The document discusses the development of the modern world system from the 15th century onward. It describes how European colonialism in the 15th-19th centuries and the industrial revolution established a global capitalist economy divided into core, semi-periphery, and periphery countries. Postcolonial studies examine the interactions between colonizing European nations and the societies they colonized. Different intervention philosophies like colonialism, communism, neoliberalism, and development have shaped global relations.

1. The world system and
colonialısm
SOC 111
Introduction to Anthropology

2. Focus questıons
• When and why did the world system develop
and what is it like today?
• When and how did European colonialism
develop and how is its legacy expressed in
postcolonial studies?
• How do colonialism, communism,
neoliberalism, development and
industrialization creates examples for
intervention philosophies?

3. The world system
• The world system and the relations among the
countries within it are shaped by the capitalist
world economy.
• Capitalist world economy is a single world system
committed to production for sale or exchange with
the object of maximizing profits rather than
supplying domestic needs.
• Capital refers to wealth or resources invested in
business with the intent of using the means of
production to make a profit.

4. The world system
• World-system theory – by Fernand Braudel
• The key claim of the world system theory is that an
identifiable social system, based on wealth and power
differentials, extends beyond individual countries.
• Wallerstein countries within the world system
occupy 3 different positions of economic and political
power; core, periphery and semiperiphery.
• Core countries: the strongest and most powerful
nations. For ex: USA, Germany, France, UK
• Semiperiphery countries: less power, wealth and
influence. Intermediate countries between the core and
periphery countries. For ex: Brazil
• Periphery countries: the world’s least powerful
countries. For ex: Nigeria, Turkey.

5. The world system

6. EMERGENCE OF The
world system
• In the 15th century, Europe established regular
contact with Asia, Africa and eventually the New
World. (The Caribbean and America)
• Christopher Columbus’s first voyage from Spain to
the Bahamas and the Caribbean in 1492 was soon
followed by additional voyages.
• These journeys opened the way for a major
exchange of people, products, ideas and diseases
and the old and new worlds were forever linked.

7. EMERGENCE OF The
world system
• Sugar – one of the earliest and most popular of
imported goods. Colombus had carried it to the new
world and they raised it in Brazil and Caribbean.
This led to the development of a plantation
economy.
• The demand for sugar in a growing international
market spurred the development of the transatlantic
slave trade and new world plantation economies
based on slave labor.
• Raw Cotton – another key trade item. The
emergence of another slave-based monocrop
production system in southeastern America.

8. The ındustrıal revolutıon
• The historical transformation in Europe of traditional
societies into modern societies through industrialization
of the economy. (after 1750)
• The search for new sources of wind and water power
characterized the Industrial Revolution.
• Industrialization increased production in both farming and
manufacturing.
• Capital and scientific innovation fueled invention.
• It began with cotton products, iron and pottery.
• Industrialization fueled urban growth and created a new
kind of city, with factories crowded together in places
where coral and labor were cheap.

9. The ındustrıal revolutıon
• Industrial Revolution started in England.
• After industrialization proceeded with new innovations,
the population of England increased dramatically.
• With the increase of population, consumption also
increased a lot.
• This motivated experimentation, innovation and rapid
technological change to meet the demand.
• Natural resources ( coal, iron ore) and geographic
location of England favored it for new innovations.

10. The socıoeconomıc effects of
ındustrıalızatıon
• At first, high wages for factory workers.
• Later, owners of factories started recruiting labor in
places where living standards were low and labor
was cheap.
• Big factory towns, industrial cities.
• Filth and smoke polluted the cities.
• Crowded houses, low life quality for workers.
• Insufficient water and sewage disposal facilities.
• The diseases, high death rates.

11. The socıoeconomıc effects of
ındustrıalızatıon
• Karl Marx and Max Weber the stratification
systems associated with industrialism.
• Marx saw socioeconomic stratification as a sharp
and simple division between 2 opposed classes: the
bourgeoisie (capitalists) and the proleteriat
(workers)

12. The socıoeconomıc effects of
ındustrıalızatıon
• Marx saw bourgeoisie and proleteriat as
socioeconomic divisions with radically opposed interests.
• In England, workers developed organizations, unions, to
protect their interests and increase their share of
industrial profits.
• During the 19th century, trade unions and socialist parties
emerged to express a rising anticapitalist spirit.
• Capitalists controlled production, but labor was
organizing for better wages and working conditions.
• By 1900, many governments had factory legislation and
social welfare programs.

13. colonıalısm
• During the 19th century, European business interests
initiated a concerted search for markets. This
process led to European Imperialism in Africa, Asia
and Oceania.
• Imperialism a policy of extending the rule
of a country or empire over foreign nations and
taking and holding foreign colonies.
• Two phases of European Colonialism:
1st phase – the exploration and exploitation of the
Americas and the Caribbean after Columbus (1490-
1875)
2nd phase – European nations competing for colonies
(1875-1914)

14. colonıalısm
• Colonialism is the political, social, economic and
cultural domination of a territory and its people by a
foreign power for an extended time.
• 1st phase of colonialism – major powers were
Spain and Portugal.
• 2nd phase of colonialism – major powers were
Britain and France.
• The racist and oppressive foreign policy of
European nations on colonies.

15. colonıalısm
• French colonialism also had 2 phases.
1) Began with the explorations of the early 1600s.
Canada, some Caribbean islands and parts of
India.
2) Between 1830-1870. Algeria, Cambodia, Laos,
Vietnem, Tunisia, Marocco.
• French Empire was also implanting its own culture,
language and religion throughout the colonies.
• French used 2 forms of colonial rule: Indirect rule
and Direct rule.
• Disintegration after WWII.

16. COLONIALISM & IDENTITY
• Hundreds of ethnic groups and tribes are colonial
constructions.
For example: the Sukuma community of Tanzania
• The colonial powers established organizational
systems in many areas.
• Rwanda and Burundi are the areas in Africa that
missionaries established hierarchical orders.
For example: Tutsis and Hutus

17. Postcolonial studıes
• Postcolonial refers to the study of the interactions between
European nations and the societies they colonized.
• In 1914, European Empires were ruling more than 85% of the
world.
• The former colonies (postcolonies) can be divided into three:
Settler, Nonsettler, Mixed.
• The settler countries include large number of European
people and few native populations. Australia and Canada.
• The nonsettler countries has substantial native populations
and relatively few European settlers. India, Pakistan,
Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Indonesia, Nigeria, Senegal,
Madagascar and Jamaica.
• Mixed countries has significant European settlement despite
having sizable native populations. South Africa, Zimbabwe,
Kenya and Algeria.

18. Development
• A strong current of thought viewed industrialization as a
beneficial process of organic development and progress.
• During colonialism periods, both British and French
powers were implying an intervention philosophy,
which is an ideological justification for outsiders to guide
native people in specific directions. This belief is that
industrialization, modernization, westernization and
individualism are desirable evolutionary advances and
that development schemes that promote them will bring
long term benefits to local people.
• One currently influential intervention philosophy is
neoliberalism.

19. neoliberalism
• Neoliberalism is the current form of the classic
economic liberalism laid out in Adam Smith’s
famous capitalist manifesto, The Wealth of
Nations, published in 1776, soon after the Industrial
Revolution.
• Government’s no interference to its nation’s
economic affairs.
• Liberalism – liberating the economy from
government controls.
• Neoliberalism entails open international trade and
investment. Profits are sought through lowering of
costs, through improving productivity, laying off

20. The world system
• Common labels for categorizing nations:
① The First World: Democratic West. Industrialized
countries.
② The Second World: The Former Soviet Union.
The socialist or once socialist countries of Eastern
Europe and Asia.
③ The Third World: The less developed countries or
developing nations.

21. communısm
• A social system in which property is owned by the
community and people work for the common good.
• Soviet Union was ruled by communism for 74 years
between 1917-1991.
• It was originated from Russia’s Bolshevik Revolution
in 1917 and took its inspiration from Karl Marx and
Friedrich Engels.
• All communist systems were authoritarian, which
means promoting obedience to authority rather than
individual freedom.

22. communısm
• Several features that distinguished communist
societies from other authoritarian societies.
i. The communist party monopolized power in every
communist state.
ii. Relations within the party were highly centralized
and strictly disciplined.
iii. Communist nations had state ownership, rather
than private ownership.
iv. With the goal of advancing communism, all
communist regimes cultivated a sense of
belonging to an international movement.

23. The world system
• 20th century industrialization added hundreds of new
industries and millions of new jobs.
• Production increased, mass production gave rise to
a culture of consumption.
• The use of fossil fuels
• The destruction of indigenous economies, ecologies
and populations.
• The original habitats of their territories, people called
indigenous people.