The document discusses human evolution and major population movements based on genetic evidence. It summarizes that Bushmen from Southern Africa represent an early lineage of anatomically modern humans. It also describes the Bantu expansion from West Africa across much of sub-Saharan Africa around 5,000 years ago. Additionally, it outlines five episodes of settlement in Europe over the past 50,000 years based on mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome evidence.

1. Human Evolution Genes and Genomes Major Population Movements: Peopling of the World Professor Mark Pallen

3. African language groups http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:African_language_families_en.svg Mark Dingemanse Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 license

16. European mtDNA haplogroups (Torroni et al 2006 Trends in Genetics)

24. Schleicher’s reconstruction

31. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v426/n6965/pdf/426391a.pdf

34. mtDNA in India Basu et al (2003) studied 44 geographically & socially disparate ethnic populations of India (over 1000 humans) for Y chromosomal & mitochondrial genotype Mitochondrial haplogroups Haplogroup M is the most common (>46%) ancestral type Haplogroup U is common in the North Came later from the North West Ancestral mtDNA haplogroup M is most common in tribal groups that represent “original” Indian population and uncommon in caste societies, especially brahmins, which mainly represent more recent immigrants M U

35. Y chromosomes in India ( McElreavey & Quintana-Murci 2005 Annals of Human Biology. Basu et al 2003 Genome Research ) K* The K* Y-haplotype is one of the oldest in India and most common in tribes, but not in castes M M-haplotype is of Iranian origin and was probably brought to India by Zoroastrians in the 7 th century AD C C-haplotype is most common in Mongolians. Traces of Mongolian influence?

37. CASTE The Dravidian speaking groups inhabit southern India, Indo-European speakers inhabit northern India and Tibeto- Burman speakers are confined to northeastern India. TRIBAL Small group of Austro-Asiatic speakers in fragmented geographical areas of eastern and central India. Andamanese

39. The genetic legacy of Genghis Khan? The age of haplogroup C is about 1,000 years and it seemed to have originated in Mongolia. It is thought haplogroup C represents putative male-line descendants of Genghis Khan (circa 1162–1227) Haplogroup C is widespread in Asia (Jobling and Tyler-Smith 2003)

42. Peopling of Americas Americas were populated by three main waves or “blitzkriegs” of immigrants from Asia, corresponding to language groups Eskimo-Aleut Na-Dene Amerind Modern population DNA-based genetics data provides no support for these three migrations Shallow consensus on single migration event Clovis culture Three language groups Led to late 20 th C Three Migrations Theory

45. Peopling of Americas & Y haplotypes (Jobling and Tyler-Smith 2003) Reduced variation in Y haplotypes common in Native Americans compared to Asia; poor resolution using Y chromosomes. E E E E E E E E E E Q Q Q Q Q Q Q P N N N N N N N O O O O O O O O O O O J J J J C C C C C C C C C C C C C C J J F F R R R R R R R A B B C C C D D B R M M F R R R R K K K I I R

46. Some early Americans did not look like modern Native Americans Kennewick Man 9.3 kya skeleton from Kennewick in Washington state Initially thought to look like a Caucasian, then Ainu from Japan; uncertain whether allied to any modern population; controversies over Native American rights to remains Luzia 11.5 kya skeleton from Lapa Vermelha, Brazil Resembles Africans, Indigenous Australians, Melanesians and the Negritos of South East Asia Does not resemble Native Americans/Siberians

48. Migration Routes still unresolved