Wood is a natural building material that has been used for shelter and protection since ancient times. It comes from trees and can be classified as softwoods from conifer trees or hardwoods from deciduous trees. Common softwoods used in construction include pine, fir and spruce while popular hardwoods are teak, rosewood, oak and mango wood. Each type of wood has distinct properties that make it suitable for different applications such as furniture, flooring and building structures.

1. WOODS
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2. Wood is an organic material with fibrous, heterogeneous and anisotropic texture produced from
the tree, which is a living organism. Wood is one of the oldest building material. Humankind uses
wood for sheltering and protection purposes since the ancient times. Today, the wood has
increased in value due to the decrease in forests for various reasons, the inability to grow new trees
instead of those cleared away or due to the late growth of trees. Wood is used as roof fittings,
woodwork and coating material and as loadbearing or decorative materials in models and
scaffolding. Furthermore, there are also artificial building materials such as chipboard, MDF and
plywood that are produced from woodchips, sawdust and dust, which are by-products of wood. A
wood that has been cut and processed into standard dimensions is called lumber
WHAT IS WOOD

5. ▪ Softwoods
Softwoods are the wood and lumber which are
milled from conifer trees. Scientifically known as
Gymnosperms, Conifer trees are any trees which
have needles and produce cones. Examples of
popular softwood trees used in woodworking,
construction, and furniture are Pine, Cedar, Fir,
Spruce, and Redwood. Most softwoods are strong
and commonly used in many different building
applications. Spruce, Pine, and Fir (SPF) are
commonly sold under as dimensional SPF lumber
at home improvement centers. These woods are
often used in framing new construction, as well as
building utility style structures.

6. Types of Softwood
A) Pinewood
Pine is very easy to work with, and because most of its varieties are
relatively soft, it lends itself to carving. Being a strong, shock-
resistant material, pinewood is a common choice among
carpenters for making furniture. The visible round grains that tend
to be darker than the wood itself, make pinewood different from
others. Over time, pine develops a "patina" that gives a country-
like quality to the wood. As it is quite affordable and requires less
maintenance, that's why it is bought and sold without any trouble.
This type of wood is resistant even in humid or extreme weather
conditions. Pine wood is widely used in high-value carpentry items
such as paneling, floors, window frames and roofing. The resin of
some species is an important source of turpentine.

7. B) Firwood
Firwood is one of the world's best-known timber
species. Often known as Douglas Fir, this wood has an
interesting, straight and pronounced grain with a
reddish-brown tint to it. As it's inexpensive, fir is most
often used for building and some furniture-making as
well. Fir lumber is also commonly used for building
complex structures like bridges, owing to its strength,
durability, and stiffness. Unlike other woods, the Douglas
fir wood maintains its original shape and size even when
the season changes. The grain patterns are unique in
their outlook when cut properly. Mostly favored by
constructors and builders of both residential and
commercial houses and buildings

8. C) Redwood lumber
This lumber also referred to as Vavona, Sequoia,
Coast Redwood, and California Redwood,
ranges from a light pinkish-brown hue to
intense reddish-brown. Its sapwood, however,
comes in a pale white/yellow hue. Sometimes,
you may come across this lumber having
straight grains with wavy or curly figured pieces.
The redwood lumber is different as it's durable
and decay-resistant and because of its
resistance to moisture, it's used mostly for
outdoor projects. It's quite easy to work with
this lumber with simple machinery and hand
tools owing to its manageable weight and size.
Redwood lumber can be used for the
construction of beams, posts, trim, decking,
furniture, and musical instruments

9. ▪ Hardwoods
Hardwoods come from any trees which do
not produce needles or cones. These trees
are most commonly are known as
deciduous trees, more scientifically known
as angiosperms. Hardwoods are trees
which produces leaves and seeds.
Common hardwood species include oak,
maple, cherry, mahogany, and walnut.
Hardwood species are not always
necessarily stronger than softwoods, but
many species are well known for their
beautiful and distinct wood grain patterns.

10. ➢ TEAKWOOD
Teak is regarded by many people as the ‘king of
wood’ due to its versatility and durability. The
naturally high oil content makes it extremely
water-resistant and immune to decay and
fungus. It can even withstand high levels of heat
and does not easily catch on fire. The finished
timber looks stunning, with golden brown
heartwood and yellow/grey sapwood. These
properties make it suitable for a wide range of
applications, including; ship decking, indoor and
outdoor furniture, veneers, turning, carving, high-
end joinery.

11. ➢ ROSEWOOD
Rosewood is very hard and has a dark reddish-brown color.
It has a unique fragrance. It is hard to work on and needs a
lot of polishing. Rosewood is classified as Brazilian
rosewood, East India rosewood, Honduran rosewood,
Amazon rosewood, Madagascar rosewood, and others. East
Indian rosewood is also known as Sheesham in Hindi.
Rosewood is considered to be very valuable. In India, it is
generally found mostly in Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra,
Mysore, Bengal, Assam, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and Orissa.
Rosewood is used in musical instruments, piano cases, tool
handles, art projects, decorative veneers, and furniture. The
extracts from Indian rosewood or Sheesham are used to cure
blood disorders, eye disorders, and leprosy among other
ailments.

12. ➢ Oak Wood
Oakwood is one of the most widely used types of hardwood.
Oak can be distinguished into two basic varieties: white and red.
The red variety is also known as black oak . It has a very distinct
grain and finish. Oak is a heavy, strong, light-colored hardwood.
It is very easy to work on. It has good resistance to moisture,
fungus, and yeast. Oak is found in different parts of America,
Asia, North Africa, and Europe. Such types of hardwood trees
are found in the north-eastern parts of India.
It is an excellent choice for household and office furniture like
bookshelves and cabinets. It is also widely preferred for outdoor
furniture. Due to its moisture-resistant property, it is also used in
ships and boats. In modern times, interior decor experts are
employing oak for flooring, timber-framed structures, and veneer
production.

13. ➢ Mango Wood
Mango wood is dense and strong
hardwood which comes with a distinctly
attractive grain pattern. Its grain is
unique as it embodies several tones and
colors, ranging from light shades like
dark brown with hints of light pink or
green. It is lighter than other wood
types and highly water-resistant. It is
best used for living room and bedroom
furniture, nesting tables, kitchen
cabinets, entertainment units and
bookshelves.