involved in
the production
of melanin
Obviously as her mother indicated, Maria is an
Albino, like many of her siblings, and that is why she
does not look like her parents.
With this one acknowledgement, Sasha Ruseva has
done something that Whites the world over, be they
Chinese, Japanese, Korean, European or American,
have never been able to do - admit that they are
Albinos, or derived from Albinos!
23. The reason was of course that Maria was "White" (a pure Albino). Whites have
never been able to admit that they are Albinos, but they have always known
that they are different. And with that innate understanding of a difference in
them, they developed a "Clannish" regard and concern exclusively for each
other, as regards the pigmented "Others" of the world .
Obviously then, the reason why only White Maria was worthy of concern,
relates to her Whiteness and this Clannishness as regards the pigmented
others: which today we call racism. And in the mode of channeling the silver
lining, this incident gives us a chance to investigate what "RACE" really is, and
thus the cause of what we call Racism.
YANAMALA VIJAY RAJ 9/9/2014
24. Oculocutaneous albinism
YANAMALA VIJAY RAJ 9/9/2014
Racism first developed when
"Modern" Whites first entered
Europe from Central Asia, at
around the beginning of the
modern era, the Roman
historian Tacitus commented on
the strange appearance of the
newly arrived Germanic tribes,
which include: Danes, Saxons,
peoples said to be Germanics
were in fact native European
Black tribes, the Franks being
one of those.
25. VITAMIN D A FAILED THEORY:
YANAMALA VIJAY RAJ 9/9/2014
SKIN COLOUR AND THE
GEOGRAPHICAL LATITUDE:
With humans, exposure to
sunlight stimulates
the skin to produce vitamin
D. Because high levels of
cutaneous melanin act as a
natural sun screen
Evolutionary pressures due to variation in
climate play an important role in shaping
phenotypic variation among and within species
and have been shown to influence variation in
phenotypes such as body shape and size among
humans.
It is assumed that evidence for migration lies in
change of living latitude in the evolution of skin
color genes and the vitamin D receptor (VDR)
26. YANAMALA VIJAY RAJ 9/9/2014
The Nenets (Nenets: не
нэцяˮ, Russian: ненцы
), also known
as Samoyeds, are
an indigenous people
in northern arctic
Russia.
But such debunking studies are not really
necessary. By simple observation in the
"Natural World": nature itself demonstrates the
lie of the Vitamin "D" nonsense. The Nenet
people of the high Arctic live further North
than any other people.
Compared to where they live, Europeans are
comparatively in the tropics.
29. Early europeans
Though the anecdotal data is
overwhelming that they are Albinos,
Europeans have never been able to
accept that simple fact. Instead
European scientists have engaged in
pseudo science to prove that rather that
being an unfortunate medical condition,
their colorations due to "Natural
Selection". In other words, Albinism
(White skin) is a sign of "Advanced
Evolution". Originated by Murray (1934),
the vitamin D hypothesis was revived and
popularized by Loomis (1967), and, more
recently, refined by Jablonski and
Chaplin (2000), and now in 2013 by Basu
Mallicketal
YANAMALA VIJAY RAJ 9/9/2014
31. We are all Homo-sapiens
The Genus and species to which all modern human
beings belong and to which are attributable fossil
remains of humans in Africa from 400,000 years ago or
more.
A broad study of African genetic diversity headed by Dr.
Sarah Tishkoff found the San people to express the
greatest genetic diversity among the 113 distinct
populations sampled, making them one of 14 "ancestral
YANAMALA VIJAY RAJ 9/9/2014
population clusters".
32. The transition to modern humans within Africa was not sudden; rather, it is
an irregular mosaic of modern, archaic, and regional morphological and
behavioral traits that occurred over a substantial period of time and across
a broad geographic range within Africa.
As the (2009) Tishkoff study proves: Africans are more genetically diverse
than the rest of the world COMBINED! All of that means that within
Africans, there exists the Genes and Phenotypes of ALL other Humans, the
world over.
And it is from the Out-of-Africa populations(OOA) that the worlds Races
evolved. Judging by what the rest of the world looks like today; this is likely
what those first Africans leaving Africa looked like.
YANAMALA VIJAY RAJ 9/9/2014
34. Though those people have the various
phenotypes for people such as Mongols and
Caucasians, they are all Black!
So one might ask: what about skin color and
HAIR, most non-Africans have straight hair,
while most Africans have a range of hair
textures, ranging from peppercorn to straight,
with straight hair being the least common.
YANAMALA VIJAY RAJ 9/9/2014
42. Little Asad, son of one of the Parvez daughters with his parents. The
streak of White hair on his right side, is the only indication of Albinism in
his genes. However, though he is pigmented, and only a little lighter than
his father, he is likely still a carrier of Albinism.
Therefore, if he mates with another carrier, or a full Albino, his children
will be Albinos. Over time, probably to escape the strong Sunlight of
India, and abuse from “Normal” Humans, the Dravidian Albinos of India
crossed the Hindu Kush mountains and moved into Central Asia
YANAMALA VIJAY RAJ 9/9/2014
43. And there they stayed until about 1,500 B.C. Because these were Albinos,
exclusively or in the majority, their only procreation was through
Albino/Albino mating.
Since this type of mating can only produce Albinos, the result of the Dravidian
Albinos mating among themselves for thousand of years in Central Asia, was
to produced a whole new race of Humans that were Albinos - they would
later spread through the world.
YANAMALA VIJAY RAJ 9/9/2014
44. At about the same time as the Dravidian Albinos were leaving India:
Africans with what we call Mongol features, were moving eastward out
of India and into China.
After thousands of years in Central Asia, the Dravidian Albinos returned
to India at about 1,500 B.C, today we call them Aryans. By now they were
in the millions, and they returned to India as avenging invaders.
How they maintained a memory of their previous abuse by normal
dravidian in India is a mystery. But a reading of their bible of sorts, the
Rig Veda, indicates that they dYiAdN fAeMeAl LdAe VepIJ AhYa RtrAeJd 9/9/2014
46. MULLATO (MIXED RACE)
After Aryans invasion, there was
wide mixing of population and
culture. The present skin shades
we see in India are mainly due to
inter-mixing of races. The mixed
race are also called as Mulatto.
Mulatto is a term used to refer to
a person who is born from one
white parent and one black
parent, or more broadly, a person
of any proportion of noticeable
YANAMALA VIJEAuYr RopAeJan9 a/9n/2d0 1A4frican ancestry.
48. CONCLUSIONS:
By studying various archeological evidences, linguistic evidence,
genealogical evidences, a conclusion was drawn.
The inference drawn was that the Aryans and Dravidians were the same
race initially, but then due to some strange factors which is yet classified,
the proto Aryans left the Dravidians settled in Indus valley civilization, and
migrated to central asia.
We reason out that there is propability that OCULOCUTANEOUS
ALBINISM can be reason for whitening of skin.
YANAMALA VIJAY RAJ 9/9/2014
49. Although vitamin E is widely acknowledged for it skin colour enhancer, yet
an other loop hole in this theory is observed.
Hence a strong evidence other than vitamin E ought to exist than had
influenced human skin colour.
Albinism may hold an answer to this question.
Various mitochondrial DNA tests and Y DNA tests further confer that deep
split in Indian population genes and close relativeness of north Indian genes
to that of European genes.
Albinism cases of other countries are also studied.
Finally the present day population is concluded as mulatto or mixed race
YANAMALA VIJAY RAJ 9/9/2014