Urban areas face many environmental problems due to high population density and lack of proper urban planning. Some of the key issues discussed are the development of slums due to migration of rural populations, improper management of solid waste leading to pollution, overexploitation of natural resources, lack of open spaces, and various types of pollution including air, noise, water pollution. Other problems discussed are violation of urban planning rules, water logging and drainage issues, high traffic problems, and increased temperatures due to urban heat island effect. The document uses Mumbai as a case study to highlight specific environmental issues affecting the city like shrinking mangroves, toxic air, pollution of lakes like Powai Lake, deaths of sea creatures, opposition to urban development plans,
Geographic Regions: by definition There three types of regions Formal regions are areas where a certain characteristic is found throughout. Functional regions consist of a central place and the surrounding places affected by it. Perceptual regions are defined by people’s attitudes and feelings about areas. 4.
URBAN BASICS
Urbanization and development: Historical Perspective
An Academic Presentation to BdevS, Center for Development Studies
Kathmamndu University
2014
Rajendra P Sharma
rpsharma@mailcity.com
Levels, Patterns and Trends of Urbanization (World)ShreemoyeeSaha1
1. What is Urbanization?
2. Levels of Urbanization in the World
3. Patterns of Urbanization in the World : Demographic Changes, Economic Development, Consumption Pattern, Urban Footprint.
4. Patterns of Urbanization in Asia.
5. Trends of Urbanization in the World : Past, Recent and Future Trends.
6. Timeline of Urbanization in the World (1950- 2050)
7. Projected Urban and Rural Population.
8. Urbanization and Sustainability.
Geographic Regions: by definition There three types of regions Formal regions are areas where a certain characteristic is found throughout. Functional regions consist of a central place and the surrounding places affected by it. Perceptual regions are defined by people’s attitudes and feelings about areas. 4.
URBAN BASICS
Urbanization and development: Historical Perspective
An Academic Presentation to BdevS, Center for Development Studies
Kathmamndu University
2014
Rajendra P Sharma
rpsharma@mailcity.com
Levels, Patterns and Trends of Urbanization (World)ShreemoyeeSaha1
1. What is Urbanization?
2. Levels of Urbanization in the World
3. Patterns of Urbanization in the World : Demographic Changes, Economic Development, Consumption Pattern, Urban Footprint.
4. Patterns of Urbanization in Asia.
5. Trends of Urbanization in the World : Past, Recent and Future Trends.
6. Timeline of Urbanization in the World (1950- 2050)
7. Projected Urban and Rural Population.
8. Urbanization and Sustainability.
The primary aim of studying settlement geography is to acquaint with the spatial and structural characteristics of human settlements under varied environmental conditions.
City region is a term in use since about 1950 by urbanists, economists and urban planners to mean a metropolitan area and hinterland, often having a shared administration. Typically, it denotes a city, conurbation or urban zone with multiple administrative districts, but sharing resources like a central business district , labour market and transport network such that it functions as a single unit.
the concept of city regions
stages of urban development
kcro dmh kansas city mo
liverpool city region
global city region
sheffield city region
cardiff city website
urban development models
gayathrysatheesanslieshare
ciity region ppt
Migration Theories
Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration
Zipf’s Gravity Model
Everett Lee’s Theory of Migration
Push-Pull hypothesis
Lewis-Fei-Ranis Model of Development
Todaro’s Model of Migration
Mobility Field Theory
This presentation is a follow-up to the presentation entitled "Migration". It is aimed at lower school students and is inadequate for students preparing for major examinations. It looks at what urbanization is and what causes it.
Natural resource planning is becoming increasingly important for utilities. In addition to social pressures for more sustainable business practices, it is an essential element of obtaining licenses for electric, hydroelectric, and transmission operations.
Proactive natural resource planning helps address a number of challenges facing utilities today including: increased environmental pressures, licensing requirements, relationships with external stakeholders, costs, and public goodwill. In this document, ScottMadden presents a brief overview of creating a natural resource plan using a structured process, standardized tools, defined decision rights, specific criteria, and analysis so companies can stay ahead of the curve.
My presentation on Urban Sprawl for Sustainability Information Solutions weekly call.
Urban Sprawl is a situation where large stores, groups of houses, etc. are built in an area around a city that formerly had a few people living in it.
The Report describes a cleanliness campaign named "Swachchhata" for Ahmedabad city. It mainly focuses on creating Swachchhata as a brand.It also describes the IMC campaign for the whole project.
The primary aim of studying settlement geography is to acquaint with the spatial and structural characteristics of human settlements under varied environmental conditions.
City region is a term in use since about 1950 by urbanists, economists and urban planners to mean a metropolitan area and hinterland, often having a shared administration. Typically, it denotes a city, conurbation or urban zone with multiple administrative districts, but sharing resources like a central business district , labour market and transport network such that it functions as a single unit.
the concept of city regions
stages of urban development
kcro dmh kansas city mo
liverpool city region
global city region
sheffield city region
cardiff city website
urban development models
gayathrysatheesanslieshare
ciity region ppt
Migration Theories
Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration
Zipf’s Gravity Model
Everett Lee’s Theory of Migration
Push-Pull hypothesis
Lewis-Fei-Ranis Model of Development
Todaro’s Model of Migration
Mobility Field Theory
This presentation is a follow-up to the presentation entitled "Migration". It is aimed at lower school students and is inadequate for students preparing for major examinations. It looks at what urbanization is and what causes it.
Natural resource planning is becoming increasingly important for utilities. In addition to social pressures for more sustainable business practices, it is an essential element of obtaining licenses for electric, hydroelectric, and transmission operations.
Proactive natural resource planning helps address a number of challenges facing utilities today including: increased environmental pressures, licensing requirements, relationships with external stakeholders, costs, and public goodwill. In this document, ScottMadden presents a brief overview of creating a natural resource plan using a structured process, standardized tools, defined decision rights, specific criteria, and analysis so companies can stay ahead of the curve.
My presentation on Urban Sprawl for Sustainability Information Solutions weekly call.
Urban Sprawl is a situation where large stores, groups of houses, etc. are built in an area around a city that formerly had a few people living in it.
The Report describes a cleanliness campaign named "Swachchhata" for Ahmedabad city. It mainly focuses on creating Swachchhata as a brand.It also describes the IMC campaign for the whole project.
The sewage is a wastewater generated from domestic activities including kitchen, bathroom, toilet & floor washing. Due to several reasons, the sewage may not be properly collected & treated in some urban centers.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
The Major Environmental Problems Related to Pollutionijtsrd
Pollution, also called environmental pollution, is the addition of any substance solid, liquid, or gas or any form of energy such as heat, sound, or radioactivity into the environment at a rapid rate of diffusion, dilution, decomposed, recycled, or stored in a harmless form. Pollution can take many forms the air we breathe, the water we drink, the soil we use to grow our food, the sparkling skies and even the noises we hear every day. , they can all contribute to health problems and may lead to low quality of life. Environmental pollution is one of the most serious global challenges. Wild type organisms have a slow degradation rate of hazardous substances. Currently, advanced molecular biology tools along with conventional approaches allow us to rapidly degrade or deposit hazardous materials from the atmosphere. In a developing country like India, the use of environmental standards as a decision making criterion should be properly evaluated. If the norms of developed countries apply in India, the cost would be much higher. Thus, the selected parameters should be suited to the economic condition of the country. Pseudomonas fluorescens and Haemophiluspa that were found in petrochemical waste disposal sites contaminated with phenanthrene, anthracene, fluorine, pyrene, and asenaphthene showed a 70 -100 drop in PAHs over 40 days. Dr. Renu Durgapal "The Major Environmental Problems Related to Pollution" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47696.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/zoology/47696/the-major-environmental-problems-related-to-pollution/dr-renu-durgapal
Phyto cover for Sanitary Landfill Sites: A brief reviewIJERA Editor
Landfill gases (LFG) are produced due to biodegradation of organic fraction of municipal solid waste (MSW) when water comes in contact with buried wastes. The conventional clay cover is still practiced to mitigate the percolation of water in landfills in India. Gas extraction systems in landfill for gas collection are used but are much expensive. Thus, “Phytocapping” technique can be one of the alternatives to mitigate landfill gases and to minimize percolation of water into the landfill. Indian plants with locally available soil and municipal solid waste can be tested for the purpose of methane mitigation, heavy metals remediation from leachate. Methane oxidation due to vegetation can be observed compared to non-vegetated landfill. Root zone methane concentrations can be monitored for the plant species
Phyto cover for Sanitary Landfill Sites: A brief reviewIJERA Editor
Landfill gases (LFG) are produced due to biodegradation of organic fraction of municipal solid waste (MSW) when water comes in contact with buried wastes. The conventional clay cover is still practiced to mitigate the percolation of water in landfills in India. Gas extraction systems in landfill for gas collection are used but are much expensive. Thus, “Phytocapping” technique can be one of the alternatives to mitigate landfill gases and to minimize percolation of water into the landfill. Indian plants with locally available soil and municipal solid waste can be tested for the purpose of methane mitigation, heavy metals remediation from leachate. Methane oxidation due to vegetation can be observed compared to non-vegetated landfill. Root zone methane concentrations can be monitored for the plant species
Sheet1 Risk Category Risk Explanation Environmental Water poll.docxedgar6wallace88877
Sheet1 Risk Category Risk Explanation Environmental Water pollution
Author: Author:
What is the impact of this?
It should be clearly stated here.Drilling projects operate around the clock, disrupting wildlife, and water sources. The drilling method of “fracking” is known for contaminating drinking water sources with chemicals that lead to cancer, birth defects and liver damage. The controversial method injects a mixture of water and chemicals into rock formations to release oil and gas. As a result, it generates huge volumes of wastewater with dangerous chemicals that can leak to ponds, lagoons and underground aquifers.
Author: Author:
This is very difficult to read. It would be best to wrap the text as you did for row 4 below.Marine Pollution Oil spills leading to pollution of water in cases of offshore rigs offshore rig oil spills are known killers of wildlife. Just think back to the explosion of BP’s Deepwater Horizon rig in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010. The resulting spill covered 68,000 square miles of sea surface and killed majority of the small marine animals around the area. It also affects the beauty of the coastlines reducing recreational activities that can be carried out their
Land Pollution Clearing of vegetation leading to environmental degradation. Oil and gas drilling has serious consequences for our wildlands and communities Infrastructure built for oil and gas extraction can leave behind radical impacts on the land. The construction of roads, facilities and drilling sites known as well pads requires the use of heavy equipment and can destroy big chunks of pristine wilderness. The damage is often irreversible. Air Pollution Human Risk Risk of Fire Deaths due to accidents Lack of recreations areas Diseases such as cancer Property Risk Damage to property Air Pollution affects the color on properties
Sheet2
Sheet3
GradingRubricPointsGradeNotesIdentification of Risks5042The risk statement should include both a probability and impact. If it helps you, you may use the format: "If…, then…".Required Fields2015Where is the risk ID#, risk owner's name detailed and/ or POC for each risk? What are the date of identification and status of each identified risk?Grammar and Proper Citations1010Clear Format and Easy to View/ Report2013The course number, your name, and the date were not included. Who may I contact with questions about this Risk Register? A key with a description for each field could be included so the reviewer of this information understands what they are looking at. Formatting could be greatly improved for this. Considering that you would share this with your project sponsor and other key stakeholders.
Author: Author:
Note, it is best to remove Sheets which are not being used. 10080Please turn on comments to review feedback on your Risk Register.
Sheet1 Risks
Student’s name
Course
Date
RISK CATEGORY RISK ID EXPLANATION date RESPONSE PLANNING ENVIRONMENTAL water pollutionDrilling projects operate arou.
A comprehensive and short research on Pakistan's garbage related issues: all three types of garbage have been covered, plus complete bibliography has also been mentioned.
Similar to Environmental problems in urban areas (20)
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
2. Urban Areas
On the basis of population density, the different localities may be
divided as urban or rural areas. A municipality or notified area
council (MAC) or corporation or metropolitan city whose
population is more than 5000 and a population density” of more
than 400 people per square kilometre is called an urban area i.e. the
urban areas are the places of high population density.
2
4. 1,346,433,296The current population of India
32.8 %Indian Population in urban
17.74 %India population is equivalent to the total world population
4
5. Why ? Urban
Population
increases,
Better employment facilities,
Better medical facilities,
Better facilities for trade and commerce,
Better facilities for higher education,
Facilities for entertainment, sports and games etc.
Proximity to administration and important government
offices. 5
6. Environmental Problems
Development of Slum,
Management of solid waste,
Over exploitation of natural resources,
Non-availability of open space,
Air pollution,
Noise pollution,
Violation of urban planning rules,
Water-logging and drainage,
Traffic and floating population,
Unusual rise in temperature.
6
7. Place your screenshot here
7
Development
of Slum
The areas within the cities and towns (urban
areas) without civic and basic amenities are
called Slums. The slum settlement arises due to
un-flux of rural peoples into urban areas and
shortage of housing facilities for them.
They construct their dwellings using rusted tins,
empty tar barrels, tarpaulins, jute sacks etc.
Although these areas become overcrowded,
these lack civic amenities like light, water supply,
drainage, roads, toilets and medical facilities.
8. The areas of slum become
centres of a number of
environmental problems.
These areas without proper water supply dispose their waste
in an unplanned manner which pollute air and water.
The contamination of water causes diseases like typhoid,
cholera, enteric fever and gastroenteritis.
The unplanned waste dumping places and open defecation
become the sites of the growth of a number of disease
carriers like flies, mosquitoes etc. These cause health hazards
not only in slum areas but also in other nearby places.
8
9. Place your screenshot here
9
Slum
Rehabilitation
To avoid the above environmental problems, the
slum areas should be developed by providing the
civic amenities like light, water supply, drainage,
toilet and medical facilities.
10. Place your screenshot here
10
Management of
solid waste
Thickly populated urban area consumes large
quantities of material and simultaneously releases a
lot of solid wastes. The solid wastes include municipal
wastes, industrial wastes, hazardous wastes etc. The
solid waste production increases with an increase in
population. When these solid wastes are dumped for a
longer period of time, these produce foul smell and
poisonous gases and become breeding grand’s of
vectors of different diseases. The gases produced
cause air pollution, surface run-off from the wastes
cause water pollution and vectors cause different
diseases. In order to avoid the above environmental
problems, suitable methodology should be adopted to
dispose the wastes scientifically or to recycle them or
segregate organic, inorganic and recyclable wastes.
11. Place your screenshot here
11
Over
exploitation of
natural
resources
Due to high population density and expensive life style,
the rate of consumption of natural resources (e.g. water,
energy, fossil fuel, forest products etc.) is very high in
urban areas. There is also misuse of natural resources
whose immediate compensation becomes difficult. Few
acute problems of urban areas are scarcity of drinking
water especially the ground water, scarcity of forest
products, power cut due to excessive use of electricity
etc.
12. Place your screenshot here
12
Non-availability
of open space
Due to unplanned urbanization and thick population
density, urban areas are highly congested without open
spaces for parks, play grounds and recreation centres.
This results in non availability of free and clean air and
space of playing and recreation.
13. Place your screenshot here
13
Air pollution
The air of urban areas get polluted due to a lot of
anthropogenic activities, flying of large number of
automobiles, industries etc. These activities release
pollutants like carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, oxides
of nitrogen, oxides of sulphur, hydrocarbons, vapours of
organic compounds, particulates, toxic metals etc. which
are capable of inducing a number of health hazards.
14. Place your screenshot here
14
Noise pollutionThe noise produced from automobiles, vehicles, social
functions, industries etc. cause noise pollution in urban
areas which causes psychological and physical ailments.
15. Place your screenshot here
15
Violation of
urban planning
rules
The unplanned urbanization leads to violation of rules
laid down for establishing ideal urban settlements where
one can lead healthy and comfortable life. The buildings
constructed do not obey the prescribed floor space
index or floor area ratio.
16. Place your screenshot here
16
Water-logging
and drainage
The migration of large number of poor and rural people
without any civic sense, disposal of a large amount of
solid waste, unplanned settlements etc. in urban areas
cause water logging and drainage problem.
17. Place your screenshot here
17
Traffic and
floating
population
The large migration of rural peoples in search of job to
the urban areas cause serious traffic problem and
environmental pollution of all kinds.
18. Place your screenshot here
18
Unusual rise in
temperature
The unplanned constructions of large buildings in urban
areas absorb solar radiation and in the afternoon, these
emit heat radiations increasing the climatic
temperature.
20. Mumbai the mega city
Hindustan Times takes a look at ten
environmental problems that affect the city.
21. Place your screenshot here
21
Shrinking
mangroves
Encroachments, aquaculture ponds and
infrastructure development are taking a toll on
the stretches of mangroves. Mangroves prevent
soil erosion and protect shorelines against
cyclones and ecological disasters.
Environmentalists said around 80 aquaculture
ponds have been set up in a range of less than
six-kilometers in Navi Mumbai. Also, cases of
mangroves destroyed Airoli, Bhandup, Kasheli,
Vashi, Vasai, Borivli and areas close to the Gorai
creek are reported frequently. “Mangroves are
being perforated and damaged by influential
locals for creating these ponds,” said Stalin D
from NGO Vanashakti.
22. Place your screenshot here
22
Toxic Air
Though trial runs to calculate Mumbai’s air
quality index (AQI) have begun at the
Maharashtra Pollution Control Board’s (MPCB)
Bandra station, poor air quality standards are a
major problem for city’s inhabitants. “Road
construction is the main cause of pollutants,
especially in the suburbs. Vehicular emissions
and smoke from bakeries and crematoriums are
other reasons,” said Rakesh Kumar, chief
scientist, The National Environmental
Engineering Research Institute (NEERI). Carbon
monoxide levels and particulate matter
emissions have risen owing to traffic congestion,
according to studies by the Mumbai
Environmental Social Network. Particulate
matter, carbon monoxide and oxides of nitrogen
and a host of other pollutants make Mumbai’s air
a toxic mix.
23. Place your screenshot here
23
Dying’ Powai
LakeThough
“Around 50% of the surface of Powai Lake is
covered with water hyacinths, an invasive
weed,” said Elsie Gabriel from NGO Young
Environment Programme. The presence of water
hyacinths is an indication of low dissolved
oxygen levels and high pollution levels. The
beautiful lake has been neglected and is dying a
slow death, said environmentalists. The lake has
also used to dump construction debris and
sewage. “About 10 years ago, we arranged a
public meeting with residents and government
authorities and had come to a conclusion that
the lake will be cleaned and beautified. All we
got was some landscaping and fountains around
the lake,” said Gabriel.
24. Place your screenshot here
24
Sea creatures
dying
Dolphins, whales and porpoises have been
frequenting Mumbai’s shores, but sadly, all that
Mumbaiites can see are carcasses wedged in the
middle of rocks and cement tetrapods. While
officials from the Central Marine Fisheries
Research Institute have said the reasons could
include senescence (old age), disease, fishing
gear entanglement or vessel (propeller) hit,
researchers have said the numbers could be
deteriorating due to an endemic viral infection
known as morbillivirus. “Frequent deaths of
marine animals are raising serious questions
about our conservation efforts. One of the
reasons could also be poaching,” said Pawan
Sharma from Resinq Association of Wildlife
Welfare (RAWW).
25. Place your screenshot here
25
Beautification
plan opposed
Environmentalists, NGOs and project
coordinators will hold a meeting on June 6 to
save Maharashtra Nature Park in Mahim. They
will question MMRDA’s ‘beautification’ plan for
the 37-acre park and discuss the proposal.
According to members of Observer Research
Foundation (ORF), an independent think-tank,
the MMRDA has entrusted the responsibility of
a makeover plan, which will be forth to the civic
authorities. “Everybody is of the opinion that
what is being proposed is not feasible. We will
assess the pros and cons of the proposal,” said
environmentalist Bibhas Amonkar.
26. Place your screenshot here
26
Dumping
ground fires
Residents of eastern suburbs are breathing a
concoction of chemicals released in the air due
to frequent fires at the Deonar and Mulund
dumping grounds. More than five incidents of
fires in a span of four months have highlighted
the poor solid waste management amenities
provided by the civic body. Residents have been
forced to leave homes from areas close to the
dumping ground due to excessive smoke leading
to breathing, skin and eye problems, said
doctors. “As per BMC’s agreement, 2,000 tonnes
of waste could be dumped at Deonar but nearly
6,000 tonnes is dumped daily,” said
environmentalist Raj Kumar Sharma.
27. Place your screenshot here
27
E-waste
‘poisoning’
Mumbai is the country’s e-waste capital. We
generate around 96,000 tonnes of the 12.5 lakh
tonnes of e-waste generated in the country
annually. As newer models of electrical and
electronic gadgets flood the market, safe
handling and disposal is proving to be a
challenge. A dismal 5% ends up at authorised
recycling centres with environmentally sound
technologies. Compact fluorescent lamps,
cathode ray tubes, mobile phone chargers and
CDs directly go into the landfills, contaminating
soil and ground water. “E-waste involves
complex material with huge amounts of toxicity
that can lead to health and environmental
problems if it is not managed well,” said Satish
Sinha, associate director, Toxic Links.
28. Place your screenshot here
28
Saving Aarey
Colony’The fate of Aarey
Colony remains undecided even as
environmentalists and citizens have been
relentlessly fighting to stop 2,298 trees from
being axed. Over three months, a series of
protests saw close to 5,000 residents uniting to
save the area’s biodiversity. "Development
should not be at the cost of the environment. If
open spaces are claimed, where will our children
play?" asked poet and actor Piyush Mishra.
BMC’s Development Plan 2034, which is
currently being revised, planned to develop
1,009 hectares of Aarey land. In addition to the
Goregaon-Mulund Link Road and Metro III card
shed site, bus rapid transit system (BRTS) and an
east-west link too may come up along the
stretch, which environmentalists have been
fighting against.
29. Place your screenshot here
29
Chocked with
plastic
Plastic takes thousands of years to degrade and
Mumbai produces 800 tonnes of plastic waste
per day. Yet we do not have separate bins to
dump plastic or plastic waste collection policy.
Rag pickers collect PET bottles, milk pouches and
plastic bags and sell them to recycling units in
Dharavi, Bhandup (West), Vasai and Saki Naka.
They make pellets, moulded plastic and yarn out
of it. “Mumbaiites have adopted a lifestyle of
convenience, whereby they tend to grab plastic
products without realising the collateral damage
caused to the environment,” said Monisha
Narke, founder, environment organisation,
Reduce Reuse and Recycle (RUR).
30. Place your screenshot here
30
A river or a
nullah?
Stretching across 15kms, the Mithi River meets
the Arabian Sea at Mahim creek, starting from
Powai and coursing through Kurla, Saki Naka,
Kalina and Vakola. The river has been reduced to
a nullah, where sewage, garbage and industrial
waste is dumped. According to experts, nearly
54% of the original riverbed has been lost to
encroachments, roads and development. The
Bandra-Worli Sea Link has constricted the
mouth of the river with as much as 27 hectares
of landfill in Mahim Bay. Social activists have
been fighting since 2005 after a public interest
litigation (PIL) was filed in the Bombay high court
on restoring water bodies across the state.