In recent trends, the use of electric vehicles is taking a sudden hike as they seem to be a much more friendly for the environment as compared to the conventional vehicles that run on combustion engines for a mode of transportation. With the increasing popularity of electric vehicles, the demand on the utility grid is also increasing. To overcome this problem, other alternative sources of energy need to be considered. Photovoltaic energy as the solution is finding its place in the EV charging systems. However, the total amount of energy that can be generated from the PV system is constrained, based on many parameters such as solar radiation, availability of space for Solar power plant development, maintenance of the system, etc. Hence, to maintain the continuity of the system, it needs to be integrated with the grid as well. This offers a smooth charging operation for the electric vehicles. In this paper, a new method is introduced for the integration between the solar inverter system and the utility transmission grid. Quasi-Z-source topology is proposed for the system integration. This topology facilitates a bidirectional flow of power between the PV source, the storage unit and the utility grid. The greatest advantage of this topology is its flexibility with different voltage levels of the solar inverter DC connection and the storage battery which requires no circuit alteration for charging batteries of different ratings. The hardware for the system is also fabricated. The results demonstrate that the proposed topology fits the generalized requirements.
Operation and Control of Grid Connected Hybrid AC/DC Microgrid using Various RESIAES-IJPEDS
This paper proposes a Hybrid AC/DC Microgrid in alliance with Photo Voltaic (PV) energy, Wind Energy and Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Fuel cells. Microgrids are becoming increasingly attractive to the researchers because of the less greenhouse gases, low running cost, and flexibility to operate in connection with utility grid. The Hybrid AC/DC Microgrid constitutes independent AC and DC subgrids, where all the corresponding sources and loads are connected to their respective buses and these buses are interfaced using an interfacing converter. The Hybrid AC/DC Microgrid increases system efficiency by reducing the multiple reverse conversions involved in conventional RES integration to grid. A Small Hybrid AC/DC Microgrid in grid connected mode was modeled and simulated in MATLAB- SIMULINK environment. The simulation results prove the stable operation considering the uncertainty of generations and loads.
In this paper, a new method of integration between PV inverter system with utility grid for electric vehicle charging station based on the extended boost quasi-Z-source (q-ZSI) topology is proposed. The proposed system realizes a bidirectional power flow management between PV sources, energy storage unit and the utility grid. The extended boost q-ZSI is a most efficient topology that provides a single stage conversion for PV systems by providing low ratings for components, reduced number of components used, high input voltage gain, increased voltage boost property , reduced voltage stress across switches and simple control strategies .Its unique capability in single stage conversion with improved voltage gain is used for voltage buck and boost function. A simulation model of the grid connected q-ZSI for electric vehicle charging station has been built in MATLAB/ SIMULINK. The hardware setup was developed and the results are validated.
Design and Cost Evaluation of a Distribution Feeder Connected Solar System ecij
A distribution grid connected photovoltaic (PV) system faces the problem of reactive power imbalance. In view of this problem, a three-phase single-stage distribution grid connected with PV inverter can be incorporated with Var compensation. To obtain the accurate amount of real power insertion, as well as the
voltage and var control. This paper proposes an improved structure of a distribution feeder of UET Taxila for the grid integration of PV solar systems with static var compensation (SVC). The employed scheme consists of a 3 phase bridge
inverter which allows the efficient, flexible and reliable generation of PV array. Cost evaluation of project is also carried out on basic level. The validation of proposed models is carried out through digital simulations using the MATLAB/Simulink.
A battery charging system & appended zcs (pwm) resonant converter dc dc buck ...hunypink
This paper presents technique for battery charger to achieve efficient performance in charging shaping,
minimum low switching losses and reduction in circuit volume .The operation of circuit charger is switched
with the technique of zero-current-switching, resonant components and append the topology of dc-dc buck.
The proposed novel dc-dc battery charger has advantages with the simplicity, low cost, high efficiency and
with the behaviour of easy control under the ZCS condition accordingly reducing the switching losses. The
detailed study of operating principle and design consideration is performed. A short survey of battery
charging system, capacity demand & its topologies is also presented. In order to compute LC resonant pair
values in conventional converter, the method of characteristic curve is used and electric function equations
are derived from the prototype configuration. The efficient performance of charging shaping is confirmed
through the practical examines and verification of the results is revealed by the MATLAB simulation. The
efficiency is ensured about 89% which is substantially considered being satisfactory performance as
achieved in this paper.
Operation and Control of Grid Connected Hybrid AC/DC Microgrid using Various RESIAES-IJPEDS
This paper proposes a Hybrid AC/DC Microgrid in alliance with Photo Voltaic (PV) energy, Wind Energy and Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Fuel cells. Microgrids are becoming increasingly attractive to the researchers because of the less greenhouse gases, low running cost, and flexibility to operate in connection with utility grid. The Hybrid AC/DC Microgrid constitutes independent AC and DC subgrids, where all the corresponding sources and loads are connected to their respective buses and these buses are interfaced using an interfacing converter. The Hybrid AC/DC Microgrid increases system efficiency by reducing the multiple reverse conversions involved in conventional RES integration to grid. A Small Hybrid AC/DC Microgrid in grid connected mode was modeled and simulated in MATLAB- SIMULINK environment. The simulation results prove the stable operation considering the uncertainty of generations and loads.
In this paper, a new method of integration between PV inverter system with utility grid for electric vehicle charging station based on the extended boost quasi-Z-source (q-ZSI) topology is proposed. The proposed system realizes a bidirectional power flow management between PV sources, energy storage unit and the utility grid. The extended boost q-ZSI is a most efficient topology that provides a single stage conversion for PV systems by providing low ratings for components, reduced number of components used, high input voltage gain, increased voltage boost property , reduced voltage stress across switches and simple control strategies .Its unique capability in single stage conversion with improved voltage gain is used for voltage buck and boost function. A simulation model of the grid connected q-ZSI for electric vehicle charging station has been built in MATLAB/ SIMULINK. The hardware setup was developed and the results are validated.
Design and Cost Evaluation of a Distribution Feeder Connected Solar System ecij
A distribution grid connected photovoltaic (PV) system faces the problem of reactive power imbalance. In view of this problem, a three-phase single-stage distribution grid connected with PV inverter can be incorporated with Var compensation. To obtain the accurate amount of real power insertion, as well as the
voltage and var control. This paper proposes an improved structure of a distribution feeder of UET Taxila for the grid integration of PV solar systems with static var compensation (SVC). The employed scheme consists of a 3 phase bridge
inverter which allows the efficient, flexible and reliable generation of PV array. Cost evaluation of project is also carried out on basic level. The validation of proposed models is carried out through digital simulations using the MATLAB/Simulink.
A battery charging system & appended zcs (pwm) resonant converter dc dc buck ...hunypink
This paper presents technique for battery charger to achieve efficient performance in charging shaping,
minimum low switching losses and reduction in circuit volume .The operation of circuit charger is switched
with the technique of zero-current-switching, resonant components and append the topology of dc-dc buck.
The proposed novel dc-dc battery charger has advantages with the simplicity, low cost, high efficiency and
with the behaviour of easy control under the ZCS condition accordingly reducing the switching losses. The
detailed study of operating principle and design consideration is performed. A short survey of battery
charging system, capacity demand & its topologies is also presented. In order to compute LC resonant pair
values in conventional converter, the method of characteristic curve is used and electric function equations
are derived from the prototype configuration. The efficient performance of charging shaping is confirmed
through the practical examines and verification of the results is revealed by the MATLAB simulation. The
efficiency is ensured about 89% which is substantially considered being satisfactory performance as
achieved in this paper.
Energy Management System in Electric Vehicle with PV Fed SRM SystemIJMTST Journal
This project presents the switched reluctance motor (SRM) with hybrid renewable system. Switched
Reluctance Motors (SRM) has a wide range of industrial applications because of their advantages over
conventional AC/DC Drives. This is due to simple construction, ruggedness and inexpensive manufacturing
potential. Various methods have used and applied to control SRM speed generally, the PV-fed EV has a
similar structure to the hybrid electrical vehicle, whose internal combustion engine(ICE) is replaced by the
hybrid system. A hybrid energy system, or hybrid power, usually consists of two or more renewable energy
sources used together to provide increased system efficiency as well as greater balance in energy supply.
The PV has different characteristics to ICEs, the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) and solar energy
utilization are the unique factors for the PV-fed EVs. This matter is done by applying the proposed system to
a multi-objective function including both speed error and torque ripple. This controller is implemented for an
8/6, 4-kW SRM. In this paper to coordinate the PV panel, SRM and battery. Hybrid renewables applied in
Energy storage like battery technologies, superconducting magnetic energy, capacitors, compressed air and
pumped storage, seems to be an alternative method that the operator of an electrical power grid can use to
adapt energy production to energy consumption, both of which can vary randomly over time. The simulation
results confirm excellent dynamic performance, reduced torque ripple and current oscillation can be achieved
by using ANFIS
A survey on power management strategies of hybrid energy systems in microgrid IJECEIAES
The power generation through renewable energy resources is increasing vastly, Solar energy and Wind Energy are the most abundantly available renewable energy resources. The growth of small scale distributed grid networks increasing rapidly in the modern power systems and Distributed Generation (DG) plays a predominant role. Microgrid is one among the emerging techniques in power systems. Power Management is mainly required to have control over the real and reactive power of individual DG and for smooth operation, maintaining stability and reliability. This paper presents a survey of the research works already reported focusing on power management of hybrid energy systems such as mainly solar and wind systems in microgrid. Six different approaches have been studied in detail for AC, DC and hybrid AC/DC microgrid.
Electric vehicle (EV) charging station powered by the scattered energy sources with DC Nanogrid (NG) provides an option for uninterrupted charging. The NG powered by the renewable energy sources (RES) of photovoltaic (PV) and wind energy. When the excess power produced by the renewable energy stored in the local energy storage unit (ESU) utilized during shortage power from the renewable sources. During the overloading of NG and demand of energy in ESU; the mobile charging station (MCS) provides an uninterrupted charging. The MCS provides an option for battery swapping and vehicle to grid feasibility. The MCS required to monitor the state of charge (SOC) and state of health (SOH) of the battery. Monitoring of SOC and SOH related to the various battery parameters like voltage, current and temperature. A laboratory prototype is developed and tested the practical possibility of EV to NG and Internet of things (IoT) based monitoring of battery parameters.
Distributed energy resources (DERs) are a solution for many challenges in the electric power grid. Primary drivers of their adoption include an aging infrastructure (requiring significant capital expenditure), capacity constraints where traditional utility upgrades may not be feasible or economical, and localized demands on utility distribution infrastructure (due to customer choice to add solar photovoltaic (PV), energy storage, or electric vehicles). The operational profile of these technologies, when observed as a collective group, are often characterized by random load/generation profiles which can create disturbances in supply voltage and power quality, ultimately impacting the safety and reliability of power delivery.
One of the prominent sources of renewable energy in widespread use is solar photovoltaic (PV) power generation. The high penetration of PV based DERs is threatening the reliability of power delivery due to intermittency (result of cloud coverage) and lack of temporal coincidence of maximum production with peak load. Energy storage is one way to address this problem.
Grid Integration of Large PV Power Systems Using HVDC LinkIJERA Editor
This paper explores the interconnection of large scale Photo-Voltaic (PV) systems to the grid though a High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) link. HVDC link is recently utilized for transmission lines longer than 50 km. It is usually utilized to interconnect two asynchronous grids with the same or different frequencies while avoiding stability disturbances greatly. A suitable Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) techniques is employed to control the performance of the integrated PV system. The system of the HVDC link has two 12-pulse converter using thyristor-bridges. The delay and the extinction angles at the rectifier and the inverter units control the flow and the quantity of the transmitted power from the PV system into the grid. Fixed capacitors and filters are used to provide the AC side with the required reactive power and reduce the harmonic contents. For evaluation purposes, different simulation investigations are carried out with a detailed modeling using the MATLAB. These tests corroborate the efficacy of HVDC link for integrating large PV systems to electrical grids
Human population of the world and its Electrical
power demand is increasing day by day. The available fossil
fuel energy resources are being depleted day by day. So it is a
wise decision to absorb the natural renewable energy
resources. Among the other natural resources, solar energy is
also a precious available energy source. In Pakistan abundance
solar energy can be easily extracted.
In this research work, impacts of solar generation system are
analyzed while integrated with 11kV radial distribution feeder.
PV system is integrated with feeder in three different ways by
using SINCAL software and its impacts in terms of the power
loss, voltage profile and short circuit level are analyzed. When
PV system is integrated with HT side it results negligible
increment in voltage, no change in LT losses, negligible
decrement in HT losses and no change in short circuit level.
When PV system is connected with LT bus-bar of each
transformer, there is significant increment in voltage, small
decrement in LT losses, significant decrement in HT losses and
smaller increment in short circuit level. When PV system is
connected with each load, there is significant increment in
voltage, large decrement in LT losses, significant decrement in
HT losses and smaller increment in short circuit level.
Modeling, Control and Power Management Strategy of a Grid connected Hybrid En...IJECEIAES
This paper presents the detailed modeling of various components of a grid connected hybrid energy system (HES) consisting of a photovoltaic (PV) system, a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC), an electrolyzer and a hydrogen storage tank with a power flow controller. Also, a valve controlled by the proposed controller decides how much amount of fuel is consumed by fuel cell according to the load demand. In this paper fuel cell is used instead of battery bank because fuel cell is free from pollution. The control and power management strategies are also developed. When the PV power is sufficient then it can fulfill the load demand as well as feeds the extra power to the electrolyzer. By using the electrolyzer, the hydrogen is generated from the water and stored in storage tank and this hydrogen act as a fuel to SOFC. If the availability of the power from the PV system cannot fulfill the load demand, then the fuel cell fulfills the required load demand. The SOFC takes required amount of hydrogen as fuel, which is controlled by the PID controller through a valve. Effectiveness of this technology is verified by the help of computer simulations in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment under various loading conditions and promising results are obtained.
Stand-alone Hybrid systems become appreciating issues that ensure the required electricity to consumers. The development of a stand-alone Hybrid system becomes a necessity for multiple applications The enhance energy security. To achieve this objective, we have proposed an accurate dynamic model using Multi-Agent System (MAS) in which a solar energy System (SES) serves as the main load supply, an energy Backup System (ERS) is based on a fuel cell and Electrolyzer for long-term energy storage and an Ultra Capacitor (UCap) storage system deployed as a short-time storage. To cooperate with all systems, an Intelligent Power Management (IPM) based on a specific MAS is included. Thus, to prove the performance of the system, we tested and simulated it using the Matlab/Simulink environment.
ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR CRITICAL LOADS USING POWER ELECTRONICSrenukasningadally
The work aims at an Energy Management System (EMS) for Critical loads using Power Electronics. Here hybrid power sources (Grid and Solar cells) with battery have been used to supply the power to the critical loads at all times, suppose an end user increases his critical loads or non-critical loads this EMS system helps to maintain continuous power supply to these loads. Solar or Photovoltaic cells have been used for storing energy through battery and these batteries will discharge the stored energy at two conditions, one is when grid is shut down for short duration or for a long duration and another one is when there sudden increase in load by users
Energy Management System in Electric Vehicle with PV Fed SRM SystemIJMTST Journal
This project presents the switched reluctance motor (SRM) with hybrid renewable system. Switched
Reluctance Motors (SRM) has a wide range of industrial applications because of their advantages over
conventional AC/DC Drives. This is due to simple construction, ruggedness and inexpensive manufacturing
potential. Various methods have used and applied to control SRM speed generally, the PV-fed EV has a
similar structure to the hybrid electrical vehicle, whose internal combustion engine(ICE) is replaced by the
hybrid system. A hybrid energy system, or hybrid power, usually consists of two or more renewable energy
sources used together to provide increased system efficiency as well as greater balance in energy supply.
The PV has different characteristics to ICEs, the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) and solar energy
utilization are the unique factors for the PV-fed EVs. This matter is done by applying the proposed system to
a multi-objective function including both speed error and torque ripple. This controller is implemented for an
8/6, 4-kW SRM. In this paper to coordinate the PV panel, SRM and battery. Hybrid renewables applied in
Energy storage like battery technologies, superconducting magnetic energy, capacitors, compressed air and
pumped storage, seems to be an alternative method that the operator of an electrical power grid can use to
adapt energy production to energy consumption, both of which can vary randomly over time. The simulation
results confirm excellent dynamic performance, reduced torque ripple and current oscillation can be achieved
by using ANFIS
A survey on power management strategies of hybrid energy systems in microgrid IJECEIAES
The power generation through renewable energy resources is increasing vastly, Solar energy and Wind Energy are the most abundantly available renewable energy resources. The growth of small scale distributed grid networks increasing rapidly in the modern power systems and Distributed Generation (DG) plays a predominant role. Microgrid is one among the emerging techniques in power systems. Power Management is mainly required to have control over the real and reactive power of individual DG and for smooth operation, maintaining stability and reliability. This paper presents a survey of the research works already reported focusing on power management of hybrid energy systems such as mainly solar and wind systems in microgrid. Six different approaches have been studied in detail for AC, DC and hybrid AC/DC microgrid.
Electric vehicle (EV) charging station powered by the scattered energy sources with DC Nanogrid (NG) provides an option for uninterrupted charging. The NG powered by the renewable energy sources (RES) of photovoltaic (PV) and wind energy. When the excess power produced by the renewable energy stored in the local energy storage unit (ESU) utilized during shortage power from the renewable sources. During the overloading of NG and demand of energy in ESU; the mobile charging station (MCS) provides an uninterrupted charging. The MCS provides an option for battery swapping and vehicle to grid feasibility. The MCS required to monitor the state of charge (SOC) and state of health (SOH) of the battery. Monitoring of SOC and SOH related to the various battery parameters like voltage, current and temperature. A laboratory prototype is developed and tested the practical possibility of EV to NG and Internet of things (IoT) based monitoring of battery parameters.
Distributed energy resources (DERs) are a solution for many challenges in the electric power grid. Primary drivers of their adoption include an aging infrastructure (requiring significant capital expenditure), capacity constraints where traditional utility upgrades may not be feasible or economical, and localized demands on utility distribution infrastructure (due to customer choice to add solar photovoltaic (PV), energy storage, or electric vehicles). The operational profile of these technologies, when observed as a collective group, are often characterized by random load/generation profiles which can create disturbances in supply voltage and power quality, ultimately impacting the safety and reliability of power delivery.
One of the prominent sources of renewable energy in widespread use is solar photovoltaic (PV) power generation. The high penetration of PV based DERs is threatening the reliability of power delivery due to intermittency (result of cloud coverage) and lack of temporal coincidence of maximum production with peak load. Energy storage is one way to address this problem.
Grid Integration of Large PV Power Systems Using HVDC LinkIJERA Editor
This paper explores the interconnection of large scale Photo-Voltaic (PV) systems to the grid though a High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) link. HVDC link is recently utilized for transmission lines longer than 50 km. It is usually utilized to interconnect two asynchronous grids with the same or different frequencies while avoiding stability disturbances greatly. A suitable Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) techniques is employed to control the performance of the integrated PV system. The system of the HVDC link has two 12-pulse converter using thyristor-bridges. The delay and the extinction angles at the rectifier and the inverter units control the flow and the quantity of the transmitted power from the PV system into the grid. Fixed capacitors and filters are used to provide the AC side with the required reactive power and reduce the harmonic contents. For evaluation purposes, different simulation investigations are carried out with a detailed modeling using the MATLAB. These tests corroborate the efficacy of HVDC link for integrating large PV systems to electrical grids
Human population of the world and its Electrical
power demand is increasing day by day. The available fossil
fuel energy resources are being depleted day by day. So it is a
wise decision to absorb the natural renewable energy
resources. Among the other natural resources, solar energy is
also a precious available energy source. In Pakistan abundance
solar energy can be easily extracted.
In this research work, impacts of solar generation system are
analyzed while integrated with 11kV radial distribution feeder.
PV system is integrated with feeder in three different ways by
using SINCAL software and its impacts in terms of the power
loss, voltage profile and short circuit level are analyzed. When
PV system is integrated with HT side it results negligible
increment in voltage, no change in LT losses, negligible
decrement in HT losses and no change in short circuit level.
When PV system is connected with LT bus-bar of each
transformer, there is significant increment in voltage, small
decrement in LT losses, significant decrement in HT losses and
smaller increment in short circuit level. When PV system is
connected with each load, there is significant increment in
voltage, large decrement in LT losses, significant decrement in
HT losses and smaller increment in short circuit level.
Modeling, Control and Power Management Strategy of a Grid connected Hybrid En...IJECEIAES
This paper presents the detailed modeling of various components of a grid connected hybrid energy system (HES) consisting of a photovoltaic (PV) system, a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC), an electrolyzer and a hydrogen storage tank with a power flow controller. Also, a valve controlled by the proposed controller decides how much amount of fuel is consumed by fuel cell according to the load demand. In this paper fuel cell is used instead of battery bank because fuel cell is free from pollution. The control and power management strategies are also developed. When the PV power is sufficient then it can fulfill the load demand as well as feeds the extra power to the electrolyzer. By using the electrolyzer, the hydrogen is generated from the water and stored in storage tank and this hydrogen act as a fuel to SOFC. If the availability of the power from the PV system cannot fulfill the load demand, then the fuel cell fulfills the required load demand. The SOFC takes required amount of hydrogen as fuel, which is controlled by the PID controller through a valve. Effectiveness of this technology is verified by the help of computer simulations in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment under various loading conditions and promising results are obtained.
Stand-alone Hybrid systems become appreciating issues that ensure the required electricity to consumers. The development of a stand-alone Hybrid system becomes a necessity for multiple applications The enhance energy security. To achieve this objective, we have proposed an accurate dynamic model using Multi-Agent System (MAS) in which a solar energy System (SES) serves as the main load supply, an energy Backup System (ERS) is based on a fuel cell and Electrolyzer for long-term energy storage and an Ultra Capacitor (UCap) storage system deployed as a short-time storage. To cooperate with all systems, an Intelligent Power Management (IPM) based on a specific MAS is included. Thus, to prove the performance of the system, we tested and simulated it using the Matlab/Simulink environment.
ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR CRITICAL LOADS USING POWER ELECTRONICSrenukasningadally
The work aims at an Energy Management System (EMS) for Critical loads using Power Electronics. Here hybrid power sources (Grid and Solar cells) with battery have been used to supply the power to the critical loads at all times, suppose an end user increases his critical loads or non-critical loads this EMS system helps to maintain continuous power supply to these loads. Solar or Photovoltaic cells have been used for storing energy through battery and these batteries will discharge the stored energy at two conditions, one is when grid is shut down for short duration or for a long duration and another one is when there sudden increase in load by users
The voltage source inverters (VSI) are ever required section in the AC motor drive and power system interface. The electrical drive segment, the VSI based drives are unavoidable and they are closely operated with induction motor, permanent magnate synchronous motor and BLDC motor. These drives are normally needed high torque-power characters. Hence, the input DC-link side voltage is increased with help of increasing input AC in the rectifier input. However, this causes the power quality disturbance in the AC main and DC-link. In order to go for a increasing the AC voltage, the rectifier out is connected with DC to DC boost converter and they are increasing the DC voltage to meet out the drive DC-link voltage demand. With this aim, the paper proposes the idea to connect high step non-isolated high gain coupled DC to DC converter with three phase VSI for drives applications. The proposed converter has an ability to increase the voltage five times and the counter winding arrangement ratio of the converter is help for the further increase of gain. Inn this interface the front end DC to DC converters inductors are charged by making the short circuit with inverter switching. The converter voltage gain is controlled by shoot through of the VSI switch (converter gain directly proportional to inverter shoot through). The proposed converter has a higher degree of freedom in their values of winding and output voltage. Hence, the DC-link voltage of the inverter can be extended in any level. The operation principle and modes of the proposed DC to DC Source tied VSI is analyzed and simulated using MATLAB-Simulink software simulation. The laboratory based small scale power circuit is developed with help of control algorithm. The entire implementation is done through PIC microcontroller platform. The deign Investigation, system simulation and experimentation confirming the proposed DC to DC converter tied VSI drive system.
Control of Battery Charger for Electric VehiclesIJAEMSJORNAL
The increasing environmental pollution caused by fossil fuel emissions from vehicles using internal combustion engines has spurred the development of electric vehicles. The power sources for the electric vehicles to operate are often stored in different types of batteries with different charging requirements. Most batteries are charged from the grid sources through AC/DC converters for charging battery packs. An effective charging system usually consists of a rectifier and a dual-active bridge (DAB). A typical controller consists of the control of DC bus, PFC (power factor correction), constant voltage (CV), and constant current (CC) for the battery. However, most conventional chargers only regulate the voltage or current of the battery when charging. These types are mainly suitable for lead acid types and the power factor correction has not been considered. Meanwhile, new generation battery packs as lithium-ion batteries require charge of CC at first. When the battery charging voltage reaches a certain voltage threshold, then switch to the mode of CV charge. Basing on the analysis of the battery charging requirements of electric vehicles, this paper presents a battery charger control solution with capability of CC and CV control as well as high power factor. The simulation results on MATLAB/Simulink have validated the effectiveness of the presented method.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Power quality disturbance mitigation in grid connected photovoltaic distribu...IJECEIAES
In the last twenty years, electric vehicles have gained significant popularity in domestic transportation. The introduction of fast charging technology forecasts increased the use of plug-in hybrid electric vehicle and electric vehicles (PHEVs). Reduced total harmonic distortion (THD) is essential for a distributed power generation system during the electric vehicle (EV) power penetration. This paper develops a combined controller for synchronizing photovoltaic (PV) to the grid and bidirectional power transfer between EVs and the grid. With grid synchronization of PV power generation, this paper uses two control loops. One controls EV battery charging and the other mitigates power quality disturbances. On the grid connected converter, a multicarrier space vector pulse width modulation approach (12-switch,
three-phase inverter) is used to mitigate power quality disturbances. A Simulink model for the PV-EV-grid setup has been developed, for evaluating voltage and current THD percentages under linear and non-linear and PHEV load conditions and finding that the THD values are well within the IEEE 519 standards
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Grid reactive voltage regulation and cost optimization for electric vehicle p...nooriasukmaningtyas
Expecting large electric vehicle (EV) usage in the future due to environmental issues, state subsidies, and incentives, the impact of EV charging on the power grid is required to be closely analyzed and studied for power quality, stability, and planning of infrastructure. When a large number of energy storage batteries are connected to the grid as a capacitive load the power factor of the power grid is inevitably reduced, causing power losses and voltage instability. In this work large-scale 18K EV charging model is implemented on IEEE 33 network. Optimization methods are described to search for the location of nodes that are affected most due to EV charging in terms of power losses and voltage instability of the network. Followed by optimized reactive power injection magnitude and time duration of reactive power at the identified nodes. It is shown that power losses are reduced and voltage stability is improved in the grid, which also complements the reduction in EV charging cost. The result will be useful for EV charging stations infrastructure planning, grid stabilization, and reducing EV charging costs.
This system is designed to prevent green house effect caused due to the burning of fossil fuel and reduce pollution for the environment. The designing, construction and implementation of the Solar and Electric Powered Hybrid Vehicle SEPHV are expressed in this paper. The power supply of the SEPHV can be charged by the solar and normal AC power source too. In this system, the series combination of 12V six lead acid batteries is used for the driving motor power supply 40~60V DC . The 50W six solar panels are used for charging each of batteries. The charge controller is designed to be the supply batteries with the minimum amount charge possible and to protect from overcharge by the solar panels as well as over discharge by the driving motor. In this SEPHV, wireless message display system is also designed by Arduino software. The weight of the car without load is 300kg. As the results, this SEPHV is capable of accommodating at least four persons 250kg with an average speed of 57km hr. By using this, we can be able to reduce the all kind pollutions and fuel economy. Ma Naing | May Thwe Oo | New Nwe Oo ""Solar and Electric Powered Hybrid Vehicle"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd24038.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/24038/solar-and-electric-powered-hybrid-vehicle/ma-naing
Simulation of various DC-DC converters for photovoltaic systemIJECEIAES
This work explains the comparison of various dc-dc converters for photovoltaic systems. In recent day insufficient energy and continues increasing in fuel cost, exploration on renewable energy system becomes more essential. For high and medium power applications, high input source from renewable systems like photovoltaic and wind energy system turn into difficult one, which leads to increase of cost for installation process. So the generated voltage from PV system is boosted with help various boost converter depends on the applications. Here the various converters are like boost converter, buck converter, buck-boost converter, cuk converter, sepic converter and zeta converter are analysed for photovoltaic system, which are verified using matlab / simulink.
Similar to Implementation of quasi-z source inverter for grid connected PV based charging station of electric vehicle (20)
The aim of this research is the speed tracking of the permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) using an intelligent Neural-Network based adapative backstepping control. First, the model of PMSM in the Park synchronous frame is derived. Then, the PMSM speed regulation is investigated using the classical method utilizing the field oriented control theory. Thereafter, a robust nonlinear controller employing an adaptive backstepping strategy is investigated in order to achieve a good performance tracking objective under motor parameters changing and external load torque application. In the final step, a neural network estimator is integrated with the adaptive controller to estimate the motor parameters values and the load disturbance value for enhancing the effectiveness of the adaptive backstepping controller. The robsutness of the presented control algorithm is demonstrated using simulation tests. The obtained results clearly demonstrate that the presented NN-adaptive control algorithm can provide good trackingperformances for the speed trackingin the presence of motor parameter variation and load application.
This paper presents a fast and accurate fault detection, classification and direction discrimination algorithm of transmission lines using one-dimensional convolutional neural networks (1D-CNNs) that have ingrained adaptive model to avoid the feature extraction difficulties and fault classification into one learning algorithm. A proposed algorithm is directly usable with raw data and this deletes the need of a discrete feature extraction method resulting in more effective protective system. The proposed approach based on the three-phase voltages and currents signals of one end at the relay location in the transmission line system are taken as input to the proposed 1D-CNN algorithm. A 132kV power transmission line is simulated by Matlab simulink to prepare the training and testing data for the proposed 1D- CNN algorithm. The testing accuracy of the proposed algorithm is compared with other two conventional methods which are neural network and fuzzy neural network. The results of test explain that the new proposed detection system is efficient and fast for classifying and direction discrimination of fault in transmission line with high accuracy as compared with other conventional methods under various conditions of faults.
Among the most widespread renewable energy sources is solar energy; Solar panels offer a green, clean, and environmentally friendly source of energy. In the presence of several advantages of the use of photovoltaic systems, the random operation of the photovoltaic generator presents a great challenge, in the presence of a critical load. Among the most used solutions to overcome this problem is the combination of solar panels with generators or with the public grid or both. In this paper, an energy management strategy is proposed with a safety aspect by using artificial neural networks (ANNs), in order to ensure a continuous supply of electricity to consumers with a maximum solicitation of renewable energy.
In this paper, the artificial neural network (ANN) has been utilized for rotating machinery faults detection and classification. First, experiments were performed to measure the lateral vibration signals of laboratory test rigs for rotor-disk-blade when the blades are defective. A rotor-disk-blade system with 6 regular blades and 5 blades with various defects was constructed. Second, the ANN was applied to classify the different x- and y-axis lateral vibrations due to different blade faults. The results based on training and testing with different data samples of the fault types indicate that the ANN is robust and can effectively identify and distinguish different blade faults caused by lateral vibrations in a rotor. As compared to the literature, the present paper presents a novel work of identifying and classifying various rotating blade faults commonly encountered in rotating machines using ANN. Experimental data of lateral vibrations of the rotor-disk-blade system in both x- and y-directions are used for the training and testing of the network.
This paper focuses on the artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm, which is a nonlinear optimization problem. is proposed to find the optimal power flow (OPF). To solve this problem, we will apply the ABC algorithm to a power system incorporating wind power. The proposed approach is applied on a standard IEEE-30 system with wind farms located on different buses and with different penetration levels to show the impact of wind farms on the system in order to obtain the optimal settings of control variables of the OPF problem. Based on technical results obtained, the ABC algorithm is shown to achieve a lower cost and losses than the other methods applied, while incorporating wind power into the system, high performance would be gained.
The significance of the solar energy is to intensify the effectiveness of the Solar Panel with the use of a primordial solar tracking system. Here we propounded a solar positioning system with the use of the global positioning system (GPS) , artificial neural network (ANN) and image processing (IP) . The azimuth angle of the sun is evaluated using GPS which provide latitude, date, longitude and time. The image processing used to find sun image through which centroid of sun is calculated and finally by comparing the centroid of sun with GPS quadrate to achieve optimum tracking point. Weather conditions and situation observed through AI decision making with the help of IP algorithms. The presented advance adaptation is analyzed and established via experimental effects which might be made available on the memory of the cloud carrier for systematization. The proposed system improve power gain by 59.21% and 10.32% compare to stable system (SS) and two-axis solar following system (TASF) respectively. The reduced tracking error of IoT based Two-axis solar following system (IoT-TASF) reduces their azimuth angle error by 0.20 degree.
Kosovo has limited renewable energy resources and its power generation sector is based on fossil fuels. Such a situation emphasizes the importance of active research and efficient use of renewable energy potential. According to the analysis of meteorological data for Kosovo, it can be concluded that among the most attractive potential wind power sites are the locations known as Kitka (42° 29' 41" N and 21° 36' 45" E) and Koznica (42° 39′ 32″ N, 21° 22′30″E). The two terrains in which the analysis was carried out are mountain areas, with altitudes of 1142 m (Kitka) and 1230 m (Koznica). the same measuring height, about 84 m above the ground, is obtained for these average wind speeds: Kitka 6,667 m/s and Koznica 6,16 m/s. Since the difference in wind speed is quite large versus a difference in altitude that is not being very large, analyses are made regarding the terrain characteristics including the terrain relief features. In this paper it will be studied how much the roughness of the terrain influences the output energy. Also, that the assumption to be taken the same as to how much they will affect the annual energy produced.
Large-scale grid-tied photovoltaic (PV) station are increasing rapidly. However, this large penetration of PV system creates frequency fluctuation in the grid due to the intermittency of solar irradiance. Therefore, in this paper, a robust droop control mechanism of the battery energy storage system (BESS) is developed in order to damp the frequency fluctuation of the multi-machine grid system due to variable active power injected from the PV panel. The proposed droop control strategy incorporates frequency error signal and dead-band for effective minimization of frequency fluctuation. The BESS system is used to consume/inject an effective amount of active power based upon the frequency oscillation of the grid system. The simulation analysis is carried out using PSCAD/EMTDC software to prove the effectiveness of the proposed droop control-based BESS system. The simulation result implies that the proposed scheme can efficiently curtail the frequency oscillation.
This study investigates experimentally the performance of two-dimensional solar tracking systems with reflector using commercial silicon based photovoltaic module, with open and closed loop control systems. Different reflector materials were also investigated. The experiments were performed at the Hashemite University campus in Zarqa at a latitude of 32⁰, in February and March. Photovoltaic output power and performance were analyzed. It was found that the modified photovoltaic module with mirror reflector generated the highest value of power, while the temperature reached a maximum value of 53 ̊ C. The modified module suggested in this study produced 5% more PV power than the two-dimensional solar tracking systems without reflector and produced 12.5% more PV power than the fixed PV module with 26⁰ tilt angle.
This paper focuses on the modeling and control of a wind energy conversion chain using a permanent magnet synchronous machine. This system behaves a turbine, a generator, DC/DC and DC/AC power converters. These are connected on both sides to the DC bus, where the inverter is followed by a filter which is connected to the grid. In this paper, we have been used two types of controllers. For the stator side converter, we consider the Takagi-Sugeno approach where the parameters of controller have been computed by the theory of linear matrix inequalities. The stability synthesis has been checked using the Lyapunov theory. According to the grid side converter, the proportional integral controller is exploited to keep a constant voltage on the DC bus and control both types of powers. The simulation results demonstrate the robustness of the approach used.
The development of modeling wind speed plays a very important in helping to obtain the actual wind speed data for the benefit of the power plant planning in the future. The wind speed in this paper is obtained from a PCE-FWS 20 type measuring instrument with a duration of 30 minutes which is accumulated into monthly data for one year (2019). Despite the many wind speed modeling that has been done by researchers. Modeling wind speeds proposed in this study were obtained from the modified Rayleigh distribution. In this study, the Rayleigh scale factor (Cr) and modified Rayleigh scale factor (Cm) were calculated. The observed wind speed is compared with the predicted wind characteristics. The data fit test used correlation coefficient (R2), root means square error (RMSE), and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE). The results of the proposed modified Rayleigh model provide very good results for users.
This paper deals with an advanced design for a pump powered by solar energyto supply agricultural lands with water and also the maximum power point is used to extract the maximum value of the energy available inside the solar panels and comparing between techniques MPPT such as Incremental conductance, perturb & observe, fractional short current circuit, and fractional open voltage circuit to find the best technique among these. The solar system is designed with main parts: photovoltaic (PV) panel, direct current/direct current (DC/DC) converter, inverter, filter, and in addition, the battery is used to save energy in the event that there is an increased demand for energy and not to provide solar radiation, as well as saving energy in the case of generation more than demand. This work was done using the matrix laboratory (MATLAB) simulink program.
The objective of this paper is to provide an overview of the current state of renewable energy resources in Bangladesh, as well as to examine various forms of renewable energies in order to gain a comprehensive understanding of how to address Bangladesh's power crisis issues in a sustainable manner. Electricity is currently the most useful kind of energy in Bangladesh. It has a substantial influence on a country's socioeconomic standing and living standards. Maintaining a stable source of energy at a cost that is affordable to everyone has been a constant battle for decades. Bangladesh is blessed with a wealth of natural resources. Bangladesh has a huge opportunity to accelerate its economic development while increasing energy access, livelihoods, and health for millions of people in a sustainable way due to the renewable energy system.
When the irradiance distribution over the photovoltaic panels is uniform, the pursuit of the maximum power point is not reached, which has allowed several researchers to use traditional MPPT techniques to solve this problem Among these techniques a PSO algorithm is used to have the maximum global power point (GMPPT) under partial shading. On the other hand, this one is not reliable vis-à-vis the pursuit of the MPPT. Therefore, in this paper we have treated another technique based on a new modified PSO algorithm so that the power can reach its maximum point. The PSO algorithm is based on the heuristic method which guarantees not only the obtaining of MPPT but also the simplicity of control and less expensive of the system. The results are obtained using MATLAB show that the proposed modified PSO algorithm performs better than conventional PSO and is robust to different partial shading models.
A stable operation of wind turbines connected to the grid is an essential requirement to ensure the reliability and stability of the power system. To achieve such operational objective, installing static synchronous compensator static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) as a main compensation device guarantees the voltage stability enhancement of the wind farm connected to distribution network at different operating scenarios. STATCOM either supplies or absorbs reactive power in order to ensure the voltage profile within the standard-margins and to avoid turbine tripping, accordingly. This paper present new study that investigates the most suitable-location to install STATCOM in a distribution system connected wind farm to maintain the voltage-levels within the stability margins. For a large-scale squirrel cage induction generator squirrel-cage induction generator (SCIG-based) wind turbine system, the impact of STATCOM installation was tested in different places and voltage-levels in the distribution system. The proposed method effectiveness in enhancing the voltage profile and balancing the reactive power is validated, the results were repeated for different scenarios of expected contingencies. The voltage profile, power flow, and reactive power balance of the distribution system are observed using MATLAB/Simulink software.
The electrical and environmental parameters of polymer solar cells (PSC) provide important information on their performance. In the present article we study the influence of temperature on the voltage-current (I-V) characteristic at different temperatures from 10 °C to 90 °C, and important parameters like bandgap energy Eg, and the energy conversion efficiency η. The one-diode electrical model, normally used for semiconductor cells, has been tested and validated for the polemeral junction. The PSC used in our study are formed by the poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and [6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM). Our technique is based on the combination of two steps; the first use the Least Mean Squares (LMS) method while the second use the Newton-Raphson algorithm. The found results are compared to other recently published works, they show that the developed approach is very accurate. This precision is proved by the minimal values of statistical errors (RMSE) and the good agreement between both the experimental data and the I-V simulated curves. The obtained results show a clear and a monotonic dependence of the cell efficiency on the studied parameters.
The inverter is the principal part of the photovoltaic (PV) systems that assures the direct current/alternating current (DC/AC) conversion (PV array is connected directly to an inverter that converts the DC energy produced by the PV array into AC energy that is directly connected to the electric utility). In this paper, we present a simple method for detecting faults that occurred during the operation of the inverter. These types of faults or faults affect the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of the photovoltaic system, especially the inverter, which is the main component responsible for the conversion. Hence, we have shown first the faults obtained in the case of the short circuit. Second, the open circuit failure is studied. The results demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method. Good monitoring and detection of faults in the inverter can increase the system's reliability and decrease the undesirable faults that appeared in the PV system. The system behavior is tested under variable parameters and conditions using MATLAB/Simulink.
The electrical distribution network is undergoing tremendous modifications with the introduction of distributed generation technologies which have led to an increase in fault current levels in the distribution network. Fault current limiters have been developed as a promising technology to limit fault current levels in power systems. Though, quite a number of fault current limiters have been developed; the most common are the superconducting fault current limiters, solid-state fault current limiters, and saturated core fault current limiters. These fault current limiters present potential fault current limiting solutions in power systems. Nevertheless, they encounter various challenges hindering their deployment and commercialization. This research aimed at designing a bridge-type nonsuperconducting fault current limiter with a novel topology for distribution network applications. The proposed bridge-type nonsuperconducting fault current limiter was designed and simulated using PSCAD/EMTDC. Simulation results showed the effectiveness of the proposed design in fault current limiting, voltage sag compensation during fault conditions, and its ability not to affect the load voltage and current during normal conditions as well as in suppressing the source powers during fault conditions. Simulation results also showed very minimal power loss by the fault current limiter during normal conditions.
This paper provides a new approach to reducing high-order harmonics in 400 Hz inverter using a three-level neutral-point clamped (NPC) converter. A voltage control loop using the harmonic compensation combined with NPC clamping diode control technology. The capacitor voltage imbalance also causes harmonics in the output voltage. For 400 Hz inverter, maintain a balanced voltage between the two input (direct current) (DC) capacitors is difficult because the pulse width modulation (PWM) modulation frequency ratio is low compared to the frequency of the output voltage. A method of determining the current flowing into the capacitor to control the voltage on the two balanced capacitors to ensure fast response reversal is also given in this paper. The combination of a high-harmonic resonator controller and a neutral-point voltage controller working together on the 400 Hz NPC inverter structure is given in this paper.
Direct current (DC) electronic load is a useful equipment for testing the electrical system. It can emulate various load at a high rating. The electronic load requires a power converter to operate and a linear regulator is a common option. Nonetheless, it is hard to control due to the temperature variation. This paper proposed a DC electronic load using the boost converter. The proposed electronic load operates in the continuous current mode and control using the integral controller. The electronic load using the boost converter is compared with the electronic load using the linear regulator. The results show that the boost converter able to operate as an electronic load with an error lower than 0.5% and response time lower than 13 ms.
More from International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (20)
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
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Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
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Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
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367
up the system, etc. Hence, the system anyhow needs to be connected to the power grid to maintain a smooth
operation of the system.
The methods that are widely used these days make use of a DC bus for power sharing and vehicle
charging as the output produced by the PV panel is also DC power. Hence integration of PV panels and DC
bus is an easy operation as depicted in [1], [2]. The various power sources that are available may be in
various forms such as the utility grid, renewable power sources such as solar panel and wind turbine
generator and DC energy storage units such as batteries. The integration of the entire system requires a lot of
AC-DC rectifiers, DC-AC inverters and DC-DC converters to finally convert the energy into usable form.
Then, before finally feeding power to the vehicle batteries from the DC bus, another DC-DC converter has to
be employed so as to match the battery specifications of the vehicle. All these numerous stage conversions
lead to increased system complexity, increased cost and size, and finally reduce the efficiency of the system.
This finally opposes the goal of cost reduction for the utility service provider.
The quasi-Z-source inverter (qZSI) [3], [4] which has been created from the conventional Z source
inverter (ZSI) [4] has various advantages for its usage in a Solar PV inverter system. The quasi-Z-source
inverter uses the shoot through the state to boost the DC voltage by gating, both its switches on the same leg
and hence produce a higher voltage as compared to the available voltage. This arrangement is more reliable
as it prevents migrating and hence saving the circuit from getting short circuited. Hence it provides single
stage DC-DC-AC conversion, further reducing the number of components also giving a higher DC-DC boost
capability with lower cost as compared to a conventional voltage source inverter (VSI). When the PV source
is the alternative source of energy, the energy storage capability is one of the significant elements in the
electric vehicle charging station infrastructure. In order to reduce the dependence on the grid for energy, the
extra energy from the PV system is stored. In relation to quasi ZSI, there are basically two options for the
installation of battery storage to the circuit. This can be seen as proposed in [5]-[11]. However, connecting
the battery directly across the capacitor leads to the requirement of designing the battery voltage at a higher
value in the series in order to integrate the operating range of the PV terminal and the DC link voltage about
the inverter switch. Since the charging voltage required by the vehicle varies according to the car
manufacturer, a storage system with more flexibility is demanded.
The management of the bi-directional battery storage can be extended to be adapted in the concept
of charging station for the electric vehicle. The system feasibility is proved by carrying out verification with
MATLAB simulation and on the basis of the result, the proposed design passes the feasibility test. Further,
the hardware of the proposed system is fabricated and verified through practical application.
2. CIRCUIT ANALYSIS OF QZSI INVERTER
A traditional voltage fed ZSI and the proposed qZSI are shown in Figures 1 and 2 respectively. The
qZSI has two types of operating states similar to the traditional ZSI. These are (i) Non-shoot-through state
and (ii) Shoot through the state. In the non-shoot through the state, the inverter bridge acts as a current source
from the DC side. In the traditional VSI, the shoot through the state is forbidden as it causes the short circuit
of the voltage source and also damages the device. In order to allow the shoot through the state, the operation
of the circuit is modified by connecting a unique network of LC and diode to the inverter bridge in the qZSI
and ZSI. On the occurrence of shoot through, the proposed network helps in protecting the circuit from
damage and the DC link voltage is boosted by the quasi-Z-source network using the shoot through the state.
Figure 1. Equivalent circuit of shoot through state Figure 2. Equivalent circuit of non-shoot
through state
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368
3. VEHICLE CHARGING STATION
The electric vehicle charging station having 680V DC bus, which is connected to the backup battery
parallelly as shown in Figure 3. Also, the charger 1-4 consist of buck converter (DC-DC) which delivers the
energy requirement to the vehicle during the charging process. In order to control the current delivered to the
EV battery, a controller used inside the buck converter (DC-DC). This controller is used to vary the current
based on the time required to obtain a certain level of SoC [12]. Flow chart of charging mode of operation as
shown in Figure 4.
Figure 3. Overall MATLAB circuit diagram for bidirectional vehicle charging station using
qZSI PV inverter
3.1. Modes of operation
The 3 major parameters which define the mode of operation of the system are:
a. PV array output power (Ppv)
b. Charging vechicle battery power demand (Pcharge)
c. SoC of the storage battery
The flowchart depicting the power management of the system as shown in Figure 6 can be
summarized as follows:
a. Mode 1: When the output of the PV panel is sufficient enough to meet the load demand, the load is
fed directly from the PV power. The storage battery is also charged in this mode.
b. Mode 2: When the PV plant output low and is not sufficient to meet the load demand, but the SoC
of the storage battery is sufficient, the storage battery goes into discharging mode and supports the
PV output in meeting the load demand.
c. Mode 3: When the output from the PV panel is low and the SoC of the storage battery is also low,
the Grid power used to meet the load demand.
4. Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694
Implementation of quasi-z source inverter for grid connected pv based charging station of ... (Sattianadan)
369
Figure 4. Flow chart of charging mode of operation
4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
In order to verify the workability of the proposed design, the same design simulated in MATLAB
Simulink. Because of the memory constraint of the computer, simulation is conducted for 10 sec. One
simulation can only show 2 modes of operation at a time. Hence, the simulation is carried out twice in order
to analyze all the 3 operating modes. Figure 5 shows the output power of the PV module. It depends directly
on the step irradiation that is given to the panel. The irradiation is varied from 1000W/m2
to 100W/m2
in
steps. Hence, the output power also decreases accordingly. As shown in Figure 6, from 0s to 2s, when the
output of the PV panel is sufficient enough to meet the load demand (Mode 1), both the storage battery as
well as the load battery gets charged. From 2s to 8s, when the PV panel output is not enough to meet the load
demand, but the SOC of the storage battery is high (Mode 2), the load batteries are charged from the storage
battery, hence the storage battery begins to discharge whereas the load batteries still charge, but at a slower
rate. From 8s to 10s, the output of the PV panel increases again and the system operates in Mode 1. With the
reference of Figure 7, from 0s to 6s, when the output power of the PV panel is low and the SoC of the storage
battery is also low, the system operates in Mode 3 and the load batteries draw power from the grid whereas
the storage battery remains disconnected. Hence, the SoC of the storage battery remains constant throughout,
whereas the source of the load battery increases. From 6s to 10s, the output of the PV panel increases, hence
the system switches back to Mode 1.
Figure 5. Power output of PV panel
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Figure 6. SoC of batteries in mode 1 and 2
Figure 7. SoC of batteries in Mode 3
Figure 8 depicts various waveforms of the storage battery while operating in various modes. In
Mode 1, from 0s to 2s, when the storage battery is charging, the SoC of the battery increases. The current in
the battery is negative, which means that the current is entering into the battery. The voltage of the battery
also increases at the same time. In Mode 2, from 2s to 8s, when the battery begins to discharge, the SoC of
the battery begins to drop, whereas the current becomes positive which means that the current is being drawn
from the battery. The voltage of the battery also begins to drop and after 8s, the battery again operates in
mode 1. Figure 9 depicts various waveforms of the load battery while operating in various modes. In Mode 1,
from 0s to 2s, when the output of the PV panel is high, the SoC of the load battery increases. The current in
the battery is negative, which means that the current is entering into the battery. The voltage of the battery
also increases at the same time. In Mode 2, from 2s to 8s, when the power from the PV panel becomes low,
the SoC of the battery still increases, but at a slower rate as compared to that in Mode 1. The current remains
negative, which means that the current is still being fed to the load battery. The voltage of the battery also
continues to rise. After 8s, the battery again operates in mode 1. Figure 10 depicts the various waveforms of
the storage battery when it operates in Mode 3. As the power is drawn from the grid in mode 3, the storage
battery remains disconnected from the system. Hence, the SoC, current as well as the voltage remains
constant till the system switches back to Mode 1 after 6s. Figure 11 depicts the various waveforms of the load
battery when it operates in Mode 3. As the power is drawn from the grid in mode 3, the load battery
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continues to charge. Hence, the source increases and current remain negative. The voltage also increases with
time. The system switches back to Mode 1 after 6s.
Figure 8. Waveforms of storage battery
Figure 9. Waveforms of Load battery
Figure 10. Waveforms of storage battery in Mode 3
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Figure 11. Waveforms of Load battery in Mode 3
Figure 12 describes the hardware implementation of the proposed circuit. It also has terminals for a
storage battery and 2 load batteries. Current is fed to the batteries through a battery controller circuit. It
consists of 2 Mosfets, one capacitor and one inductor which together form a circuit that is capable of acting
both as buck and boost converter. It acts as a buck converter during the charging operation of the battery. On
the other hand, it works as a boost converter during the discharging operation of the battery. The inverter part
consists of 6 Mosfets. It is also connected to a single-phase AC supply through a 230/12V single tap
transformer. Gate pulses are required for each of the mosfets used in the circuit. It is generated by a
microcontroller. The controller circuit consists of a microcontroller circuit which is powered from one of the
taps of a 230/12V 7 tap transformer through an IC7805 as the microcontroller runs on a constant 5V power
supply. The microprocessor takes feedback from the PV panel and SoC of the storage battery to generate the
clock signal for the Mosfets. The mosfets need a signal of at least 9V to perform the switching operation. But
the signal generated by the microcontroller is a 5V signal. Hence a driver circuit is required that may act as
an amplifier to amplify the 5V signal to 12V signal before feeding it to the mosfet. The driver circuit consists
of 8 numbers of IC TLP250, one for each of the mosfet. Each of them is powered from the 230/12V
transformer through a rectifier circuit. A capacitor is also put in the rectifier circuit that acts as a filter to
smoothen the supply being fed to the IC. Finally, the switching operation is done according to the mode in
which the system is working.
Figure. 12. Hardware Design
5. CONCLUSIONS
The efficient power management system using QZSI inverter is addressed in this paper. The result,
emphasis the bi-directional power flow between PV to grid and grid to PV with different voltages which
match the practical requirement. Modeling and control strategy have been developed for a better
understanding of the control strategy. Hardware implementation of the circuit has also been done
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successfully and is verified with the simulation results. The proposed model ensures faster charging of
electric vehicle and the portability of PV system makes charging station easily adaptable in smaller places.
The robust controller controls the bi-direction power flow PV to grid and grid to PV with different
operating voltages.
REFERENCES
[1] Du, Y., Zhou, X., Bai, S., Lukic, S. & Huang, A., "Review of nonisolated bi-directional DC-DC converters for
plug-in hybrid electric vehicle charge station application at municipal parking decks", Conference Proceedings -
IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition - APEC, pp. 1145-1151, 2010.
[2] Gamboa, G., Hamilton, C., Kerley, R., Elmes, S., Arias, A., Shen, J. & Batarseh, I., "Control strategy of a multi-
port, grid connected, direct-DC PV charging station for plug-in electric vehicles", IEEE Energy Conversion
Congress and Exposition, ECCE 2010 - Proceedings, pp. 1173-1177, 2010.
[3] Kristien Clement-Nyns, Edwin Haesen, “The Impact of Charging Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles on a Residential
Distribution Grid”, IEEE Transactions On Power Systems, vol. 25(1), pp-371-380, February 2010.
[4] Ge, B., Abu-Rub, H., Peng, F.Z., Lei, Q., De Almeida, A.T., Ferreira, F.J.T.E., Sun, D. & Liu, Y., "An energy-
stored quasi-Z-source inverter for application to photovoltaic power system", IEEE Transactions on Industrial
Electronics, vol. 60(10), pp. 4468-4481, 2013.
[5] Cintron-Rivera, J.G., Li, Y., Jiang, S. & Peng, F.Z., "Quasi-Z-Source inverter with energy storage for Photovoltaic
power generation systems", Conference Proceedings - IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition
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[6] Li, F. et al. 2011, "Quasi-Z source inverter with battery based PV power generation system", 2011 International
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[7] Liu, J., Jiang, S., Cao, D., Lu, X. & Peng, F.Z., "Sliding-mode control of quasi-Z-source inverter with battery for
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[8] Ge, B., Abu-Rub, H., Peng, F.Z., Lei, Q., De Almeida, A.T., Ferreira, F.J.T.E., Sun, D. & Liu, Y., "An energy-
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[9] Rasin, Z. & Rahman, M.F, "Design and simulation of quasi-Z source grid-connected PV inverter with battery
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[10] D. Sattianadan, V. Kalyanasundaram, S. Vidyasagar, Deepak Kumar Nayak, Roopam Jha, “Maximum Power Point
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Electronics and Drive System (IJPEDS), Vol. 8(4), pp. 1785~1792, December 2017.
[11] JonasTaverne, Firdaus Muhammad-Sukki, Ahmad Syahir Ayub,Nazmi Sellami, “ Design of Solar Powered
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[12] Qifang Chen, Student Member, Nian Liu, Member, Cungang Hu, Member, Lingfeng Wang and Jianhua Zhang,
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Appendix
DESIGN Parameter:
Parameters Values
1. PV Plant maximum power 5kWp Vmpp = 235.9 Impp = 21.36A
2. PV System bus voltage(DC) 680 Vave , 1124.1 Vpk
3. Switching frequency 10 kHz
4. Grid configuration
3-phase secondary network
415 Vrms (240 Vrms per phase)
5. Grid injection (AC power) 5kVA
6. Switching frequency 10 kHz
7. Standard / reference
AS4447 Grid Connection of Energy Systems via
Inveerters
IEEE 1547 Standard on Interconnecting Distibuted
Resources with Elec. Power Sys.
8. Storage battery capacity (Kwh/Ah) 96 kWh at 300V, 320 Ah
9. Traction Battery unit 24 kWh at 300V, 80 Ah
10. Controller DSP-30F2010
11. Driver TLP250 Input threshold current If=5mA
Supply current Icc= 11mA
Supply voltage Vcc= 10-35V
Output current Io= 1.5A
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up the system, etc. Hence, the system anyhow needs to be connected to the power grid to maintain a smooth
operation of the system.
The methods that are widely used these days make use of a DC bus for power sharing and vehicle
charging as the output produced by the PV panel is also DC power. Hence integration of PV panels and DC
bus is an easy operation as depicted in [1], [2]. The various power sources that are available may be in
various forms such as the utility grid, renewable power sources such as solar panel and wind turbine
generator and DC energy storage units such as batteries. The integration of the entire system requires a lot of
AC-DC rectifiers, DC-AC inverters and DC-DC converters to finally convert the energy into usable form.
Then, before finally feeding power to the vehicle batteries from the DC bus, another DC-DC converter has to
be employed so as to match the battery specifications of the vehicle. All these numerous stage conversions
lead to increased system complexity, increased cost and size, and finally reduce the efficiency of the system.
This finally opposes the goal of cost reduction for the utility service provider.
The quasi-Z-source inverter (qZSI) [3], [4] which has been created from the conventional Z source
inverter (ZSI) [4] has various advantages for its usage in a Solar PV inverter system. The quasi-Z-source
inverter uses the shoot through the state to boost the DC voltage by gating, both its switches on the same leg
and hence produce a higher voltage as compared to the available voltage. This arrangement is more reliable
as it prevents migrating and hence saving the circuit from getting short circuited. Hence it provides single
stage DC-DC-AC conversion, further reducing the number of components also giving a higher DC-DC boost
capability with lower cost as compared to a conventional voltage source inverter (VSI). When the PV source
is the alternative source of energy, the energy storage capability is one of the significant elements in the
electric vehicle charging station infrastructure. In order to reduce the dependence on the grid for energy, the
extra energy from the PV system is stored. In relation to quasi ZSI, there are basically two options for the
installation of battery storage to the circuit. This can be seen as proposed in [5]-[11]. However, connecting
the battery directly across the capacitor leads to the requirement of designing the battery voltage at a higher
value in the series in order to integrate the operating range of the PV terminal and the DC link voltage about
the inverter switch. Since the charging voltage required by the vehicle varies according to the car
manufacturer, a storage system with more flexibility is demanded.
The management of the bi-directional battery storage can be extended to be adapted in the concept
of charging station for the electric vehicle. The system feasibility is proved by carrying out verification with
MATLAB simulation and on the basis of the result, the proposed design passes the feasibility test. Further,
the hardware of the proposed system is fabricated and verified through practical application.
2. CIRCUIT ANALYSIS OF QZSI INVERTER
A traditional voltage fed ZSI and the proposed qZSI are shown in Figures 1 and 2 respectively. The
qZSI has two types of operating states similar to the traditional ZSI. These are (i) Non-shoot-through state
and (ii) Shoot through the state. In the non-shoot through the state, the inverter bridge acts as a current source
from the DC side. In the traditional VSI, the shoot through the state is forbidden as it causes the short circuit
of the voltage source and also damages the device. In order to allow the shoot through the state, the operation
of the circuit is modified by connecting a unique network of LC and diode to the inverter bridge in the qZSI
and ZSI. On the occurrence of shoot through, the proposed network helps in protecting the circuit from
damage and the DC link voltage is boosted by the quasi-Z-source network using the shoot through the state.
Figure 1. Equivalent circuit of shoot through state Figure 2. Equivalent circuit of non-shoot
through state](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)