This document discusses Acacia nilotica and Tectona grandis, important firewood and timber plants. It provides details on their classification, morphology, cultivation, and uses. Acacia nilotica is a moderate sized tree found in dry regions of India and Africa. It is used for carts, tools, and turnery due to its hardness and toughness. Tectona grandis is a tall evergreen tree grown across India. It has yellowish wood that darkens with age. Teak wood is famous for its durability and resistance to fungi, making it useful for construction, furniture, and musical instruments.
Alternative type of cambium show abnormal activity and produce alternative secondary bodies that differ from common type, their growth is called anomalous secondary growth.
There is two types of anomalous secondary
Growth;
Abnormal growth from normal cambium in dicot
Abnormal growth from abnormal cambium in monocot
Taxus baccata commonly known as ‘Yew’, is an evergreen tree attaining a height of 9-20 metres with a massive trunk. Taxus is usually dioecious, but occasionally monoecious trees are also reported.
The reproductive structures become prominent on the plant in February-March. The male and female plants do not show any distinction in their vegetative organization. The differentiation between them can be made only when the plants are in the flowering or fruiting stage. Vegetative reproduction in Taxus is not known.
This PPT contains the application of Plant Anatomy in the field of Pharmacognosy & Plant systemics with number of examples to explore the beauty of this subject .
Vascular Cambium & Seasonal activity & its Role in Stem & RootFatima Ramay
Vascular Cambium & Seasonal activity & its Role in Stem & Root:
The vascular cambium (pl. cambia or cambiums) is a lateral meristem in the vascular tissue of plants.
The vascular cambium is a cylindrical layer of cambium that runs through the stem of a plant that undergoes secondary growth.
In Dicots:
The vascular cambium is in dicot stems and roots, located between the xylem and the phloem in the stem and root of a vascular plant, and is the source of both the secondary xylem growth (inwards, towards the pith) and the secondary phloem growth (outwards).
In Monocots:
Monocot stems, such as corn, palms and bamboos, do not have a vascular cambium and do not exhibit secondary growth by the production of concentric annual rings. They cannot increase in girth by adding lateral layers of cells as in conifers and woody dicots.
Cambium of some plants remains active for the entire period of their life, i.e., cambial cells divide and resulting cells mature to form xylem and phloem elements.
This type of seasonal activity usually found in the plants present in the tropical regions, and not all plants show cambial activity.
Percentage of ringless trees in the rain forests of; India : 75% Amazon : 43% Malaysia : 15%
In regions with definite seasonal climate; seasonal activity of cambium ceased with onset of unfavorable conditions; In Autumn, it enters the dormant state and lasts for the end of summer; In Spring, cambium again becomes active.
Duration of cambial activity is also affected by day-length, e.g., In Robinia pseudoacacia, cambium is dormant under short-day condition.
The cambium cells formed in circular in cross section from the beginning onwards.
The cambial ring is partially primary (fascicular cambium) and partially secondary (interfascicular cambium).
Periderm originates from the cortical cells (extra stelar in origin).
In Dicot stem, for mechanical support xylem is with comparatively smaller vessels, greater fibers and less parenchyma.
More amount of cork is produces for protection.
Lenticels on periderm are very prominent.
The cambial ring formed is wavy in the beginning and later becomes circular.
The cambium ring is completely secondary in origin.
Periderm originates from the pericycle (intra stelar in origin).
In Dicot root, xylem is with big thin walled vessels with few fibers and more parenchyma.
Less amount of cork is produced as root is underground.
Lenticels on periderm are not very prominent.
Phytogeography is concerned with all aspects of plant distribution, from the controls on the distribution of individual species ranges to the factors that govern the composition of entire communities and floras.
Medicinal plants are considered as a rich resources of ingredients which can be used in drug development. More than 30% of the entire plant species, at one time or other were used for medicinal purposes. It has been estimated that in developed countries like United States, plant drugs constitute as much as 25% of the total drugs, while in fast developing countries like India and China the contribution is as much as 80%. These countries provide two third of the plants used in modern system of medicine and the health care system of rural population depend on indigenous systems of medicine. Most of the drugs are considered very safe as there is no or minimal side effects.
A SEMINAR ON THE MANUFACTURING OF PARA RUBBER WHERE YOU GET ALL THOSE INFORMATION ABOUT THE MANUFACTURING .THAT'S SUFFICIENT FOR A SEMINAR IN YOUR SEMINAR
Alternative type of cambium show abnormal activity and produce alternative secondary bodies that differ from common type, their growth is called anomalous secondary growth.
There is two types of anomalous secondary
Growth;
Abnormal growth from normal cambium in dicot
Abnormal growth from abnormal cambium in monocot
Taxus baccata commonly known as ‘Yew’, is an evergreen tree attaining a height of 9-20 metres with a massive trunk. Taxus is usually dioecious, but occasionally monoecious trees are also reported.
The reproductive structures become prominent on the plant in February-March. The male and female plants do not show any distinction in their vegetative organization. The differentiation between them can be made only when the plants are in the flowering or fruiting stage. Vegetative reproduction in Taxus is not known.
This PPT contains the application of Plant Anatomy in the field of Pharmacognosy & Plant systemics with number of examples to explore the beauty of this subject .
Vascular Cambium & Seasonal activity & its Role in Stem & RootFatima Ramay
Vascular Cambium & Seasonal activity & its Role in Stem & Root:
The vascular cambium (pl. cambia or cambiums) is a lateral meristem in the vascular tissue of plants.
The vascular cambium is a cylindrical layer of cambium that runs through the stem of a plant that undergoes secondary growth.
In Dicots:
The vascular cambium is in dicot stems and roots, located between the xylem and the phloem in the stem and root of a vascular plant, and is the source of both the secondary xylem growth (inwards, towards the pith) and the secondary phloem growth (outwards).
In Monocots:
Monocot stems, such as corn, palms and bamboos, do not have a vascular cambium and do not exhibit secondary growth by the production of concentric annual rings. They cannot increase in girth by adding lateral layers of cells as in conifers and woody dicots.
Cambium of some plants remains active for the entire period of their life, i.e., cambial cells divide and resulting cells mature to form xylem and phloem elements.
This type of seasonal activity usually found in the plants present in the tropical regions, and not all plants show cambial activity.
Percentage of ringless trees in the rain forests of; India : 75% Amazon : 43% Malaysia : 15%
In regions with definite seasonal climate; seasonal activity of cambium ceased with onset of unfavorable conditions; In Autumn, it enters the dormant state and lasts for the end of summer; In Spring, cambium again becomes active.
Duration of cambial activity is also affected by day-length, e.g., In Robinia pseudoacacia, cambium is dormant under short-day condition.
The cambium cells formed in circular in cross section from the beginning onwards.
The cambial ring is partially primary (fascicular cambium) and partially secondary (interfascicular cambium).
Periderm originates from the cortical cells (extra stelar in origin).
In Dicot stem, for mechanical support xylem is with comparatively smaller vessels, greater fibers and less parenchyma.
More amount of cork is produces for protection.
Lenticels on periderm are very prominent.
The cambial ring formed is wavy in the beginning and later becomes circular.
The cambium ring is completely secondary in origin.
Periderm originates from the pericycle (intra stelar in origin).
In Dicot root, xylem is with big thin walled vessels with few fibers and more parenchyma.
Less amount of cork is produced as root is underground.
Lenticels on periderm are not very prominent.
Phytogeography is concerned with all aspects of plant distribution, from the controls on the distribution of individual species ranges to the factors that govern the composition of entire communities and floras.
Medicinal plants are considered as a rich resources of ingredients which can be used in drug development. More than 30% of the entire plant species, at one time or other were used for medicinal purposes. It has been estimated that in developed countries like United States, plant drugs constitute as much as 25% of the total drugs, while in fast developing countries like India and China the contribution is as much as 80%. These countries provide two third of the plants used in modern system of medicine and the health care system of rural population depend on indigenous systems of medicine. Most of the drugs are considered very safe as there is no or minimal side effects.
A SEMINAR ON THE MANUFACTURING OF PARA RUBBER WHERE YOU GET ALL THOSE INFORMATION ABOUT THE MANUFACTURING .THAT'S SUFFICIENT FOR A SEMINAR IN YOUR SEMINAR
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Important fire wood and timber yielding plants acacia nilotica and tectona grandis
1. Important fire wood and timber
yielding plants:-
Acacia nilotica
and
Tectona grandis
2. Contents
Wood or Timber
Acacia nilotica as a fire wood
Tectona grandis as a timber wood
3. Wood and Timber
The wood or timber , forest product , is in service
of mankind from the ancient time.
The wood is used as fuel , as a raw material for
paper and rayon industries.
The wood is of two types - (1) porous wood
(2)non- porous wood
The wood is used as fuel ,petroleum ,
constructional , railway carriages etc., packing ,
tea chests , furniture , ship - building , carts,
plywood industry ,Cork etc.
5. Scientific name :- Acacia nilotica
Local name :- baval, babul
Family:- Mimosaceae
Useful organ :- timber or Wood
6. Habitat
It is found through out the Drier regions of India.
Native from Egypt South to Mozambique and Natal ;
apparently introduced to Zanzibar , Pemba ,and India ;
Arabia .
Considered a serious weed in South Africa.
7. Morphology
A moderate sized tree upto 10 m in height with dark
brown or black longitudinally fissured rough bark and
reddish brown heart - wood , branchlets slender ,
pubescent when young leaves bipinnately compound ,
main rachis downy ,often with glands .
Stipular spines highly variable , often whitish ,straight
and sharp ,,pinnae 4 - 9 pairs ,leaflets subsessile , 10 - 25
pairs ,nearly glabrous .
8. Flowers golden yellow in globose heads , peduncles
axiliary in fascicles of 2 - 6 , fruits stalked , compressed ,
moniliform pods with constructions between the seeds ,
seeds 8 - 12 per pod .
The gum exudes from cuts in the bark in the fprm of
rounded or oviod ' tears ' each drop about 1.25 cm in size.
Its colour varies from pale yellow to black.
9. Cultivation
Trees propagated in forest by seeds .
Stored seed may require scarification .
Young seedlings are said to " require full sun and frequent
weeding " ( NAS,1980a).
11. Chemical composition
Gum of the tree contains calcium , magnesium
and potassium ,malic acid , sugar, barks and pods
contain a large quantity of tannins.
12. Uses
It is popular for carts ( body work ,spokes ,naves , axles ,
felloes , yokes and shafts) , and for agricultural implements
such as ploughs , harrows and cold - crushers .
It is a useful tool handle wood but not for all types of
handle ,and it can be used for tent pegs.
It can be described as one of the best Indian utility woods
where hardness and toughness are required .
It is a good Turnery wood.
14. Scientific name :-Tectona grandis
Local name :- Teak ,Sag
Family :- Verbenaceae
Useful organ :- timber or Wood
15. Location
Teak is well grown in all the parts of India.
It is also found in the Gir National park , Satpura
National park ,Pench Tiger Reserve in India.
16. Morphology
Teak is tall evergreen tree.
It has yellowish blonde to reddish brown wood.
It attains the height of about 30 meter.
The fruit is a drupe.
It has bluish to white flowers.
It produce the large leaf similar to the tabacco
leaf.
17. The bark is whitish gray in colour .
It is generally grown straight with the uneven
texture , medium lusture and the oily feel .
The upper surface of the tree is rough to touch
and the inner surface has hairs .
The fruit is enclosed by the bladder like calyx ,
which is light brown , ribbed and papery.
18. Cultivation
The new plants can also be propagated from cuttings.
It is usually planted when the four to six weeks old.
Plough the land thoroughly and level it.
The best season to plant the teak is monsoon , most
probably after the first shower.
19. Carry out weeding operations regularly .
Teak requires loamy soil rich in humus and having the
right content of moisture with good drainage .
It grows well in hilly and dry areas .
It requires a dry tropical climate for its growth .
It flowers in February and March.
20. Wood
Heart wood is
yellowish in colour.
It darkens as it
ages.
Sometimes there
are dark patches
on it.
There is a leather -
like scent in newly
cut wood.
Wood of Tectona Grandis
21. Sapwood is whitish to pale yellowish brown in colour.
It can easily separate from heart wood.
Wood texture is hard and ring porous.
Density is 720 kg/ m3.
22. Uses
Timber is famous , all over the world for house,
building and furniture.
Wood is very durable & resistant to fungi.
Wood waste in the form of wood - shavings &
sawdust is used for chip - boards , fire board &
plastic board.
Teak is used for sound boards of musical
instruments keys, etc. & for different grades of
plywood.
23. References
A text Book of Economic Botany by :- Verma V.
Economic Botany by :- B . P. Pandey
https://en.m.biology discussion
