2. • FRENCH REVOLUTION → Ideas, events and its impact.
The age of social change
• However, not everyone in Europe wanted to complete tranform
• Some wanted gradual, change whereas some wanted
→ People started discussing
possibity of change
Conservatives, Liberals or radicals
3. Liberals
• Liberals wanted a nation which tolerated all religions.
• Opposed the uncontrolled power of dynastic rulers.
• Wanted to safeguard the rights of individuals against goverments.
• Argued for a representative, elected parliamentary goverment,
subject to laws interpreted by a well-trained judiciary that was
independent of rulers and officials.
• However, they were not “democrats”.
4. Radicals
• Radicals wanted a nation in which goverment was based on the
majority of a country’s population.
• many Supported women’s suffrogette movements.
• Unlike liberals, they opposed the privileges of great landowners and
wealthy country owners.
• No But disliked concentration of property in the hands of
private individual.
5. conservatives
• opposed theradicals and liberals,
• because they belong to rulling peoples of Russia,
• but after French revolution they realised that there must be some
changes but it should be a slow process.
6. industrial society and social change
• due to development of industries there was a profound social and
economic change.
• new cities, new industrialised regions, Railways expanded and hence
industrial revolution occured.
• so many changes some were positive and some were negative
aspects.
• liberals and radicals searchedfor solution to the negative side of these
development.
7. • Liberals and Radicals themselves were often property owners and
employers.
they wanted that effort should be made to benefit work force.
Health → Education → Productivity → Profit
therefore many working men and women who wanted changes in the
world railled around liberal and radical groups and parties in the early
nineteenth centuary.
8. More in social change
• Nationalist, liberals and radiclas
wanted revolution to put an end
to the kind of goverments
establishment in Europe in 1815.
• Nationalist Demand
nations where should have equal
rights.
• After 1815, Giuseppe Mazzini,
an italian nationalist, conspired
with others to achieve this in
Italy
Giuseppe Mazzini
9. The coming of socialism in Europe.
• Socialist: were against private property, they saw it as root of social
ills.
• therefore society as a whole should control the property , so that
more attention should be given to collective social interest.
10. different socialist had different versions of the
future.
• Robert Owen: he sought to build
a cooperative community.
• New Harmony in Indiana (USA).
• through collective individual
initiatives.
• Louis Blanc : he supported
government encouraged
cooperative to replace capitalist
enterprise.
• government should be there
facilitate coopertaives.
11. KarlMarx and Fridrich Engels further added to idea
to socialism.
• he expalined that capitalist society exploits the workers.
• he believed that to free themselves from capitalist
exploitation workers had to cobstruct a radically socialist
society where all property was sociallly controlled.
• and we call that society as communist society.
12. support for socialism
• Second International: socialist formed an international body to
coordinate their efforts.
• in germany - associations worked closely with the Social Democratic
Party (SPD) and helped to win Parliamentary Seats.
• In Britain: By 1905, socialists and Trade unionists formed a Labour
Party.
• In France: Socialist Party was formed by the socilist and trade
unionists.
• but till 1914 socialist never succeeded in forming a governemnt but
there ideas keep inspiring workers and the government is still run by
conservatives , liberals abd radicals.
13. The Russian Revolution
• the fall of monarchy in Feb 1917 and the events of October are
normally called as Russian Revolution.
• the russian Empire in 1914 - Tsar Nicholas II ruled Russia and its
empire.
• geographycally Russian empire included current day Finland, Latvia,
Lithunia, Estonia , parts of Poland, Ukraine and Belarus.
• it stretched to the Pacific and comprised today’s Central Asian States
, as well as Geogia , Armenia and Azerbaijan.
• the majority religion was Russian Orthodox Christianity.
• the empire also included Catholics, Protestants, muslims, And
Buddhists.
14.
15. Economy and Society
• Agriculture in initial phase.
• industry was found in pockets. (St. Petersburg and Moscow)
• craftmen undertook much production.
• Railways network was extended and foreign investment in industry
increased.
• geographically it was a wast country so connetivity should increase.
• number of workers and craftmen were almost become equal.
16. Growing Industries
• most industry were the private property of
industrists.
• they focused on profit maximization.
• no regulation by government but gorvenment
worked to ensure minimum wages and
limited working hours but many times the
rules were broken.
• and workers had to work for long working
hours and had to live in dormitories and
rooms.
17. Workers
• workers migrated from villages to cities
• divided by skills.metal workerswere aristrocrates.
• women made up 31 percent of the factory labour force by 1914,
(paid less)
• despite divisions , worker did unite to strike work
18. society in country side
• peasants cultivated most of the land.
• ownership was with the crown and orthodox church
• like workers peasants too were divided.
• peasant in Russia unlike France had no respect for nobbles. and
wanted their land back from nobles.
• Russian peasants were differentin one more way.
• worked pooling their land together and didvided according to their
need.
19. political condition
• before 1914 all political parties were illegal in Russia.
• Russian Socail democratic workersparty founded in 1989.
• due to government policist operated secret lt as an illigal
organisation.
• some Russian socialist beleive that peasant supposed peasant as
Natural socialist.
• and thus it is beleived that peasants would be the main force of
the revolution.
• formation of Socialist Revolutionary party in 1900 by peasnats.
20. • social democrates ( Workers)
party
• social revolutionary (peasants)
• Lenin felt that peasants were not
one united group.
• because some were rich and
some were poor.
• some worked as a worker and
employed worker.
• this differentiation between
them didn’t allowed peasants to
be part of socialist movement.
21. the Russian Social and Democtaric party split in
1903
• Bolsheviks
• majority headed by Vladamir
Lenin.
• he believed that party should be
disciplined should control the
number and quality of its
members.
• Menshevicks
• another fraction of the part
headed by Julius Martov
• they beleived that party should
be open to all.
22. a turbulent time - the 1905 revolution
• Russia was an autocratic, the Tsar was not subject to parliament.
• but citizens were not happy.
• liberals, Social Democrates and social revolutionary wanted to end
this system and demanded constitution.
• they were supported by Nationalists and Jadidists.
• jadidists were muslims reformers in Russia Empire who wanted to
modernise Islam.
23. Situation in1904
• inflation was rising and real wages of the workers were declining and
they beleived that they were becoming poor.
• events at putilov Iron works - workers strike at StPetersberg.
• they were demanding redyction in working hours to 8.
• and an increase in wages and improvemnt in working conditions.
• 4 workers were sent out of work
24. • the procession was lead by Father Gapon.
• and went to Winter Palace
• attacked by Police and Cossacks.
• 100 killed and 300 wounded.
• this event happened on 22 january, 1905 day
was sunday and were called as Bloody
sunday and triggered revolt.
• bloody sunday started the series of events -
1905 Revolution
25. 1905 Revolution
• bloody sunday started the series of Powers.
• Strikes were all overthe country
• universities were closed down
• lawyers doctors engineers and other middle class workers all started
democratic constitution.
• 1905- pressure - Tsar allowed certain Duma.
• however within 75 days Duma was dissolved and second Duma was
elected.
• third Duma - packed with conservative politicians.
26. The first world war
• central powers
• Germany, Austria, Turkey
• allied powers
• France, Britain , Russia
Impact of first world war on Russia
27. First World War and Russsian Empire
• Initially war wassupported - Tsar
Nicholas II was supported
• over the period of time , support to Tsar
went down.
• Tsar refused to consult the Mian Parties
of Duma.
• Rasputin made the Autocracy
unpopular. Rasputin was a priest.
• and German origin of Tsarina Alexandra
28. First world war.
• it was different on the Eastern
Front and Western Front.
• Russia’s Army lost badly in
Germany and Austria. 7 million
causalties
• increase in the refugees in
Russia. ( 3 million refuees)
• Soldiers did not wish to fight
such a war.
29. the war also had a severe impact on industry
• Germany control of the Baltic sea. due
to which industrial equipment
disintegrated.
• germany put blockade the baltic sea.
• by 1916, railway lines began to break.
• labour shortage were seen as the able
bodied man were sent to army and
there were shotage of essential items.
• and large supplies were sent to army.
• riots were common at that time
30. February revolution in Petrograd.
• Layout of the capital city
Petrograd-
• on the left bank werethe
Fashinalble areas, the winter
palace and official building
Duma.
• on the right bank were the
Quaters and factories were
located of the rive Neva.
Bad weather conditions were there, Tsar was
having a desire to dissolve the Duma and
Parliamentaries were not happy.
31. 22nd February - lockout at a factory - stike by
workers
• many women also participated innthe strikes.
• demonstartions reached to the center of the capital city Nevskii
Prospekt.
• as the workers reached the government imposed curfew.
• demostrations dispersed , then
• they again came back on 24th and 25th.
• police and Cavalry was appointed to keep an eye on the workers.
• this is how the revolution broke out.
32. outbreak of February revolution
• on 25th feb 1917, government suspended Duma. and politicians critised
this, demonstartors returned on the streets on 26th.
• on 27th , Police headquaters were ransacked , protest for bread, better
hours and democracy.
• Government called the cavalry to control the situation. But the cavalry
refused to fire on the demostrators.
• Soldiers and striking workers formed ‘Soviet or council” known as
Petrograd Soviet.
• delegation was sent to Tsar.
• abdication of Tsar on 2nd March, provisional governemnt was formed to
run the country by universal adult frachise.
• this is how February brought down the monarchy.
33. October Revolution
• Restriction on public meetings and association were removed.
• in April 1917, Bolshevik leader Vladamir Lenin returned from exile.
• gave April theses.
• war to brought to stop
• banks should ne nationalised.
• and land should be redistributed among peasants.
• and argued to rename Bolshevik party as Communist party.
• initial disagreement with the Lenin and support for provisional
governement reduced. bolshevik influence grew
34. Events after February.
• spread of workers movement- started questioning the way industrialist
ran their factories.
• formation of trade unions, soldiers committees.
• in June , about 500 Soviest sent representative to all Russian Congress
of Soviet.
• all the provsional Government saw its power reduce and Bolshevik
influence grew. It decided to stern measure against the spreading
discontent.
• bolshevik leaders started to flee to other places.
35. situation in countryside
• peasant and their socialist revolutionay leaders pressesd for a
redistribution of land.
• land committees were formed
• peasants seized the land between july and September 1917.
• fearful of dictatorship , Lenin began discussed for an uprising against
the government.
36. on 16th october 1917
• Lenin persuaded the Petrograd Soviet and the Bolshevik Party agree
to a socialist seizer of power.
• A Military Revolutionay Committe was appointed by thr Soviest under
the Leon Trotskii to organise the seizure.
• the date of event was kept secret.
• the uprising began on 24th Oct.
37. events of october revolution
• governemnt
• sensing trouble , Prime minister
Kerenskii and took over
telegraph offices and protest the
Winter palace. Kerenskii had left
the city.
• Military man loyal to the
government seized the building
of two bolshevik newspapers.
• The military Revolutionary
commitee ordereed its
supporters to seize government
office and arrest ministers.
• the ship Aurora shelled the
Winter Palae , other vessels
sailed down the river Neva and
took over various military points.
• by nightfall , the city was under
the committee’s control and
miniters had surrendered.
Bolshevik action was given approval by majority soviets at all Russian congress in Petrogard.
there were fight in Moscow, but by December , the Bolshevik controlled the Moscow petrogard area.
38. what changed after October
• implementation of April Theses
• banks were Nationalised by November 1917.
• peasants took over land of nobelity , as it was decalred as social
property.
• large houses were partitioned according to the size of family.
• use of old titles of aristrocracy was banned.
• to show change new uniforms were designed for the army and
officials (Budenovka Hat)
• Bolshevik party was renamed as the Russian Communist Party.
39. • in November 1917, election to constituent Assembly by Bolsheviks.
• but they failed to gain majority support.
• in January 1918, assembly rejected Bolshevik measures.
• Lenin dismissed the assembly and argued that assembly was formed
under uncertain conditions and all Russian Congress was more
democratic.
• despite opposition , in March 1918, Bolshevik made a pease treaty
with Germany at Bret Litovsk,
• over the period of time Russia became the one party state.
• trade unions were kept under control, secret police punished those
who criticised the Bolshevik.
40. • all this steps taken by the Bolshevik was creating tension among
Russian society.
• people( Writers and Artists) and suported bolshevik because they
stood for socialism and change.
• but many became disillusioned because of the censorship of party
encouraged.
• so this attitude of Bolshevik party along with other factors created a
situation of civil war in Russia.
41. civil war (Red vs white vs green)
changing attitude of Bolshevik party.
non bolshevik socialist , liberals and supporters of autocracy organised
troops to fight the bolshevik.
red
(Bolshevik
s)
greens
white
s
Vs
socialist revolutinaries (peasant) , ( pro- Tsarist)
Army oragnised land redistribution, so soldiers break up the army and went to capture their land.
france, america and Britain were afraid of all the revolutions related to socialism , so they supported greens
and whites.
due to all these reasons looting, banditary and famine became very common during 1918 -1919.
42. situation during civil war
• whites- atrocites on peasants- made them unpopular
• Bolsheviks- gained support from non Russian nationalist and Muslim
jadidst.
• at he same time many were confused about the objectives of
Bolsheviks.
• Incident in Khiva, Central Asia- massacring local nationalist in the
name of socialism.
43. making a socialist society
• banks and industries were nationalised, collective work was performed by
peasants on confiscated land
• centralised planning were introduced.
• five year plans to set target for eceonomy for upcoming five years.
• E.g. First two five year palns (1927 - 1932) and (1933 to (138)
• this all led to huge industrial growyh and new factories began to come up.
• but there was a darkside too-
• rapid construction led to poor working conditions
• workers lived hard lives.
• frequent stoppage ( e.g. 550 stoppages of work in the five year alone)
• were there any efforts by governement to improve this situation.
44. goverment took the following steps to improve the
condition
• an extended schooling system for workers and peasants.
• Creches were established in factories for children of women workers.
• chep public health care was provided.
• model living quaters were set up for workers.
• however all the impact of all this efforts was limited because the
resources of government were limited.
45. Stalinism and Collectivisation
• Stalinism - very strict leader.
• the time period when the Russian
Communist party was headed by Stalin. his
idea dominated the USSR and that period
came to known as Stalinism.
• Collectivisation: combining land of various
farmers and then performing agriculrural
activities on collective basis.
46. Reasons of Collectivisation
• by 1927, Soviest Russia faced food shortage of food grains( In towns)
• to overcome this government fixed prices at which grain must be
sold.
• but peasants refused to ell their grains to government at these prices.
• Stalin believed that rich peasants and traders in the country were
holding grains in hope of higher prices.
• speculation had to stopped and supplies confiscated.
• grains producing area were toured by party , supervising enforced
grain collections and raiding “Kulaks”(well to do peasants)
47. • despite all this shortage continued- small size of holding was
also a reason for grain shortage.
• small sized peasants farms could not be modernised.
• to mordenise farms- farms should run on Industrial lines with
machinery.
• it was necessary tp eliminate kulaks.
• and large state controlled farm must be stablished.
• but peasants were not willing to do that.
48. problems during collectivisation
• from 1929, peasants were forced to cultivate in (KolKhoz) collective
farms and then profit was shared.
• Enraged peasants resisted the authorities and destroyed their
livestock.
• those who resist collectivisation were severely punished many were
deported and exiled.
• but still problem of food shrotage were not solved, and production
did not increased immediately.
49. • bad harvest (1930 - 1933)- devastating famines (4 million deaths)
• due to this there were criticism of planned eceonomy and
collectivisation.
• such critics were charged with conspiracy against socialism
• over 2million were in prisons or labour camps
• many were forced to make false confessions.
• then executed the talented professionals.
