The document provides information about wood, including its composition, physical properties, types, and uses. It discusses key aspects of wood such as growth rings, knots, heartwood, sapwood, color, structure, and common wood defects. Examples of wood types described include partal, kikar, simbal, deodar, shisham, and eucalyptus. The document also outlines the availability, characteristics, strength properties, durability, workability, finishing, and common uses of each wood type.

1. Adress: 3 KM, Bulhar Road Off 22 KM, Ferozepur Road Rohi Nallah, Lahore, Pakistan

2. WOOD
• Wood is a porous and fibrous structural tissue found in the stems and roots of trees , and
other woody plants. It has been used for thousands of years for both fuel and as a
construction material. It is an organic material, a natural composite of cellulose fibers.
• A 2011 discovery in the Canadian uncovered the earliest known plants to have grown wood,
approximately 395 to 400 million years ago.
• The chemical composition of wood varies from species to species, but is approximately
50% carbon, 42% oxygen, 6% hydrogen, 1% nitrogen, and 1% other elements (mainly
calcium, potassium, sodium, magnesium, iron, and manganese) by weight.
Physical properties:
• Growth rings:
There are clear seasons, growth can occur in a discrete annual or seasonal
pattern, leading to growtn ring and visible on the other surfaces. the part
of a growth ring nearest the center of the tree, and formed early in the
growing season known as earlywood or springwood. The outer portion
formed later in the season is then known as the latewood or summerwood.

3. Knots:
A knot is a particular type of defect in a piece of wood. it will affect the technical properties of
the wood, usually reducing the local strength During the development of a tree, the lower limbs
often die, but may remain attached for a time, sometimes years.
Subsequent layers of growth of the attaching stem are no longer
intimately joined with the dead limb, but are grown around it. Hence,
dead branches produce knots which are not attached, and likely to
drop out after the tree has been sawn into boards. The extent to which
knots affect the strength of a beam depends upon their position, size,
number, and condition. Knots may continue to 'bleed' through to the
surface of a knot for months or even years after manufacture and show
as a yellow or brownish stain. A knot primer paint or solution (knotting),
correctly applied during preparation, may do much to reduce this problem
but it is difficult to control completely.
WOOD

4. • Heartwood is wood that as a result of a naturally occurring chemical transformation which
occurs spontaneously . Once heartwood formation is complete, the heartwood is dead.
Heartwood is often visually di All wood in a tree is first formed as sapwood. The more leaves
a tree bears and the more vigorous its growth, the larger the volume of sapwood required.
Hence trees making rapid growth in the open have thicker sapwood for their size than trees
of the same species growing in dense forests. Sometimes trees (of species that do form
heartwood) grown in the open may become of considerable size, 30 cm or more in diameter,
before any heartwood begins to form, distinct from the living sapwood, and can be
distinguished in a cross-section where the boundary will tend to follow the growth rings. For
example, it is sometimes much darker.
WOOD

5. • Sapwood is the younger, outermost wood; in the growing tree it is living wood, and its
principal functions are to conduct water from the roots to the leaves and to store up and give
back according to the season the reserves prepared in the leaves thin sapwood is
characteristic of such species as chestnut, black locust, mulberry, osage-orange,
and sassafras while in maple, ash, hickory, hackberry, beech, and pine, thick sapwood is the
rule.
• Sapwood is thicker in the upper portion of the trunk of a tree than near the base, because
the age and the diameter of the upper sections are less. given piece of sapwood, because of
its position in the tree, may well be stronger than a piece of heartwood from the same tree.
• If a tree grows all its life in the open and the
• conditions of soil and site remain unchanged,
• it will make its most rapid growth in youth,
• and gradually decline. The annual rings of
• growth are for many years quite wide, but
• later they become narrower and narrower.
WOOD

6. Colour:
• In species which show a distinct difference between heartwood and sapwood the natural
color of heartwood is usually darker than that of the sapwood color difference does not
mean a difference in the mechanical properties of heartwood and sapwood, although there
may be a dramatic chemical difference. Abnormal discoloration of wood often denotes a
diseased condition, indicating unsoundness. The black check in western hemlock is the result
of insect attacks. The reddish-brown streaks so common in hickory and certain other woods
are mostly the result of injury by birds.
WOOD

7. Structure:
Wood is a heterogeneous, hygroscopic, cellular and anisotropic material. It consists of cells, and
the cell walls are composed of micro-fibrils of cellulose (40% – 50%) and hemicellulose (15% –
25%) impregnated with lignin (15% – 30%). Softwood is the source of about 80% of the world's
production of timber.
Hardwoods have a more complex structure than softwoods and are often much slower growing
as a result. Hardwoods are employed in a large range of applications.
Earlywood and latewood:
The latewood will be denser than that formed early in the season. When examined under a
microscope the cells of dense latewood are seen to be very thick-walled and with very small cell
cavities, while those formed first in the season have thin walls and large cell cavities. The strength
is in the walls, not the cavities. Hence latewood has more density and strength.
In the general statement that the more rapid the growth or the wider the rings of growth, the
heavier, harder, stronger, and stiffer the wood.
Specific gravity:
The single most revealing property of wood as an indicator of wood quality is specific gravity as
both pulp yield and lumber strength are determined by it. Specific gravity is the ratio of the mass
of a substance to the mass of an equal volume of water
WOOD

8.  THEY FORM PIN HOLES OF SIZE ABOUT 2MM DIA IN
WOOD
 TUNNEL FORMATION IS DONE IN SAP WOOD BY LARVAE
OF BEETLE
 CONVERSION OF TIMBER INTO FLOUR LIKE POWDER
 THEY DO NOT DISTURB OUTER SHELL OR COVER
Flour like
powder

9. CHEMICAL STAIN
KNOTS
SHAKES
RIND GALLS
UPSETS
BURLS
TWISTED FIBRES

10. BLUE STAIN BROWN ROT DRY ROT HEART ROT WET ROT WHITE ROT

11.  PARTAL
 KIKAR
 SHAROL
 SIMBAL
 DEODAR
 SHISHAM
 SAFEDA
 WALNUT
 MANGO
 SHAHTOOT
 CHIR
 POPLAR
 NEEM
MAPLE
CHEERY
WHITE ASH
PIPAL

12. PARTAL (Silver Fir):
Botanical Name : ABIES PINDROW
 AVAILIBILTY
• It is found natively in east Asia, Himalayas including Pakistan.
• In Pakistan it is available in hilly areas of murree, hazara, chitral & etc.
 THE TREE
• It is a large, straight and evergreen tree.
• Leaves are needle like dark green.
• Flowers are monoecious (having male and female reproductive organs in the same plant).
•The sapwood and heartwood have no distinction.
•The wood is creamy white when first cut but turns to light brown to dark brownish with age.
• Wood is monoporous.
• Partal is very light and soft wood.
• It has low crushing strength (compressive strength) and bending strength( ability of wood beam to
support a load for particular period of time).
 DURABILTY
• It is moderately durable wood only when used under cover.
• It cannot resist the attack of fungi or insects.

13.  WORKABILITY:
• It is easy to work with both hand and machine tools to an excellent finish, but needs extra care.
FINISHING:
• It is easy to get an excellent shiny finish adopting the necessary finishing procedure.
 USES
• It can be used primary for making of boxes, packing cases, creates and for railway sleepers.
• It is used for making of gliders and aircraft parts.
• It can also be utilized for cheap furniture (indoor use), plywood (core), model making, light construction,
cheap doors and windows.
The Tree Leaves Bark

14. KIKAR
Botanical Name : ACACIA NILOTICA
 AVAILABLILITY
• It is natively found in Afghanistan, Pakistan, Burma, Srilanka, Saudi Arabia & India.
• In Pakistan it is available from plains of sindh, Balochistan, Punjab & N.W.F.P.
• It is also cultivated as road side tree.
 THE TREE
• It is moderate sized, deciduous tree (plants which lose all or part of their foliage at certain times
of the year).
• Flowers are small yellow in color.
• Sapwood is yellowish white and quite distinct from heartwood which is pale red.
 DURABILITY
• The wood is considered as highly durable.
• It is susceptible to the attack of bores.
• But it is resistant against the termites.
 SEASONING
• It seasons very well easily and at a slow to moderate rate.
• Whereas, the wood is stable in use.
Tangential View

15.  WORKABILITY
• It is very difficult to work on it even by using machines.
• The wood saws, planes with difficulty, as the blade dulls very soon.
• It presents severe blunting effects on the cutting tools.
• Good finishing results can be achieved by adopting the necessary finishing procedure.
 USES:
•It can be used primarily for heavy construction, Agricultural Implements, Wheels, Rafter &
Shingles and Sofa structures.
The Tree Leaves Bark

16. •Botanical Name: ALNUS NITIDA
 AVAILABLITY
•It is found natively in Himalayas including Afghanistan, Pakistan, Nepal, Tibet & China.
•In Pakistan it is available from NWFP and from hilly areas.
 THE TREE
•It is a large, straight, deciduous tree.
•Leaves are simple, ovate in shape.
•Fruit is the form of cone & nut and matures from November to December.
 WOOD
•Sapwood and heartwood is of almost the same color.
•Grains are straight and have medium fine & even textured wood.
•Wood is very soft, light and is diffuse porous with distinct growth.
 STRENGTH PROPERTIES / DURABILITY
•The wood is low in crushing strength, blending stiffness, hardness and moderate in blending
effect.
•The wood is considered low to moderately durable only if used under cover or indoors.
•It doesn’t resist the insect attack.

17.  SEASONING
• It is fairly easy to season both in air and kiln without any difficulty.
 FINISHING
• It can be brought to an excellent finish very easily.
 USES
•It can be used primarily for light construction, plywood, boxes & packing cases.
•It can also be utilized for light furniture and certain other parts of the furniture & cabinets.
•Like shoe soles and domestic wooden ware.
Leavs Bark

18. SIMBAL (Oak):
Botanical Name : BOMBAX CIEBA LINN
 AVAILABLITY
• It is widely distributted in Burma, Bangladesh, China, Pakistan, Nepal India & Indonesia.
• In Pakistan it is available from Punjab, Sindh & NWFP.
THE TREE:
• It is a large, straight, fast growing, deciduous tree.
• Leaves are compound having 5-7 leaflets.
• Flowers are large and red in color.
• The tree has a fair resemblance with Cieba pentendra.
WOOD
• Sapwood & heartwood is of the same color.
• It has creamy white wood with yellowish tinge.
• Grains are straight having coarse texture.
STRENGTH PROPERTIES:
• The wood is generally very light and soft.
• It is low in crushing strength very low in blending strength and hardness.
DURABILITY
• The wood is considered as non-durable.
• It is readily attacked by insects and fungi.

19.  SEASONING
• It is fairly easy to season in both air and kiln.
• It shows small shrinkage & fairly stable in use.
 WORKABILITY
• It is very easy to work both with hand and machine tools.
• It shows small shrinkage and fairly stable in use.
 FINISHING
• It is fairly poor in finishing results using paint and varnish.
 USES
• It can be used primarily for plywood.
• It can also be utilized for model making, light construction, fuel, fisherman’s floats and life belts.
Flowers Bark

20. Botanical Name : CEDRUS DEODARA
 AVAILABILTY
• It is natively found in western Himalayas including Pakistan,India,Nepal & Tibet.
• In Pakistan it is available from hilly areas N.W.F.P, and Kashmir.
THE TREE
• Deodar is the national tree of Pakistan and is an evergreen tree.
• Leaves are needle like & flowers are monoecious.
• Seeds ripened from October to December.
WOOD
• The sapwood and heartwood has no differentiation in color.
• The grains are straight and have fine, even textured wood.
• It has very distinct growth ring and is non porous wood.
STRENGTH PROPERTIES
• Deodar shows the moderate properties of hardness and blending stiffness.
• However it is considered as the strongest of the conifers.
DURABILITY
• The heartwood of the deodar is durable and show resistance against the attack of fungi.
•But sapwood is not durable.
 SEASONING
•It is fairly easy to season both in air and kiln without any difficulty of splitting or warping.

21.  WORKABILITY
• It can be easily worked with hand and machine tools to an excellent finish.
• It saws, planes, bores, nails & screws well.
FINISHING
• It is slightly difficult to polish as it is high in oil contents.
• However a good finish can be achieved but takes a high polish.
USES
• It can be used primarily for doors and windows and construction.
• It is very highly prized and well known for its stability and less movement.
• It can also be utilized for railway sleepers, beams, carriage and wagon work.
• It is not favored for fuel as it produces lot of smoke during burning.
The Tree Leaves Bark

22. Botanical Name : DALBERGIA SISSOO ROXB
AVAILABILITY
• It is natively found in Pakistan, Afghanistan, Nepal, India, Iraq & Indonesia.
• In Pakistan it is available from Sindh,Punjab,Balochistan & N.W.F.P.
• It is widely cultivated in artificial forests.
THE TREE
• It is large and deciduous tree.
• Leaves are compounds and comprised of 3 to 5 leaflets, Flowers are yellowish white.
• Seeds ripened from November to December.
WOOD
• It is a king Pakistani wood used for furniture & cabinet making.
• Sapwood is clearly demarcated from the heartwood.
• Grains are interlocked and have medium fine to coarse texture.
• It is ring porous and is dull in luster.
STRENGTH PROPERTIES
• Shisham is a strong wood.
• It has high in crushing strength, moderate in blending strength and hardness.
DURABILITY
• It is highly durable wood .
•But sapwood is prone to be attacked by bores and fungi.

23. SEASONING
• It is fairly easy to season both in air and kiln at a slow to medium rate.
•It may exhibit slight surface checking and end splitting.
WORKABILITY
• It is easy to work on it with hand and machine tools to an excellent finish.
•Some times mineral streaks are also present which make it difficult to work.
FINISHING
• It is extremely easy to achieve an excellent, smooth shiny finish.
USES
• It can be used primarily for cabinet making and furniture, veneer, joinery, plywood and in carpentry.
• It can also be utilized for agricultural implements, flooring and turning articles.
The Tree Leaves Bark

24. Botanical Name : EUCALYPTUS CAMALDULENSIS
AVAILABLITY
• It is natively found in Australia. From here it is spread to different countries including Pakistan, India,
Spain, Portugal & Egypt.
• In Pakistan it is available from plains, forests, and is cultivated on private land.
THE TREE
• It is a large straight & evergreen tree.
• Leaves are simple, lanceolate.
• Seeds ripened from September to October.
WOOD
• Sapwood is quite distinct from heartwood.
•Grains are interlocked and wavy having medium coarse
and even texture.
•Wood has gum canals.
STRENGTH PROPERTIES
• It is fairly hard and strong wood.
•It has medium to high crushing strength, low to moderate in blending strength.
DURABILITY
• It is moderately durable wood.
• Heartwood is extremely resistant to preservative treatment.
• Whereas sapwood is prone to insects.

25. SEASONING
• It is very difficult to season and requires very extra care as it may undergo severe collapse, surface
checking.
• It present moderate to high shrinkage due to gum pockets.
WORKABILITY
• It is moderately difficult to work with it due to interlocked and presence of gum pockets.
FINISHING
• It can be brought to a good finish adopting the necessary finishing procedure but takes a high polish.
USES
• It can be used primarily for heavy construction, pulp & paper, for flooring & for fiber & particle Board
manufacturing.
• It can also be utilized for ship building, as a mining timber, charcoal, fuel and for furniture also.
The Tree Leaves Bark

26. Botanical Name : JUGLANS REGIA
AVAILABLITY
• It is found in Asia & Europe including Pakistan, Nepal, China, UK & Bosnia.
• In Pakistan it is available from forests of N.W.F.P & Azad Kashmir including kaghan.
TREE
• It is large, straight and deciduous tree.
• Leaves are compound having 5-9 leaflets.
• Flowers are monoecious.
• Fruit an edible nut, oblong and about 5cm in length.
WOOD
• Sapwood is grayish white while heartwood is grayish brown.
• Grains are straight and have medium fine.
• It is semi ring porous.
STRENGTH PROPERTIES
• It is moderate in crushing strength, bending strength, hardness and low in bending stiffness.
DURABILITY
• It is moderately durable, but the sapwood may undergo attack from wood bores.
SEASONING
• Special should be taken while it’s seasoning.
• Fast drying may develop into end cracks.

27. WORKABILITY
• It is very easy to work both with hand and machine tools.
• It has moderate blunting effects on the cutting edges.
FINISHING
• It can be brought to an excellent finish by adopting the necessary finishing process.
USES
• It can be used primarily for cabinet making, carving, furniture and Riffle butts and Gun Stocks.
• It is very highly prized for these purposes.
The Tree Leaves Bark

28. Botanical Name : MANGIFERA INDICA
AVAILABLITY
• It is natively found Pakistan, India, Nepal and Bhutan and Thailand.
• In Pakistan it is available from the dry and hotter plains of sindh and Punjab.
THE TREE
• It is a large, straight and evergreen tree.
• The leaves are simple & flowers are minute.
• Fruit is freshly drupe having one seed.
• Seeds ripened from may to June.
WOOD
• The sapwood and heartwood have no distinction and of same color.
• It has medium fine to coarse texture.
• Wood is lustrous, diffuse porous.
STRENGTH PROPERTIES
• Mango is not a very strong wood.
DURABILTY
• It is moderately durable wood only when used under cover.
• It cannot resist the attack of fungi & wood destroying insects.

29. SEASONING
• It can be seasoned easily both in air and kiln at a moderate temperature.
• It warps slightly.
WORKABILTY
• It is very easy to work with hand and machine tools.
• It is easy to saw, plane, bore, mortise, sand, glue, nail and screws.
FINISHING
• It can be brought to a good finish adopting the necessary finishing
procedure.
USES
• It can be primarily used for boat building, commercial plywood, veneer and musical instruments.
• It can also be utilized for cheap furniture (indoor use).
The Tree Leaves Bark

30. Botanical Name : MORUS ALBA
AVAILABILTY
• It is found in Pakistan, Afghanistan, India, Japan and Iran.
• In Pakistan it is available from sindh, Punjab, N.W.F.P and northern areas.
THE TREE
• It is a medium sized, deciduous tree.
• Leaves are simple and flowers are monoecious.
• Fruit is berry, edible, ripened from march to June.
WOOD
• Sapwood is clearly demarcated from heartwood.
• Grains are straight and have moderately coarse and uneven texture.
• Wood is ring porous and lustrous.
 STRENGTH PROPERTIES
• The wood is moderately strong.
• It has moderate values of crushing strength, bending strength stiffness and hardness.
• It is good in shock resistance ability.
SEASONING
• It is very easy to season both in air as well as in kiln.
• However it may develop slight twisting or warping.

31. DURABILTY
• It is moderately durable to durable wood when used indoors.
WORKABILTY
• It is fairly easy to work both with hand and machine tools to an excellent finish.
• It is also good for steam bending.
FINISHING
• It can be brought to an excellent shiny finish quite easily.
USES
• It can be used primarily for sports goods (Hockey, Tennis, Badminton & squash) and dowels.
• It can be utilized for camp furniture, bent wood articles and bobbins.
The Tree Leaves Bark

32. Botanical Name : PINUS ROXBURGHII
AVAILABILTY
• It is natively found in Himalayas including Pakistan, Afghanistan, India & Bhutan.
• In Pakistan it is available from hilly areas of murree, Kashmir, hazara, malakand, dir and manshera.
THE TREE
• It is a large, straight and evergreen tree.
• It has narrow rounded crown.
• The leaves are needle like and fruit is a cone.
• Seeds ripened from September to October.
WOOD
• The sapwood is clearly distinct from heartwood.
• The grains are straight to spiral.
• Texture is coarse to medium fine and uneven.
• Wood is non porous and it has very distinct growth rings.
STRENGTH PROPERTIES
• The wood is fairly heavy and is moderately strong.
• It has moderate in crushing strength, bending strength and hardness.
DURABILITY
• Chir is a durable wood when used under cover.
• It is fairly easy to treat it with the preservatives.

33. SEASONING
• It is fairly easy to season both in air and kiln and it does not present any difficulty.
WORKABILITY
• It is very easy to moderate in working with hand and machines tools.
• The wood bores, molds, sands, glues, nails and screws well.
FINISHING
• It is fairly difficult to finish it due to the presence of fair amount of resin.
USES
• It can be primarily used for construction, packing cases and boxes, for transmission poles & railway
sleepers.
• It can be utilized for cheap furniture, house fitments, shingles and fuel.
The Tree Leaves Bark

34. POPLAR
Botanical Name : POPULUS CILIATE
AVAILABILTY
• It is found in Asia & Northern Africa including Russia, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Spain, China, India,
Srilanka, Iraq & Iran.
•In Pakistan it is available from forests and farmlands of sindh and Punjab.
THE TREE
• It is a moderate sized, straight, deciduous & fast growing tree, seeds ripened in June.
•Flowers appear as male & female catkins.
WOOD
•Sapwood is white whereas, heartwood is quite distinct and is quite red.
•Grains are straight and have fine and even texture wood, but may be wooly.
•It is semi ring porous and is without odor or taste.
STRENGTH PROPERTIES
• It is moderately hard wood.
•It is low in crushing & bending strength.
DURABILTY
• It is a non durable wood.
•However it is resistant to abrasion.
•It may susceptible to attacked by bores and termites.

35. SEASONING
•It can be seasoned easily in air and in kiln without causing difficulties.
•However may develop end cracks.
WORKABILTY
•It is very easy to work with both hand and machine tools.
•The wood can be machined easily to perform various functions.
•It is very good for turning objects.
FINISHING
• It can be brought to satisfactory finish adopting the necessary finishing procedure.
USES
• It can be used primarily for plywood, turnery, boxes and packing cases.
•Beside these it can also be utilized for planking, light construction, toys and bobbins.
•For fuel it is not considered good.
The Tree Leaves Bark

36. NEEM
Botanical Name : AZADIRACHTA INDICA
AVAILABILTY
• It is found in the tropics of the world including Afghanistan, Pakistan, Burma, China, Nepal, Srilanka
& Indonesia & etc.
•In Pakistan it is available from plains of sindh, Baluchistan and Punjab.
THE TREE
• It is moderate to large, almost evergreen tree, its leaves are
compound.
•Flowers are white & seeds ripened in august
WOOD DESCRIPTION
• Sapwood is yellowish white whereas, heartwood is reddish brown.
•Grains are interlocked and have moderately coarse and uneven texture.
STRENGTH PROPERTIES
• It is moderately strong wood.
•It has moderate properties of crushing strength, bending strength, low in bending stiffness and
moderate in hardness.
DURABILITY
• It is considered as durable wood and is naturally resistant against fungi & termites.

37. SEASONING
•It is fairly easy to season the wood both in air & in kiln without causing much difficulty.
•It requires slow seasoning.
WORKABILTY
•It is fairly difficult to work with it due to interlocked grains.
•Sharp tools are required to saw, plane, bore and molds.
FINISHING
•It can be polished to a slightly good finish.
•It do not present good results for paint.
USES
•It can be used primarily for furniture, construction, agricultural implements and vehicle farming.
•Beside these it can also be utilized as a fuel wood.
The Tree Leaves Bark

38. MAPLE:
Botanical Name : Acer negundo
 AVAILABILTY
• This tree is native to Pakistan, India and Nepal. In Pakistan it is found in association with
conifers at elevations between 2000 to 3500 m. Specific locations are Chitral, Dir, Swat,
Hazara, Murree Hills, and Azad Kashmir.
 THE TREE
• A slow growing, deciduous tree 20 to 24 m tall.
• The flowers are small, yellowish-green and are arranged in small, dense bunches.
 STRENGTH PROPERTIES
• It is moderately hard wood.
• It is low in crushing & bending strength.
 SEASONING
• It flowers between March and May.
 FINISHING
• It can be polished to a slightly good finish.

39.  WOOD PROPERTIES:
• GRAIN: Straight, fine even textured.
• COLOR: Sapwood and heartwood are not distinct and are creamy to pinkish white.
• DENSITY: Dense, with a specific gravity of 0.63.
• STRENGTH: Strong, tough.
 USES
• It can be used primarily for Furniture, bobbins, flooring, carving, and ornamental.
• Beside these it can also be utilized as a fuel wood.
The Tree Leaves Bark

40. Botanical Name : Prunus cornuta
 AVAILABILTY
• In Pakistan it occurs in Azad Kashmir, Hazara, Murree Hills, Kurram, Chitral and Swat.
• THE TREE
• A medium sized deciduous tree 15 to 18 m tall with diameters of 50 to 60 cm. The leaves are
simple, 10 to 15 cm long. The bark is smooth brown to purple in color.
• STRENGTH PROPERTIES
• It is Hard wood.
 SEASONING
• The white flowers grow in 10 to 15 cm long brunches or groups and bloom between April and
June. The fruit is small 0.6 to 1 cm in diameter and matures from June to October.
CHERRY:

41.  WOOD PROPERTIES:
• GRAIN: Very fine, straight, even textured.
• COLOR: Sapwood is white, and heartwood is reddish brown.
• DENSITY: Specific gravity of 0.66.
• STRENGTH: Moderately hard, heavy, strong.
 USES
• It can be used in agriculture implements, furniture, erosion control, textile bobbins, wheels
and carts, and fodder.
• Beside these it can also be utilized as a fuel wood.
The Tree Leaves Bark

42. • Botanical Name : Fraxinus
 AVAILABILTY
• The tree is native to the subcontinent including Pakistan. In Pakistan it is found from Swat to
Azad Kashmir and Hazara.
• THE TREE
• A large, deciduous tree 18 to 30 m tall with diameters of 0.6 to 1.0 m. The crown is oval
shaped and dense. The leaves are compound, with the leaflets in threes. Leaves are 3 to 25
cm long. The bark is smooth and stem straight. The bark is light to dark gray. Roughness of
the bark increases with age.
• STRENGTH PROPERTIES
• It is Hard wood.
 SEASONING
• It flowers between April and May.
WHITE ASH:

43.  USES
• It can be used for construction, fuel, tool handles, oars, and sporting goods.
• Beside these it can also be utilized as a fuel wood.
• WOOD PROPERTIES:
• GRAIN: : Close grained
• COLOR: Wood is whitish.
• DENSITY : Specific gravity of 0.79.
• STRENGTH: Hard, heavy and resilient.
The Tree Leaves Bark

44. botanical name: Ficus religiosa
 AVAILABILTY
• The tree is common in the sub-Himalayas but probably is not native. It is cultivated
throughout the plains.
• THE TREE
• A large deciduous tree that is leafless or nearly so for a short period during hot
seasons. The leaves are simple, large 10 to 15 cm by 6 to 12 cm and are broadly ovate,
abruptly lanceolate, and shiny on the top side. The bark is gray and smooth with small
irregular scales when old.
• STRENGTH PROPERTIES
• It is Soft wood.
• It is low in crushing & bending strength.
 SEASONING
• It flowers between March and May.

45.  FINISHING
• It can be polished to a slightly good finish
 USES
• It can be used primarily for Furniture, bobbins, flooring, carving, and ornamental.
• Beside these it can also be utilized as a fuel wood.
• WOOD PROPERTIES:
• GRAIN: Spiral.
• COLOR: Whitish gray.
• DENSITY: Medium.
• STRENGTH: Soft.
The Tree Leaves Bark