Important questions and pneumonics for Anatomy and Physiology(Checkout for CRANIAL NERVES in ppt )
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Spinal cord by Dr. Pandian M
INTRODUCTION
GRAY MATTER
WHITE MATTER
TRACTS IN SPINAL CORD
ASCENDING TRACTS
DESCENDING TRACTS
APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY
MRI: Cord Compression
A 60-year-old female presented with numbness in both lower limbs for 6 weeks and weakness in both lower limbs for 4 weeks. Neurological examination found loss of sensation below the T6 level and impaired vibration and joint position sense. MRI of the dorsal spine showed a lesion in the D4 and D5 vertebral bodies with extradural and intradural components causing spinal cord compression. Differential diagnoses included aggressive hemangioma, plasmacytoma, and aneurysmal bone cyst. Imaging findings were most consistent with aggressive hemangioma.
Vestibular apparatus
The vestibular apparatus contains the macula of the utricle and saccule, which detect linear acceleration and head position, and the semicircular canals, which detect rotational acceleration of the head. Hair cells in the macula and canals signal the vestibular nerve and transmit signals to the vestibular nuclei in the brainstem. These centers integrate vestibular signals with visual and proprioceptive information to maintain balance and stabilize eye movements through pathways to the cerebellum and cerebral cortex.
21 spinal cord tracts iby prc
The nervous system consists of sensory, motor, and higher functional parts. There is continuous information flow between the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves via sensory and motor pathways. The main pathways that carry sensory information are the posterior column pathway, anterolateral pathway, and spinocerebellar pathway. The posterior column pathway carries fine touch, proprioception, vibration and stereognosis sensations via the dorsal column-medial lemniscus tract. The anterolateral pathway carries pain and temperature sensations via the spinothalamic tracts. The spinocerebellar pathway relays proprioceptive information to the cerebellum.
Anatomy of Vestibular System
The vestibular system detects motion and orientation of the head. It consists of five sensory end organs - three semicircular canals and two otolith organs. The semicircular canals detect rotational movement and contain cristae that sense angular acceleration. The utricle and saccule are the otolith organs and detect linear acceleration and gravity. They contain hair cells covered by an otolith membrane with embedded crystals that provide inertia against endolymph fluid. Together, the vestibular system works with vision and proprioception to maintain balance and spatial orientation.
Vestibular system
The vestibular system contains structures in the inner ear that sense movement and maintain balance and eye coordination. It includes semicircular canals, which contain fluid and sensory cells that detect rotational movement, and the utricle and saccule, which contain otolith organs that detect linear acceleration. When the head moves, fluid in the semicircular canals shifts, bending sensory hair cells and sending signals to the brain. This allows perception of angular acceleration. The utricle senses horizontal head movements and the saccule senses vertical movements. Together they maintain static equilibrium. Signals from the vestibular system help stabilize gaze and coordinate eye movements with head movements.
Vestibular sensation & maintenance of equilibrium
The vestibular apparatus in the inner ear detects sensations of equilibrium and balance. It consists of semicircular canals and otolith organs. The semicircular canals detect rotational movement and contain cristae that bend hair cells when the head rotates. The otolith organs, the utricle and saccule, contain maculae that sense linear acceleration like gravity. Hair cells in both organs release neurotransmitters at different rates depending on the direction and amount of bending, enabling detection of movement and position. Together with other sensory inputs, the vestibular apparatus helps maintain equilibrium and anticipates falls.
Special Senses - Equilibrium and Hearing
The vestibular apparatus in the inner ear contains receptors that detect changes in head position and motion to maintain equilibrium. It has two functional parts - the static vestibule monitors linear acceleration and head position relative to gravity, while the dynamic semicircular canals monitor rotational head movements. The vestibule contains maculae with hair cells and otoliths that signal head position. The semicircular canals contain cristae ampullares with hair cells and a gelatinous cupula that detects angular head movements. Together they send signals to the brain for balance reflexes.
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Spinal cord by Dr. Pandian M
INTRODUCTION
GRAY MATTER
WHITE MATTER
TRACTS IN SPINAL CORD
ASCENDING TRACTS
DESCENDING TRACTS
APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY
MRI: Cord Compression
A 60-year-old female presented with numbness in both lower limbs for 6 weeks and weakness in both lower limbs for 4 weeks. Neurological examination found loss of sensation below the T6 level and impaired vibration and joint position sense. MRI of the dorsal spine showed a lesion in the D4 and D5 vertebral bodies with extradural and intradural components causing spinal cord compression. Differential diagnoses included aggressive hemangioma, plasmacytoma, and aneurysmal bone cyst. Imaging findings were most consistent with aggressive hemangioma.
Vestibular apparatus
The vestibular apparatus contains the macula of the utricle and saccule, which detect linear acceleration and head position, and the semicircular canals, which detect rotational acceleration of the head. Hair cells in the macula and canals signal the vestibular nerve and transmit signals to the vestibular nuclei in the brainstem. These centers integrate vestibular signals with visual and proprioceptive information to maintain balance and stabilize eye movements through pathways to the cerebellum and cerebral cortex.
21 spinal cord tracts iby prc
The nervous system consists of sensory, motor, and higher functional parts. There is continuous information flow between the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves via sensory and motor pathways. The main pathways that carry sensory information are the posterior column pathway, anterolateral pathway, and spinocerebellar pathway. The posterior column pathway carries fine touch, proprioception, vibration and stereognosis sensations via the dorsal column-medial lemniscus tract. The anterolateral pathway carries pain and temperature sensations via the spinothalamic tracts. The spinocerebellar pathway relays proprioceptive information to the cerebellum.
Anatomy of Vestibular System
The vestibular system detects motion and orientation of the head. It consists of five sensory end organs - three semicircular canals and two otolith organs. The semicircular canals detect rotational movement and contain cristae that sense angular acceleration. The utricle and saccule are the otolith organs and detect linear acceleration and gravity. They contain hair cells covered by an otolith membrane with embedded crystals that provide inertia against endolymph fluid. Together, the vestibular system works with vision and proprioception to maintain balance and spatial orientation.
Vestibular system
The vestibular system contains structures in the inner ear that sense movement and maintain balance and eye coordination. It includes semicircular canals, which contain fluid and sensory cells that detect rotational movement, and the utricle and saccule, which contain otolith organs that detect linear acceleration. When the head moves, fluid in the semicircular canals shifts, bending sensory hair cells and sending signals to the brain. This allows perception of angular acceleration. The utricle senses horizontal head movements and the saccule senses vertical movements. Together they maintain static equilibrium. Signals from the vestibular system help stabilize gaze and coordinate eye movements with head movements.
Vestibular sensation & maintenance of equilibrium
The vestibular apparatus in the inner ear detects sensations of equilibrium and balance. It consists of semicircular canals and otolith organs. The semicircular canals detect rotational movement and contain cristae that bend hair cells when the head rotates. The otolith organs, the utricle and saccule, contain maculae that sense linear acceleration like gravity. Hair cells in both organs release neurotransmitters at different rates depending on the direction and amount of bending, enabling detection of movement and position. Together with other sensory inputs, the vestibular apparatus helps maintain equilibrium and anticipates falls.
Special Senses - Equilibrium and Hearing
The vestibular apparatus in the inner ear contains receptors that detect changes in head position and motion to maintain equilibrium. It has two functional parts - the static vestibule monitors linear acceleration and head position relative to gravity, while the dynamic semicircular canals monitor rotational head movements. The vestibule contains maculae with hair cells and otoliths that signal head position. The semicircular canals contain cristae ampullares with hair cells and a gelatinous cupula that detects angular head movements. Together they send signals to the brain for balance reflexes.
Vestibular system
The document discusses the vestibular system, which consists of structures in the inner ear that detect sensations of balance and equilibrium. It contains the macula in the utricle and saccule, which detect linear acceleration and head position. It also contains the semicircular canals, which detect rotational movement. Hair cells in the macula and cristae of the semicircular canals transmit signals through vestibular nerves and pathways in the brainstem and cerebellum to integrate sensory information and allow proper balance and body orientation. The vestibular system is important for maintaining posture and equilibrium.
The functions of vestibular apparatus
The vestibular apparatus consists of the otolith organs and semicircular canals and detects sensations of equilibrium and acceleration. The saccule and utricle contain sensory hair cells oriented to detect upward/downward and side-to-side movement respectively. The three semicircular canals arranged orthogonally detect angular acceleration. Vestibular nuclei process sensory input to coordinate reflexes like vestibulo-ocular for gaze and vestibulo-spinal for posture. Together the vestibular system provides spatial orientation and senses self-motion.
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This document describes the triangles of the neck, including the anterior triangle bounded by the mandible, hyoid bone, and sternocleidomastoid muscle, and the posterior triangle bounded by the sternocleidomastoid, trapezius, and clavicle. It further divides these triangles and discusses the structures contained within each subdivision, such as muscles, blood vessels, nerves, and lymph nodes.
Hearing and vestibular system - simple basics
The vestibular system and hearing physiology document discusses:
1) Hearing involves sound waves vibrating the outer, middle, and inner ear to stimulate hair cells and nerves that transmit signals to the brain.
2) The ear has three parts - outer, middle, and inner ear - that work together to detect sound and maintain balance.
3) The vestibular system in the inner ear maintains balance through the utricle, saccule, and three semicircular canals that detect head movement and position.
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Sense of equilibrium
The structures involved in equilibrium are located in the inner ear. There are two types of equilibrium - static and dynamic. Static equilibrium occurs when the body is motionless or moving in a straight line, and involves the utricle, saccule, and otolith membranes. Dynamic equilibrium occurs during rotational movement and involves the three semicircular canals and their associated ampullae and cupulae. Both static and dynamic equilibrium allow the detection of head position and movement via hair cells that detect fluid motion and send nerve impulses.
Physiology of equilibrium - Vestibular System
This document summarizes the physiology of equilibrium and balance. It describes the structures involved, including the utricle, saccule, and semicircular canals. It explains how the utricle and saccule detect linear acceleration and orientation using hair cells and otoliths, while the semicircular canals detect rotational movement through endolymph flow. Working together with visual input, neck proprioceptors, and the central nervous system, these structures maintain balance through vestibular pathways and reflexes that stimulate appropriate postural muscles.
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The vestibular apparatus contains the semicircular canals and otolith organs which provide the senses of balance and spatial orientation. It detects head movement and position. Hair cells in the cristae and maculae transmit signals about acceleration and gravitational forces to the brainstem and cerebellum via the vestibular nerve. This network enables upright posture, eye movements, and righting reflexes. Damage can cause conditions like motion sickness, Meniere's disease, and nystagmus.
Blood supply to the brain
The document summarizes the arterial blood supply and venous drainage of the brain. It discusses the two main sources of arterial blood - the internal carotid and vertebral arteries. It describes the branches of these arteries and their territories. It also discusses the clinical consequences of occlusions in different arteries. The circle of Willis and venous drainage routes are also summarized.
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Vestibular apparatus
The vestibular apparatus contains the semicircular canals, utricle, and saccule which help detect head movement and orientation. The hair cells in these structures bend in response to movement, triggering nerve impulses about head position. This information is integrated in the brain to maintain balance and stabilize gaze. Dysfunctions can cause vertigo and imbalance from issues like BPPV or strokes affecting the vestibular system.
Vestibular system
The document discusses the vestibular apparatus, which is part of the inner ear and functions as a sensory organ for balance and equilibrium. It contains three semicircular canals oriented at right angles to detect rotational movement, as well as the utricle and saccule which contain the maculae and detect linear acceleration. Hair cells within the crista ampullaris of the semicircular canals and within the maculae transmit signals about movement and acceleration to the brainstem via the vestibular nerve. The vestibular nuclei integrate this sensory information and coordinate motor responses to maintain balance and posture.
Blood supply to brain
The brain receives its arterial blood supply from the internal carotid arteries and vertebral arteries. These vessels form the Circle of Willis at the base of the brain and give rise to branches that supply different regions of the brain. The internal carotid artery splits into the middle and anterior cerebral arteries. Its branches also include the hypophysial arteries, ophthalmic artery, posterior communicating artery, and anterior choroidal artery. The middle cerebral artery supplies motor and sensory areas while the anterior cerebral artery forms the anterior communicating artery. The vertebral arteries join to form the basilar artery which splits into the posterior cerebral arteries.
Cerebrovascular accident
A stroke is caused by the interruption of the blood supply to the brain, usually because a blood vessel bursts or is blocked by a clot. This cuts off the supply of oxygen and nutrients, causing damage to the brain tissue
Arteries of Head and Neck
The document summarizes the major arteries of the head and neck, including their embryological development, course, branches, and clinical significance. It describes the carotid system, internal carotid artery, and external carotid artery in detail. Key branches discussed include the superior thyroid, lingual, facial, and maxillary arteries. Variations in artery origins are also noted.
Blood supply of brain (2)
A 78-year-old man was admitted to the hospital after collapsing suddenly. He had a history of hypertension and smoking. Examination found right-sided weakness and abnormal reflexes, and CT scan showed areas of brain infarction. The document discusses the anatomy of the brain's blood supply through the circle of Willis and its branches, which areas of the brain each branch supplies, and clinical presentations that can result from occlusions or issues with different arteries like anterior cerebral artery occlusion causing paraplegia or middle cerebral artery occlusion causing face/arm weakness and neglect. It also covers venous drainage and conditions like cavernous sinus thrombosis.
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The document discusses the vestibular system, which consists of structures in the inner ear that detect sensations of balance and equilibrium. It contains the macula in the utricle and saccule, which detect linear acceleration and head position. It also contains the semicircular canals, which detect rotational movement. Hair cells in the macula and cristae of the semicircular canals transmit signals through vestibular nerves and pathways in the brainstem and cerebellum to integrate sensory information and allow proper balance and body orientation. The vestibular system is important for maintaining posture and equilibrium.
The functions of vestibular apparatus
The vestibular apparatus consists of the otolith organs and semicircular canals and detects sensations of equilibrium and acceleration. The saccule and utricle contain sensory hair cells oriented to detect upward/downward and side-to-side movement respectively. The three semicircular canals arranged orthogonally detect angular acceleration. Vestibular nuclei process sensory input to coordinate reflexes like vestibulo-ocular for gaze and vestibulo-spinal for posture. Together the vestibular system provides spatial orientation and senses self-motion.
8 trianglesoftheneck-dr.meher
This document describes the triangles of the neck, including the anterior triangle bounded by the mandible, hyoid bone, and sternocleidomastoid muscle, and the posterior triangle bounded by the sternocleidomastoid, trapezius, and clavicle. It further divides these triangles and discusses the structures contained within each subdivision, such as muscles, blood vessels, nerves, and lymph nodes.
Hearing and vestibular system - simple basics
The vestibular system and hearing physiology document discusses:
1) Hearing involves sound waves vibrating the outer, middle, and inner ear to stimulate hair cells and nerves that transmit signals to the brain.
2) The ear has three parts - outer, middle, and inner ear - that work together to detect sound and maintain balance.
3) The vestibular system in the inner ear maintains balance through the utricle, saccule, and three semicircular canals that detect head movement and position.
Blood and venous supply of head, neck and face
The document provides an overview of the arterial blood supply of the head, neck, and face. It begins with introductions and terminology. It then describes the main arteries that supply the region - the common carotid artery, external carotid artery, internal carotid artery, and subclavian artery. It provides details on the branches and distributions of the external carotid artery and maxillary artery. It concludes with a brief description of the internal carotid artery.
Sense of equilibrium
The structures involved in equilibrium are located in the inner ear. There are two types of equilibrium - static and dynamic. Static equilibrium occurs when the body is motionless or moving in a straight line, and involves the utricle, saccule, and otolith membranes. Dynamic equilibrium occurs during rotational movement and involves the three semicircular canals and their associated ampullae and cupulae. Both static and dynamic equilibrium allow the detection of head position and movement via hair cells that detect fluid motion and send nerve impulses.
Physiology of equilibrium - Vestibular System
This document summarizes the physiology of equilibrium and balance. It describes the structures involved, including the utricle, saccule, and semicircular canals. It explains how the utricle and saccule detect linear acceleration and orientation using hair cells and otoliths, while the semicircular canals detect rotational movement through endolymph flow. Working together with visual input, neck proprioceptors, and the central nervous system, these structures maintain balance through vestibular pathways and reflexes that stimulate appropriate postural muscles.
Vestibular apparatus involved in balancing and hearing process
vestibular apparatus, choclear process, process of hearing and balance in human, function and component of vestibular apparatus, types of cells present in vestibular apparatus
Anatomy & Physiology of Vestibular System
The Inner Ear
The Vestibular system
The vestibular fluids
Utricle & Saccule
Macula
The semicircular canals
Crista ampullaris
V.appratus
The vestibular apparatus contains the semicircular canals and otolith organs which provide the senses of balance and spatial orientation. It detects head movement and position. Hair cells in the cristae and maculae transmit signals about acceleration and gravitational forces to the brainstem and cerebellum via the vestibular nerve. This network enables upright posture, eye movements, and righting reflexes. Damage can cause conditions like motion sickness, Meniere's disease, and nystagmus.
Blood supply to the brain
The document summarizes the arterial blood supply and venous drainage of the brain. It discusses the two main sources of arterial blood - the internal carotid and vertebral arteries. It describes the branches of these arteries and their territories. It also discusses the clinical consequences of occlusions in different arteries. The circle of Willis and venous drainage routes are also summarized.
Physiology of Equilibrium
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Lect 11 autonomic nervous system, & cranial nerve
Sympathetic is the "FIGHT OR FLY" parasympathetic is the "DIGEST+REST+ SEX". both of them are alternating for their job
Vestibular apparatus
The vestibular apparatus contains the semicircular canals, utricle, and saccule which help detect head movement and orientation. The hair cells in these structures bend in response to movement, triggering nerve impulses about head position. This information is integrated in the brain to maintain balance and stabilize gaze. Dysfunctions can cause vertigo and imbalance from issues like BPPV or strokes affecting the vestibular system.
Vestibular system
The document discusses the vestibular apparatus, which is part of the inner ear and functions as a sensory organ for balance and equilibrium. It contains three semicircular canals oriented at right angles to detect rotational movement, as well as the utricle and saccule which contain the maculae and detect linear acceleration. Hair cells within the crista ampullaris of the semicircular canals and within the maculae transmit signals about movement and acceleration to the brainstem via the vestibular nerve. The vestibular nuclei integrate this sensory information and coordinate motor responses to maintain balance and posture.
Blood supply to brain
The brain receives its arterial blood supply from the internal carotid arteries and vertebral arteries. These vessels form the Circle of Willis at the base of the brain and give rise to branches that supply different regions of the brain. The internal carotid artery splits into the middle and anterior cerebral arteries. Its branches also include the hypophysial arteries, ophthalmic artery, posterior communicating artery, and anterior choroidal artery. The middle cerebral artery supplies motor and sensory areas while the anterior cerebral artery forms the anterior communicating artery. The vertebral arteries join to form the basilar artery which splits into the posterior cerebral arteries.
Cerebrovascular accident
A stroke is caused by the interruption of the blood supply to the brain, usually because a blood vessel bursts or is blocked by a clot. This cuts off the supply of oxygen and nutrients, causing damage to the brain tissue
Arteries of Head and Neck
The document summarizes the major arteries of the head and neck, including their embryological development, course, branches, and clinical significance. It describes the carotid system, internal carotid artery, and external carotid artery in detail. Key branches discussed include the superior thyroid, lingual, facial, and maxillary arteries. Variations in artery origins are also noted.
Blood supply of brain (2)
A 78-year-old man was admitted to the hospital after collapsing suddenly. He had a history of hypertension and smoking. Examination found right-sided weakness and abnormal reflexes, and CT scan showed areas of brain infarction. The document discusses the anatomy of the brain's blood supply through the circle of Willis and its branches, which areas of the brain each branch supplies, and clinical presentations that can result from occlusions or issues with different arteries like anterior cerebral artery occlusion causing paraplegia or middle cerebral artery occlusion causing face/arm weakness and neglect. It also covers venous drainage and conditions like cavernous sinus thrombosis.
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Death is defined as the permanent and irreversible cessation of vital functions in the body. There are two types of death - somatic death, which is the complete stoppage of vital functions, and cellular death, which is the cessation of respiration and metabolism in individual cells after somatic death. The three modes of death relate to the failure of the nervous, circulatory, or respiratory systems, known as the "tripod of life". Signs of death include immediate signs like insensibility and loss of brain waves at somatic death, early signs like skin changes and muscle rigidity at cellular death, and late signs like decomposition.
Anatomy & Physiology Question Paper Revision Tutorial
This document provides information about anatomy and physiology in three parts. The first part discusses the blood supply of the heart, types of muscles, and cranial nerves. It explains that the heart receives blood from the coronary arteries and veins. It describes the three main types of muscles - cardiac, skeletal, and smooth muscles - in terms of their structure and function. It also lists and briefly describes the 12 pairs of cranial nerves and their functions.
Stroke
This document defines stroke as the sudden loss of neurological function caused by an interruption of blood flow to the brain. It classifies strokes as either ischemic, caused by a clot blocking blood flow, or hemorrhagic, caused by a ruptured blood vessel. Risk factors include hypertension, atrial fibrillation, and smoking. Symptoms vary depending on the affected brain region but may include weakness, sensory changes, speech problems, and visual issues. Complications can include muscle contractures, seizures, and cardiac or pulmonary issues.
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