The document provides information on assessing the cardiovascular system. It includes objectives of the assessment, anatomy and physiology of the heart, conduction system, blood flow, heart sounds, ECG, and vascular system. It also outlines components of cardiovascular history taking using Gordon's functional health patterns and physical assessment techniques for inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation of the heart and peripheral vasculature.
This document provides information on assessing the cardiovascular system. It begins with an introduction on the importance of cardiovascular assessment by nurses. It then covers anatomy and physiology of the heart, including the valves and blood circulation. Physical examination techniques are outlined, including inspection, palpation, percussion and auscultation. Common abnormalities that may be found on assessment are listed. Finally, additional investigation methods are mentioned, such as electrocardiograms, blood tests and cardiac imaging.
This document discusses the assessment of the cardiovascular system through history and physical examination. It begins by introducing the cardiac conduction system, including the sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, bundle of His, bundle branches and Purkinje fibers. It then discusses taking a thorough cardiac history, including presenting symptoms, past health history, risk factors and the NOPQRST format for evaluating chief complaints. Common cardiovascular signs and symptoms are also reviewed such as chest pain, dyspnea, edema and palpitations.
This document discusses the pulse, including its definition, assessment sites on the body, characteristics, factors that affect it, and regulation. The main points are:
- The pulse is a wave of blood created by the expansion and recoil of arteries with each heartbeat. It can be felt at various artery sites near the skin.
- Common pulse assessment sites include the radial, carotid, femoral, and posterior tibial arteries. The radial site is most commonly used.
- A pulse is assessed by palpation or auscultation and expressed in beats per minute, normally 60-100 BPM for adults. Characteristics include rate, rhythm, volume, and arterial wall elasticity.
- Fact
This document summarizes the cardiac cycle and its seven phases: 1) atrial systole, 2) isovolumetric ventricular contraction, 3) rapid ventricular ejection, 4) reduced ventricular ejection, 5) isovolumetric ventricular relaxation, 6) rapid ventricular filling, and 7) reduced ventricular filling. It describes the relationship between pressures, volumes, and heart sounds in the left atrium and ventricle, aorta, and jugular vein throughout each phase of the cycle. It also discusses how arrhythmias like tachycardia and atrial fibrillation can impact the cardiac cycle by reducing stroke volume and cardiac output.
This document provides information on assessing cardiovascular health. It begins with an introduction noting cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death. It then outlines the objectives which are to review cardiovascular anatomy and physiology, describe physical assessment, and review diagnostic procedures. The document proceeds to describe cardiovascular anatomy including the heart, circulation, and valves. It provides details on performing a cardiovascular assessment including taking a history, inspection, palpation, auscultation, and measuring blood pressure.
Coronary heart disease is a condition caused by an inadequate blood supply to the heart muscle. It occurs when there is an imbalance between the heart's oxygen supply and demand. The main coronary arteries supply blood to the heart and can become narrowed or blocked by atherosclerosis.
Risk factors include age, male sex, family history, smoking, high cholesterol, hypertension, diabetes and obesity. Symptoms range from stable angina to acute coronary syndromes like heart attack. Diagnosis involves evaluating the medical history, symptoms, electrocardiogram and cardiac enzyme levels. Treatment depends on the type and severity of coronary heart disease.
This document provides guidance on techniques for performing a physical examination. It outlines the main techniques used which are inspection, palpation, percussion, auscultation, and sometimes olfaction. It then describes each technique in detail, how to perform it, and what areas of the body each is used to examine. The goal is to gather clinical data about the patient's physical health and identify any abnormalities.
This document provides information on assessing the cardiovascular system. It begins with an introduction on the importance of cardiovascular assessment by nurses. It then covers anatomy and physiology of the heart, including the valves and blood circulation. Physical examination techniques are outlined, including inspection, palpation, percussion and auscultation. Common abnormalities that may be found on assessment are listed. Finally, additional investigation methods are mentioned, such as electrocardiograms, blood tests and cardiac imaging.
This document discusses the assessment of the cardiovascular system through history and physical examination. It begins by introducing the cardiac conduction system, including the sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, bundle of His, bundle branches and Purkinje fibers. It then discusses taking a thorough cardiac history, including presenting symptoms, past health history, risk factors and the NOPQRST format for evaluating chief complaints. Common cardiovascular signs and symptoms are also reviewed such as chest pain, dyspnea, edema and palpitations.
This document discusses the pulse, including its definition, assessment sites on the body, characteristics, factors that affect it, and regulation. The main points are:
- The pulse is a wave of blood created by the expansion and recoil of arteries with each heartbeat. It can be felt at various artery sites near the skin.
- Common pulse assessment sites include the radial, carotid, femoral, and posterior tibial arteries. The radial site is most commonly used.
- A pulse is assessed by palpation or auscultation and expressed in beats per minute, normally 60-100 BPM for adults. Characteristics include rate, rhythm, volume, and arterial wall elasticity.
- Fact
This document summarizes the cardiac cycle and its seven phases: 1) atrial systole, 2) isovolumetric ventricular contraction, 3) rapid ventricular ejection, 4) reduced ventricular ejection, 5) isovolumetric ventricular relaxation, 6) rapid ventricular filling, and 7) reduced ventricular filling. It describes the relationship between pressures, volumes, and heart sounds in the left atrium and ventricle, aorta, and jugular vein throughout each phase of the cycle. It also discusses how arrhythmias like tachycardia and atrial fibrillation can impact the cardiac cycle by reducing stroke volume and cardiac output.
This document provides information on assessing cardiovascular health. It begins with an introduction noting cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death. It then outlines the objectives which are to review cardiovascular anatomy and physiology, describe physical assessment, and review diagnostic procedures. The document proceeds to describe cardiovascular anatomy including the heart, circulation, and valves. It provides details on performing a cardiovascular assessment including taking a history, inspection, palpation, auscultation, and measuring blood pressure.
Coronary heart disease is a condition caused by an inadequate blood supply to the heart muscle. It occurs when there is an imbalance between the heart's oxygen supply and demand. The main coronary arteries supply blood to the heart and can become narrowed or blocked by atherosclerosis.
Risk factors include age, male sex, family history, smoking, high cholesterol, hypertension, diabetes and obesity. Symptoms range from stable angina to acute coronary syndromes like heart attack. Diagnosis involves evaluating the medical history, symptoms, electrocardiogram and cardiac enzyme levels. Treatment depends on the type and severity of coronary heart disease.
This document provides guidance on techniques for performing a physical examination. It outlines the main techniques used which are inspection, palpation, percussion, auscultation, and sometimes olfaction. It then describes each technique in detail, how to perform it, and what areas of the body each is used to examine. The goal is to gather clinical data about the patient's physical health and identify any abnormalities.
Blood pressure is one of the important vital signs. This ppt is for the First year General Nursing and Midwifery (GNM) students to understand the topic with simple language and pictures
This document outlines the steps for examining the cardiovascular system, including inspection, palpation, auscultation, and percussion of the heart, neck, lungs, abdomen, and limbs. Key steps include assessing pulse and blood pressure, listening to heart sounds and murmurs at different auscultation sites, and differentiating between systolic and diastolic murmurs that may indicate conditions like aortic stenosis, mitral stenosis, or aortic regurgitation. The goal is to perform a thorough routine exam of the cardiovascular system and identify any abnormalities.
Doctors should carefully observe patients like detectives during physical examinations. The document outlines the process of a physical assessment including preparation, examination methods, and conducting assessments from head to toe. Key steps involve introducing oneself, obtaining permission before examining, asking about pain or discomfort, inspecting various body systems, and documenting findings and vital signs. Physical assessments provide objective health information through direct observation and examination techniques.
This document provides information on methods for examining central nervous system reflexes through superficial and deep tendon reflex tests. It describes the components and techniques for assessing several key reflexes, including:
- Superficial reflexes like the corneal, palatal, abdominal, plantar, and cremasteric reflexes.
- Deep tendon reflexes like the biceps, triceps, knee jerk/patellar, and ankle reflexes.
For each reflex, it outlines the involved spinal roots and nerves, normal responses, and potential causes for absence of the reflex. Performing a full reflex examination can help evaluate the integrity of the spinal cord and peripheral nervous system.
This document provides guidance on assessing the cardiovascular system through physical examination. It describes how to inspect general appearance, check for cyanosis, examine the face, hands, pulse, blood pressure, chest, abdomen, and other areas. It also discusses auscultating heart sounds at various locations and what alterations may indicate, as well as investigating with electrocardiography, echocardiography, and other tests. Physical assessment of the cardiovascular system is important for evaluating a patient's condition, documenting findings, and guiding treatment and care.
This document provides information on assessing the chest and lungs through physical examination. It discusses the relevant anatomy, history taking, and examination techniques. The physical examination involves inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation of the chest. Normal and abnormal findings are outlined. Variations in examination based on age are also reviewed.
This document summarizes blood pressure, including defining it as the lateral pressure exerted by flowing blood on artery walls. It discusses types of blood pressure depending on the blood vessel, normal ranges, measurement methods, factors that affect blood pressure both physiologically and pathologically, complications of hypertension, and mechanisms that regulate arterial blood pressure over rapid, intermediate, and long term timescales.
The heart is a muscular organ that pumps blood through the circulatory system. It has four chambers - two upper atria and two lower ventricles. The right side receives deoxygenated blood and pumps it to the lungs, while the left side receives oxygenated blood and pumps it out to the body. Valves prevent backflow between chambers. The heart is surrounded by membranes and layers including the pericardium. It is located in the chest cavity and has distinct surfaces and structures that allow it to efficiently circulate blood throughout the body.
Blood pressure is measured using a sphygmomanometer, which includes an inflatable cuff, pressure gauge, and stethoscope. The cuff is wrapped around the upper arm and inflated until the artery is compressed. As the cuff deflates slowly, sounds known as Korotkoff sounds can be heard through the stethoscope. The first sound indicates systolic pressure when the heart contracts, and the disappearance of sounds indicates diastolic pressure when the heart relaxes. Blood pressure provides important health information and is used to diagnose and monitor conditions like hypertension.
The document discusses cardio pulmonary resuscitation (CPR), which is a technique used to artificially support breathing and heart function when they have ceased. It involves clearing the airway, providing rescue breathing through mouth-to-mouth or with a bag and mask, and performing external chest compressions to manually pump the heart. The key steps of CPR include assessing for responsiveness, breathing, and pulse; opening the airway; giving breaths; and administering compressions at a rate of 100 per minute with a depth of 1.5-2 inches until emergency services arrive or the person starts breathing on their own.
the cardiovascular system and Physiology of heartbhupendra kumar
The document discusses the cardiovascular system and physiology of the heart. It describes the components of the cardiovascular system including the heart, blood vessels, and blood. It explains the basic functions of these parts, including that the heart acts as a pump to circulate blood through two circuits - the pulmonary and systemic circulations. It also provides details on the anatomy and functions of the heart chambers and valves, as well as blood flow, vessels, heart sounds, and blood characteristics.
The document discusses pulse, including its definition as the expansion and recoil of arteries caused by blood flow during left ventricular contraction. It notes pulse rate, rhythm, volume, and tension as characteristics and defines an abnormal rate as less than 50 beats per minute. It also defines cardiac arrhythmias and dysrhythmias and lists various normal and abnormal pulse types characterized by low or high tension. The document concludes with an assignment to write a 10 mark response on pulse assessment, covering definition, normal features, and abnormalities.
Anatomy & physiology of cardiovascular systemvinayanerurkar
This document provides an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the cardiovascular system. It describes the location and structure of the heart, including its chambers and layers. It explains the circulation of blood through the heart, into the pulmonary circulation to oxygenate blood and into the systemic circulation to distribute oxygenated blood to the body. It details the coronary circulation which provides blood supply to the heart muscle.
The conducting system of the heart generates rhythmic impulses that are conducted throughout the myocardium, coordinating contractions. The sinoatrial node initiates impulses that spread to the atria, then the atrioventricular node relays them to the ventricles via the bundle of His. This causes synchronized atrial and ventricular contractions that pump blood out of the heart. The pulse corresponds to expansion of arteries from ventricular ejection with each heartbeat. Factors like age, exercise, and medications can influence the pulse rate, while features like rhythm, strength and tension provide clinical information.
Muscles of respiration Dr. MADHUKIRAN, MD.PULMONOLOGYDr. Madhu Kiran
1. The diaphragm and external intercostal muscles are responsible for quiet inspiration by contracting to increase the thoracic cavity volume.
2. Quiet expiration is a passive process where these muscles relax and the lungs and chest wall recoil, decreasing thoracic cavity volume and expelling air.
3. Forced expiration involves contraction of the internal intercostals and abdominal muscles like the rectus abdominis to compress the abdomen and further increase intrathoracic pressure, expelling more air from the lungs.
This document describes the four main heart sounds and how to auscultate them using a stethoscope. It explains that the first heart sound corresponds to closure of the atrioventricular valves and the R wave of an ECG. The second heart sound corresponds to closure of the semilunar valves and the T wave of an ECG. The third heart sound occurs during rapid ventricular filling between the T and P waves. The fourth heart sound corresponds to atrial contraction between the P and Q waves. It identifies the best areas over the heart to auscultate each sound using a stethoscope.
The document discusses a microteaching session on congestive cardiac failure. It aims to help students understand the condition, develop positive attitudes towards caring for patients with it, and apply their knowledge in practice. The session covers defining congestive cardiac failure, reviewing heart anatomy and physiology, listing causes and clinical manifestations, and discussing diagnostic evaluation and management. The 3-hour session uses teaching methods like discussion, demonstration with models and audiovisual aids, and evaluation through questions.
Blood pressure is one of the important vital signs. This ppt is for the First year General Nursing and Midwifery (GNM) students to understand the topic with simple language and pictures
This document outlines the steps for examining the cardiovascular system, including inspection, palpation, auscultation, and percussion of the heart, neck, lungs, abdomen, and limbs. Key steps include assessing pulse and blood pressure, listening to heart sounds and murmurs at different auscultation sites, and differentiating between systolic and diastolic murmurs that may indicate conditions like aortic stenosis, mitral stenosis, or aortic regurgitation. The goal is to perform a thorough routine exam of the cardiovascular system and identify any abnormalities.
Doctors should carefully observe patients like detectives during physical examinations. The document outlines the process of a physical assessment including preparation, examination methods, and conducting assessments from head to toe. Key steps involve introducing oneself, obtaining permission before examining, asking about pain or discomfort, inspecting various body systems, and documenting findings and vital signs. Physical assessments provide objective health information through direct observation and examination techniques.
This document provides information on methods for examining central nervous system reflexes through superficial and deep tendon reflex tests. It describes the components and techniques for assessing several key reflexes, including:
- Superficial reflexes like the corneal, palatal, abdominal, plantar, and cremasteric reflexes.
- Deep tendon reflexes like the biceps, triceps, knee jerk/patellar, and ankle reflexes.
For each reflex, it outlines the involved spinal roots and nerves, normal responses, and potential causes for absence of the reflex. Performing a full reflex examination can help evaluate the integrity of the spinal cord and peripheral nervous system.
This document provides guidance on assessing the cardiovascular system through physical examination. It describes how to inspect general appearance, check for cyanosis, examine the face, hands, pulse, blood pressure, chest, abdomen, and other areas. It also discusses auscultating heart sounds at various locations and what alterations may indicate, as well as investigating with electrocardiography, echocardiography, and other tests. Physical assessment of the cardiovascular system is important for evaluating a patient's condition, documenting findings, and guiding treatment and care.
This document provides information on assessing the chest and lungs through physical examination. It discusses the relevant anatomy, history taking, and examination techniques. The physical examination involves inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation of the chest. Normal and abnormal findings are outlined. Variations in examination based on age are also reviewed.
This document summarizes blood pressure, including defining it as the lateral pressure exerted by flowing blood on artery walls. It discusses types of blood pressure depending on the blood vessel, normal ranges, measurement methods, factors that affect blood pressure both physiologically and pathologically, complications of hypertension, and mechanisms that regulate arterial blood pressure over rapid, intermediate, and long term timescales.
The heart is a muscular organ that pumps blood through the circulatory system. It has four chambers - two upper atria and two lower ventricles. The right side receives deoxygenated blood and pumps it to the lungs, while the left side receives oxygenated blood and pumps it out to the body. Valves prevent backflow between chambers. The heart is surrounded by membranes and layers including the pericardium. It is located in the chest cavity and has distinct surfaces and structures that allow it to efficiently circulate blood throughout the body.
Blood pressure is measured using a sphygmomanometer, which includes an inflatable cuff, pressure gauge, and stethoscope. The cuff is wrapped around the upper arm and inflated until the artery is compressed. As the cuff deflates slowly, sounds known as Korotkoff sounds can be heard through the stethoscope. The first sound indicates systolic pressure when the heart contracts, and the disappearance of sounds indicates diastolic pressure when the heart relaxes. Blood pressure provides important health information and is used to diagnose and monitor conditions like hypertension.
The document discusses cardio pulmonary resuscitation (CPR), which is a technique used to artificially support breathing and heart function when they have ceased. It involves clearing the airway, providing rescue breathing through mouth-to-mouth or with a bag and mask, and performing external chest compressions to manually pump the heart. The key steps of CPR include assessing for responsiveness, breathing, and pulse; opening the airway; giving breaths; and administering compressions at a rate of 100 per minute with a depth of 1.5-2 inches until emergency services arrive or the person starts breathing on their own.
the cardiovascular system and Physiology of heartbhupendra kumar
The document discusses the cardiovascular system and physiology of the heart. It describes the components of the cardiovascular system including the heart, blood vessels, and blood. It explains the basic functions of these parts, including that the heart acts as a pump to circulate blood through two circuits - the pulmonary and systemic circulations. It also provides details on the anatomy and functions of the heart chambers and valves, as well as blood flow, vessels, heart sounds, and blood characteristics.
The document discusses pulse, including its definition as the expansion and recoil of arteries caused by blood flow during left ventricular contraction. It notes pulse rate, rhythm, volume, and tension as characteristics and defines an abnormal rate as less than 50 beats per minute. It also defines cardiac arrhythmias and dysrhythmias and lists various normal and abnormal pulse types characterized by low or high tension. The document concludes with an assignment to write a 10 mark response on pulse assessment, covering definition, normal features, and abnormalities.
Anatomy & physiology of cardiovascular systemvinayanerurkar
This document provides an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the cardiovascular system. It describes the location and structure of the heart, including its chambers and layers. It explains the circulation of blood through the heart, into the pulmonary circulation to oxygenate blood and into the systemic circulation to distribute oxygenated blood to the body. It details the coronary circulation which provides blood supply to the heart muscle.
The conducting system of the heart generates rhythmic impulses that are conducted throughout the myocardium, coordinating contractions. The sinoatrial node initiates impulses that spread to the atria, then the atrioventricular node relays them to the ventricles via the bundle of His. This causes synchronized atrial and ventricular contractions that pump blood out of the heart. The pulse corresponds to expansion of arteries from ventricular ejection with each heartbeat. Factors like age, exercise, and medications can influence the pulse rate, while features like rhythm, strength and tension provide clinical information.
Muscles of respiration Dr. MADHUKIRAN, MD.PULMONOLOGYDr. Madhu Kiran
1. The diaphragm and external intercostal muscles are responsible for quiet inspiration by contracting to increase the thoracic cavity volume.
2. Quiet expiration is a passive process where these muscles relax and the lungs and chest wall recoil, decreasing thoracic cavity volume and expelling air.
3. Forced expiration involves contraction of the internal intercostals and abdominal muscles like the rectus abdominis to compress the abdomen and further increase intrathoracic pressure, expelling more air from the lungs.
This document describes the four main heart sounds and how to auscultate them using a stethoscope. It explains that the first heart sound corresponds to closure of the atrioventricular valves and the R wave of an ECG. The second heart sound corresponds to closure of the semilunar valves and the T wave of an ECG. The third heart sound occurs during rapid ventricular filling between the T and P waves. The fourth heart sound corresponds to atrial contraction between the P and Q waves. It identifies the best areas over the heart to auscultate each sound using a stethoscope.
The document discusses a microteaching session on congestive cardiac failure. It aims to help students understand the condition, develop positive attitudes towards caring for patients with it, and apply their knowledge in practice. The session covers defining congestive cardiac failure, reviewing heart anatomy and physiology, listing causes and clinical manifestations, and discussing diagnostic evaluation and management. The 3-hour session uses teaching methods like discussion, demonstration with models and audiovisual aids, and evaluation through questions.
This document provides an overview of a demonstration on cardiovascular assessment. It discusses the anatomy and physiology of the heart, conducting system of the heart, assessment through history taking, inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation. Abnormal heart sounds, laboratory tests, and the conclusion of integrating cardiovascular health history and physical exam are also summarized.
Basic Life Support, or BLS, generally refers to the type of care that first-responders, healthcare providers and public safety professionals provide to anyone who is experiencing cardiac arrest, respiratory distress or an obstructed airway.
This document provides information on cardiac failure or congestive heart failure (CHF). CHF occurs when the heart muscle is too weak or stiff to pump blood efficiently. As a result, blood moves through the heart and body more slowly and pressure in the heart increases. The heart cannot pump enough oxygen and nutrients to meet the body's needs. Risk factors include hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, coronary artery disease, and sleep disorders. Diagnosis involves physical exam, blood tests, chest x-ray, echocardiogram, and other cardiac tests. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms through lifestyle changes, medications like ACE inhibitors, beta blockers, diuretics, and devices or procedures for severe cases. Nursing care addresses
1. Congestive heart failure occurs when the heart muscle is unable to pump blood efficiently, often due to conditions that stiffen or weaken the heart such as high blood pressure or coronary artery disease.
2. As the heart pumps less effectively, blood moves more slowly through the body and the heart has to work harder. The heart chambers may enlarge and fluid can build up in the lungs and other organs, causing congestion.
3. Treatment focuses on managing fluid levels, improving heart function, and treating the underlying cause. Medications target the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and sympathetic nervous system, while diuretics help remove excess fluid.
This document provides an outline and introduction for a 15-hour course on cardiovascular pathology. It begins with an outline of topics to be covered, including the heart, arteries, veins, and investigations. It then provides details on the anatomy and physiology of the cardiovascular system and mechanisms of cardiovascular disease. Key topics summarized include the structure and function of the heart, cardiac output, laws of the cardiovascular system, mechanisms of cardiovascular disease, and common investigations like imaging, electrocardiograms, and diagnostic tests.
This document provides learning objectives and content for a lecture on cardiovascular disorders. The objectives are to identify cardiovascular anatomy and structures, discuss risk factors and assessments for cardiovascular disorders, describe diagnostic tests and treatments, and discuss nursing care for related illnesses. The content covers cardiovascular system functions, anatomy including the heart chambers and vessels, circulation, heart electrical conduction system, assessments for manifestations of heart disease, and physical exam of vital signs, heart sounds, pulses, skin, edema, and weight.
1. The document discusses the case of a 14-year-old girl found to have a heart murmur during a sports physical. Tests revealed an enlarged right atrium and dilated pulmonary arteries.
2. The final diagnosis was an atrial septal defect, which allows oxygenated blood to mix with deoxygenated blood before reaching the lungs.
3. Common causes, types, and methods for diagnosing heart murmurs are explained including echocardiograms, electrocardiograms, and cardiac catheterization.
Heart failure is a clinical syndrome that results from any structural or functional impairment of the ventricle that reduces its ability to fill with or eject blood. It impacts over 5 million Americans with high costs of care. The key aspects are reduced cardiac output, ejection fraction, preload and afterload. Compensatory mechanisms initially help but eventually fail, leading to fluid overload and decompensation. Diagnosis involves history, exam, echocardiogram and blood tests. Treatment depends on symptoms and stages from risk factor modification to drug therapy and devices.
An informational booklet on Basic Life SupportPriyanka Thakur
Basic life support (BLS) is a level of medical care which is used for victims of life-threatening illnesses or injuries until they can be given full medical care at a hospital. It can be provided by trained medical personnel, including emergency medical technicians, paramedics, and by qualified bystanders.
BibliographyHall, J. E. (2015). Guyton and Hall textbook of medic.pdfakkhan101
Bibliography:
Hall, J. E. (2015). Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology. Elsevier Health Sciences.
De Luca Jr, L. A., Menani, J. V., & Johnson, A. K. (2014). Circumventricular Organs:
Integrators of Circulating Signals Controlling Hydration, Energy Balance, and Immune
Function--Neurobiology of Body Fluid Homeostasis: Transduction and Integration.
Sherwood, L. (2015). Human physiology: from cells to systems. Cengage learning.
Homeostatic Regulation of the Vascular System | Anatomy and Physiology II. (2016).
Courses.lumenlearning.com. Retrieved 25 November 2016, from
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/ap2/chapter/homeostatic-regulation-of-the-vascular-system
De Luca Jr, L. A., Menani, J. V., & Johnson, A. K. (2014). Preoptic–Periventricular Integrative
Mechanisms Involved in Behavior, Fluid–Electrolyte Balance, and Pressor Responses--
Neurobiology of Body Fluid Homeostasis: Transduction and Integration.
Keeping in mind the end goal to keep up homeostasis in the cardiovascular framework and give
sufficient blood to the tissues, blood stream must be diverted constantly to the tissues as they
turn out to be more dynamic. Undeniably, the cardiovascular framework takes part in asset
assignment, in light of the fact that there is insufficient blood stream to disseminate blood
similarly to all tissues at the same time. For instance, when an individual is working out, more
blood will be coordinated to skeletal muscles, the heart, and the lungs. Taking after a dinner,
more blood is coordinated to the stomach related framework. Just the mind gets a pretty much
steady supply of blood whether you are dynamic, resting, considering, or occupied with some
other activity.The sensory system assumes a basic part in the direction of vascular homeostasis.
The essential administrative destinations incorporate the cardiovascular focuses in the mind that
control both heart and vascular capacities. Also, more summed up neural reactions from the
limbic framework and the autonomic sensory system are variables.
The Cardiovascular Centers in the Brain
Neurological control of circulatory strain and stream relies on upon the cardiovascular focuses
situated in the medulla oblongata. This group of neurons reacts to changes in pulse and in
addition blood convergences of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen particles. The
cardiovascular focus contains three particular combined segments:
The cardioaccelerator focuses empower cardiovascular capacity by controlling heart rate and
stroke volume by means of thoughtful incitement from the cardiovascular quickening agent
nerve.
The cardioinhibitor focuses moderate cardiovascular capacity by diminishing heart rate and
stroke volume through parasympathetic incitement from the vagus nerve.
The vasomotor focuses control vessel tone or withdrawal of the smooth muscle in the tunica
media. Changes in width influence fringe resistance, weight, and stream, which influence
cardiovascular yield. The lion\'s share of these neurons demonst.
The document discusses the nursing care of a patient who suffered a cerebrovascular accident (CVA or stroke). The patient has hemiplegia, altered mental status, and restlessness. The goals of care are to improve cerebral tissue perfusion as evidenced by improving vital signs and increasing the patient's level of consciousness over time. Nurses will monitor the patient's condition closely, administer medications and oxygen as needed, keep the head of the bed elevated, and maintain a quiet environment to promote recovery.
The autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary body functions and is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. The sympathetic division prepares the body for fight or flight while the parasympathetic division controls functions during rest. Autonomic disorders can cause a variety of symptoms like dizziness, sweating issues, digestive problems, and urinary/defecation issues. Diagnosis involves tests like tilt table testing and sweat testing. Fainting occurs when blood flow to the brain is reduced, often due to standing up, and more than 1/3 of people who faint may faint again within 3 years. Upright posture shifts blood to the lower body, so the body has mechanisms to maintain blood pressure and flow to the brain
The document discusses ischemic heart disease and coronary artery disease. It begins by describing the anatomy of the heart and coronary arteries. It then explains how atherosclerotic plaques can develop in the coronary arteries due to risk factors like high cholesterol, high blood pressure, and smoking. These plaques reduce blood flow and can lead to conditions like angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, and sudden cardiac death. The management of ischemic heart disease includes pharmaceutical treatments, lifestyle changes, and procedures like stenting, angioplasty, and bypass surgery. Nursing assessment focuses on understanding a patient's symptoms and risk factors to help guide treatment and risk reduction.
The document provides an overview of a course on cardiovascular diseases (CVD). The 16-hour course will cover the etiology, pathophysiology, manifestations, risk factors, and management of various CVDs. It will also address diagnostic tests, medications, treatments, and rehabilitation services for CVD patients. The main objective is for students to acquire knowledge and skills to promote health, prevent illness, diagnose, manage and coordinate rehabilitation of CVD patients. Specific topics to be covered include anatomy and physiology of the heart and vessels, assessment of the cardiovascular system, and common CVDs and their management.
Professor DR Md . TOUFIQUR RAHMAN , FCPS, MD
Professor & Head, Cardiology, CMMC, Manikganj
drtoufiq19711@yahoo.com; drtoufiq1971@gmail.com
Enumerate the types of cardiac apical impulse with example
Normal apical impulse:
The normal apical impulse is described as a brief, tapping, and low-pitched sensation felt at the 5th intercostal space in the midclavicular line. It has a duration of less than 0.16 seconds and an amplitude of less than 2.5 cm. This is considered a normal finding and represents the left ventricular impulse.
Displaced apical impulse:
A displaced apical impulse refers to a sensation felt at a location other than the normal 5th intercostal space in the midclavicular line. This finding can be indicative of left ventricular hypertrophy, left atrial enlargement, or pericardial effusion. For example, in left ventricular hypertrophy, the apical impulse is felt at a more lateral location in the 6th or 7th intercostal space, while in pericardial effusion, the apical impulse may be difficult to palpate due to the accumulation of fluid around the heart.
Hyperdynamic impulse: A forceful and sustained apical impulse that is typically seen in conditions such as hyperthyroidism or anemia.
Heaving impulse: A slow-rising, sustained apical impulse that may be seen in conditions such as aortic stenosis or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
Tapping impulse: A sharp, brief apical impulse that is felt during the first half of systole and may be seen in conditions such as mitral stenosis or aortic regurgitation.
Displaced impulse: An apical impulse that is felt in a location other than the normal fifth intercostal space, midclavicular line. This may be seen in conditions such as left ventricular hypertrophy or cardiac tamponade.
Diffuse impulse: An apical impulse that is felt over a wider area than normal, indicating enlargement of the heart. This may be seen in conditions such as dilated cardiomyopathy or chronic severe mitral regurgitation.
What are the causes of shifted cardiac impulse ?
Shifted cardiac impulse or displaced cardiac impulse is a clinical finding in which the cardiac apex is located outside the normal location. It may occur due to various causes, including:
Left ventricular hypertrophy: A thickening of the left ventricle of the heart, commonly seen in conditions like hypertension and aortic stenosis.
Dilated cardiomyopathy: A condition in which the heart becomes enlarged and weakened, leading to heart failure.
Constrictive pericarditis: Inflammation and scarring of the pericardium (outer layer of the heart) leading to restricted movement of the heart.
Tension pneumothorax: A condition in which air accumulates in the pleural cavity and compresses the heart leading to a shift in its position.
Large pleural effusion: An accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity which can compress the heart leading to its displacement.
Massive ascites: Accumulation of fluid in the abdomen which can push the diaphragm upwards leading to t
Coronary circulation is the circulation of blood in the blood vessels of the heart muscle (myocardium). It provides oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle while removing carbon dioxide and other waste products. The coronary arteries branch off from the aorta and supply blood to the heart muscle. When these arteries become narrowed or blocked due to conditions like atherosclerosis, it can lead to coronary artery disease and potentially heart attacks.Coronary circulation is considered a type of systemic circulation because it is part of the larger circulatory system that supplies oxygenated blood to all the tissues and organs of the body, including the heart muscle itself. It is distinct from other types of circulation, such as pulmonary circulation, which involves the flow of blood between the heart and the lungs.
Coronary circulation branches off from the main systemic circulation. The coronary arteries, including the left coronary artery (which further divides into the left anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery) and the right coronary artery, are the main branches responsible for supplying blood to the heart muscle. These arteries then further divide into smaller branches and capillaries that penetrate the myocardium, ensuring oxygen and nutrients are delivered to all areas of the heart muscle.
Coronary circulation is vitally important because it supplies oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle, allowing it to function properly. The heart is a muscular organ that continuously pumps blood throughout the body, including to its own tissues. Without adequate coronary circulation, the heart muscle can become deprived of oxygen, leading to tissue damage, dysfunction, and potentially life-threatening conditions such as heart attacks or myocardial infarctions. Therefore, maintaining healthy coronary circulation is crucial for overall heart health and optimal functioning of the cardiovascular system.
Coronary circulation is clinically important for several reasons:
1. **Coronary Artery Disease (CAD):** CAD is a condition where the coronary arteries become narrowed or blocked due to a buildup of plaque (atherosclerosis). This can restrict blood flow to the heart muscle, leading to chest pain (angina), heart attacks, and potentially life-threatening complications.
2. **Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack):** When a coronary artery becomes completely blocked, it can cause a heart attack by depriving a portion of the heart muscle of oxygen and nutrients. Prompt medical intervention is critical to restore blood flow and prevent further damage to the heart.
3. **Diagnostic Tests:** Various diagnostic tests, such as coronary angiography and stress tests, are used to assess the function and integrity of the coronary circulation. These tests help diagnose coronary artery disease and guide treatment decisions.
4. **Interventions:** Procedures like percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) ..
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2. OBJECTIVE
General objective
At the end of the class, the students
acquires knowledge regarding Physical
Assessment of Cardiovascular SystemAssessment of Cardiovascular System
applies this knowledge in clinical setting in
providing care of clients with Cardiovascular
Disorders
appreciates the importance of knowing the
Physical assessment of Cardiovascular System
3. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE
At the end of the class, the student will be able to
explains the anatomy of the heart and clarify different
parts of heart
enumerates the blood flow through the heart
explains the conduction system of heart explains the conduction system of heart
identify normal and abnormal heart sounds and
electrical changes occur in the heart.
describes the Anatomy and Physiology of Vascular
System
explain the process of history taking of cardio
vascular assessment
demonstrate the Physical assessment of Cardio
Vascular system
8. ORGANS ASSOCIATED
WITH HEART
Inferiorly- diaphragm
Superiorly-Aorta, Superior Venacava,
Pulmonary Artery and Pulmonary Veins.
Anteriorly-Sternum, Ribs and Intercoastal
musclesmuscles
Posteriorly-Oesophagus,Trachea, Left and Right
Bronchus, Descending Aorta, Inferior Venacava
and Thoracic Vertebrae.
Laterally- Lungs
9. BLOOD SUPPLY
Arterial – right and left coronary arteries.
Venous – superior vena cava, inferior vena cava and
coronary sinuscoronary sinus
12. CIRCULATION OF BLOOD
Systemic circulation
Pulmonic circulation
SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION
takes place in left side of the heart takes place in left side of the heart
receives oxygenated blood from the lungs.
PULMONIC CIRCULATION
takes place in the right side of the heart
recieves de-oxygenated blood from the body
parts
16. HEART SOUNDS
S1(lub)-closure of AV valves
S2(dup)-closure of SL valves
ABNORMAL SOUNDS
S3&S4 S3&S4
Murmurs
Bruits
17. ELECTRICAL CHANGES IN
THE HEART
Depolarisation-Contraction
Repolarisation-Relaxation
P wave-Atrial Depolarisation P wave-Atrial Depolarisation
QRS wave-Ventricular Repolarisation
T wave-Ventricular Repolarisation
18. ECG LEAD PLACEMENT
V1-4th ICS at right
margin of sternum
V2-4th ICS at left
margin of sternummargin of sternum
V3-midway between V2
and V4
19. CONTD…..
oV4-5th ICS at junction of the left midclavicular line
oV5-at horizontal level of position V4 at left anterioroV5-at horizontal level of position V4 at left anterior
axillary line.
oV6-at horizontal level of position V4 at left mid
axillary line.
20. CARDIAC OUTPUT
o Volume of blood ejected from the left (or right
ventricle) into the aorta (or pulmonary trunk)
each minute.
STROKE VOLUME
oVolume of heart ejected by the ventricle during
each contraction.
o SV=70ml/beat
21. VASCULAR SYSTEM
Blood vessels
Pulmonary artery - carry oxygenated blood
away from the heart.
Pulmonary veins- carry deoxygenated blood Pulmonary veins- carry deoxygenated blood
toward the heart.
o Arteries and arterioles: Arterioles serve as the
major control of arterial blood pressure and
distribution of blood flow
22. CONTD...
Capillaries:
The exchange of cellular nutrients and metabolic
end products takes place through these thin
walled vesselswalled vessels
Veins and venules:
Veins are large diameter thin walled vessels that
return blood to the right atrium
23. REGULATION OF CARDIOVASCULAR
SYSTEM
Autonomic Nervous System:
The autonomic nervous system consists of the
sympathetic nervous system and the
parasympathetic nervous system.parasympathetic nervous system.
1.Effect on the heart
2.Effect on blood vessels
24. CONTD...
Baroreceptors:
Baroreceptors in the aortic arch and carotid sinus
are sensitive to stretch or pressure within the
arterial system.
Chemoreceptors
They are capable of causing changes in They are capable of causing changes in
respiratory rate and BP in response to increased
arterial CO2 pressure and, to a lesser degree,
decreased plasma pH (acidosis) and the arterial
O2 pressure (hypoxia).
25. BLOOD PRESSURE
It is the pressure of blood
against arterial walls.
Systolic and diastolic
blood pressure
Systolic BP-maximum
pressure of blood exerted
against the artery walls
when the heart contracts
26. CONTD....
Diastolic BP – is
the force of blood
exerted against the
artery walls duringartery walls during
the hearts
relaxation phase.
27. KOROTKOFF SOUNDS
FIVE TYPES
1st - clear tapping sound heard at systolic
pressure
2nd – murmurs heard in between systolic and2 – murmurs heard in between systolic and
diastolic pressure.
3rd – loud crisp tapping sound
4th – at pressure within 10mmhg above the
diastolic pressure. thumping & muting
5th – silence when the cuff pressure drops
below diastolic BP.
28. PULSE
Pulse is a alternative expansion and recoil of an artery as
the wave of blood is forced. Through it during the
contraction of the left ventricle. The pulse can be felt by
the fingers on point where an artery crosses a bone close
to the surface.to the surface.
30. HISTORY COLLECTION
a) Biographic data
b) Present health history
c) Past health history
d) Medications
e) Surgical history
f) Functional health pattern
31. FUNCTIONAL HEALTH PATTERN
(GORDEN’S)
1. Health perception-health management
What are the factors which increases the
cardiovascular symptoms like chest pain , dyspnea ,
palpitation etc?
What measures are practicing to reduce the
symptoms?
32. 2. Nutritional-metabolic pattern
Describe your daily dietary intake?
What is your present weight and is there any gain or What is your present weight and is there any gain or
loss in weight?
Does eating cause fatigue or shortness of breath?
33. 3. Elimination pattern
Do your ankle or feet ever swell? If yes describe
it.
Do you have any problem or straining with Do you have any problem or straining with
bowel pattern like constipation?
34. 4. Activity exercise pattern
Are your activities limited because of your
cardiovascular problems?
How do the ADL affected by this problems?
Do you experience any discomfort as a result of
exercise?
35. 5. Sleep-rest pattern
How many pillows do you sleep on at night?
How many times a night do you awaken to
urinate?urinate?
Do you ever wake up suddenly and feel as if you
cant catch your breath?
36. 6. Cognitive and perceptual pattern
Do you have any changes in your memory?
Do you ever experience dizziness?
Do you have any difficulty to verbally express Do you have any difficulty to verbally express
yourself?
Describe the chest pain that you felt?
37. 7. Self perception-self concept pattern
Have your perceptions of your self changed since
you were diagnosed with cardiovascular disease?
How the self esteem is affected by symptoms?
38. 8. Role relationship pattern
Describe how this illness has affected the role that
you play in your daily life?you play in your daily life?
Describe how this illness has affected your
relationship.
How have your significant others been affected
by your disease?
39. 9. Sexuality-reproductive pattern
Has your sexual behavior changed?
Do you experience any cardiac-related symptoms
during intercourse?during intercourse?
Do any of your medication affect your ability to
participate in sexual activities?
40. 10. Coping stress tolerance pattern
Do you practice any stress reduction technique?
Describe your coping mechanism for stress. Describe your coping mechanism for stress.
Do you have cardiovascular symptoms like chest
pain or palpitation during stress?
41. 11.Values-belief pattern
What influence has your value belief system had
during your illness?
Do you feel any conflicts between your value
belief system and your planned therapy?
Describe any belief that may influence treatment?
53. AUSCULTATION
S1 – 5th Intercostal
space
S2 – Right second
Intercostal space
S3 and S4 are S3 and S4 are
abnormal sounds.
54. PERIPHERAL VASCULAR
SYSTEM
Inspection
- arterial and venous blood flow.
HandsHands
-right and left pulses
-clubbing of fingers
-splinter hemorrhage
-capillary filling time
-colataral circulation of hands.
65. CONCLUSION
We have discussed about assessment of
cardiovascular system which helps to identify
disease and disorders earlier and helps in better
treatment.