The Reformation began in Germany with Martin Luther challenging the authority and practices of the Roman Catholic Church by writing the 95 Theses. This led to the establishment of Protestant denominations like Lutheranism and Calvinism and dissolved the religious unity of Europe. The Catholic Church responded with reforms through councils like Trent but new ideologies like science and deism emerged, shifting authority from the Church to reason and natural laws. Concurrently, economic changes like banking, joint-stock companies, and insurance facilitated the rise of capitalism as governments established conditions supporting private property and commerce.

1. Europe begins to wake up
Chapter 24: The important
information…

2. The Reformation
• Martin Luther
• In Germany (@
Wittenberg…)
• Wrote the 95 Theses &
challenged Roman
Catholic Church.
• That’s 95 theses, not 99
problems…but same
sentiment.

3. What were his problems?
• Church was selling “Indulgences”
• Church was getting rich and acting powerful
• Church was restricting people’s access to the
Bible.
Germans love Martin Luther.
Just like they love….
David Hasselhoff

4. Anglican Church
• King Henry VIII wants a divorce
• Pope says no
• Henry says “I’ll make my own church.” And
does.
• A fun video about
Henry…http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-
fadCAHjN-s

5. Protestant Churches spring up
• Bible printed in the • Lutheran
vernacular • Anglican
• Bible is the only source – British Church
of religious authority • Calvinist
– Founded by John Calvin;
angry, strict God
– Edward’s “Sinners in the
Hands of an Angry God”
• All this means the
religious unity of
Europe has dissolved.

6. Catholic Reformation
• Council of Trent
– A group of Bishops
– defines Roman Catholic Theology,
– Admits indulgences were wrong
– Demands higher moral standards from priests
• Society of Jesus forms
– St. Ignatius Loyola founds it
– Now known as Jesuits, advisors to kings,
missionaries and founders of colleges…

7. Witches!
• People need a • Ah, Monty Python.
scapegoat in bad times Where would I be
– Church needs a without you?
distracter • http://www.youtube.co
• 110,000 tried, 60,000 m/watch?v=zrzMhU_4
killed m-g
– 95% women: poor, old,
single or widowed
• Spreads to New
England…

8. Science!
• Ptolemy said the Earth • Copernicus says…No
was the center of the • Sun is at the center
universe • Earth and others
• Surrounded by 8 hollow, revolve around sun
concentric spheres • Church not so happy
– 1-7 have the observable with him…
planets
– #8 has stars
– 9 is empty
– Beyond is Heaven and
Hell
• Church agrees.

9. The Scientific Revolution will not be
televised
• Analytic thinking comes into vogue
– Johannes Kepler and Galileo
• Orbits are elliptical (JK)
• Telescope shows moons around Jupiter, spots on the
sun and mountains on the moon (G)
– Galileo is excommunicated
– Issac Newton
• Mathematical Principals of Natural Philosophy
• The universe has laws that are measurable and
calculable…

10. One last thing about religion
• Deism shows up—
• Fairly simple: There is a God (only one)
– But Christianity is too supernatural for a rational
thinker to accept.
– God set the universe in motion (like assembling
and winding a watch) and then takes no personal
interest in earthly matters.
– He doesn’t need to, as the universe functions
according to natural laws that make sense.

11. And now we have Capitalism taking
shape:
• Banking!
– people need a place to keep money safely
– Businesses need money
– So the “banking bargain” is struck and banks
flourish
• Joint-Stock Companies/corporations
– As a way to raise revenue, spread out risk
• Insurance companies form
– Loss mitigation for corporations

12. Government makes it possible
• English and Dutch states
– Recognize individual rights to own private
property
– Enforce legal contracts
– Arbitrate business disputes
– Sponsor/buy into corporations that bring benefits
back to the home country
– Protect claims made abroad by home country
businesses