The document summarizes key aspects of immunity and the immune system. It describes how innate and acquired immunity function, with innate immunity providing nonspecific responses and acquired immunity providing specific responses after exposure. It outlines the roles of macrophages, T cells, B cells, antibodies, and humoral versus cell-mediated responses. The lymphatic system plays an active role in immunity. Blood groups are determined by antigens on red blood cells, and transfusions require matching blood types to avoid antibody-mediated destruction of transfused cells.

1. Immunity
MS
Blood Component
AND immunity
MAGDI SASI

2.  Mention types of immunity
 Describe the components of blood and lymph, their
origins, and the role of hemoglobin in transporting oxygen
in RBCs
 Understand the molecular basis of blood group.

6. Blood Components
Role of Whole Blood
???

14. The Immune System
 An animal must
defend itself from the
many dangerous
pathogens it may
encounter in the
environment.

16. Innate Immunity
 Innate immunity
is present before
any exposure to
pathogens and is
effective from the
time of birth.
 Involves
nonspecific
responses to
pathogens.

17. Acquired Immunity
 Acquired immunity develops only after exposure
to inducing agents such as microbes, toxins, or
other foreign substances.
 Involves a very specific response to pathogens.

20. Humoral vs. Cell-Mediated
Response
 Acquired immunity includes two branches:
 The humoral immune response involves the activation
and clonal selection of B cells, resulting in the
production of secreted antibodies.
 The cell-mediated immune response involves the
activation and clonal selection of cytotoxic T cells.

21. Humoral vs. Cell-Mediated
Response
 The roles of
the major
participants
in the
acquired
immune
response.

24. Types of immunity-Role of
leucocytes
Neutrophils Lyzozymes Provided by Provided by
Basophils Interferon T- cells B-cells
Eosinophils Complement system
Macrophages Stomach acid Plasma cells
NK- cells Tear & saliva
Phagocytosis Skin Antibodies
Innate
Cellular Humoral
Acquired
Cellular Humoral

26. Naturally acquired active immunity would
be most likely acquired through which of
the following processes?
a. Vaccination
b. Drinking colostrum
c. Natural birth
d. Infection with disease causing organism
followed by recovery.

27.  Which of the following convey the longest
lasting immunity to an infectious agent?
a. Naturally acquired passive immunity
b. Artificially acquired passive immunity
c. Naturally acquired active immunity
d. All of these

28. Answer is “c
 Active immunity can last a lifetime or for a period of
weeks, months or years, depending on how long the
antibodies persist. So only one option in the choice
contain active immunity as a part of answer.

29.  Which of the following substances will
not stimulate an immune response
unless they are bound to a larger
molecule?
a. Antigen
b. Virus
c. Hapten
d. Miligen

30. The answer is “c”
Hapten is a small molecule; they can
act as antigen if it binds to a larger
protein molecule.

31.  B and T cells are produced by stem cells that
are formed in:
a. Bone marrow
b. The liver
c. The circulatory system
d. The spleen
e. The lymph nodes

32.  B cells mature in the……….. while T cells
mature in the
a. Thymus/bone marrow and gut associated
lymphoid tissue (GALT)
b. Spleen/bone marrow and GALT
c. Bone marrow and GALT/Thymus
d. Liver/Kidneys

34. Fever is caused by:
1. Toxins on the surface of viruses.
2. Release of histamines by damaged cells.
3. Your own body’s accumulated toxins.
4. Your body’s pyrogens signaling the
hypothalamus.

35. Based on what you know about non-specific
defenses, what’s the best way to treat a
cut in your skin?
1. Leave it exposed to open air.
2. Wash it, and cover it with a clean
bandage.
3. Rub it with dirt.

36. Major players
 The major players in the immune system include:
 Macrophage
 T cells (helper, cytotoxic, memory)
 B cells (plasma, memory)
 Antibodies

39. Phagocytic Cells
 Macrophages, a specific type of phagocyte, can be
found migrating through the body.
 Also found in various organs of the lymphatic system.

40. The Immune System
 Immune cells,
red blood cells,
and other
white blood
cells are
derived from
multipotential
stem cells in
the bone
marrow.

41. The Immune System
 Lymphocytes arise
from stem cells in
the bone marrow.
 Newly formed
lymphocytes are all
alike, but they later
develop into B cells
or T cells, depending
on where they
continue their
maturation.

42.  Cell mediated immunity is carried out by…………..
while humoral immunity is mainly carried out
by………………..
a. B cells/T cells
b. Epitopes/Antigens
c. T cells/B cells
d. Antibodies/Antigens
e. Antibodies/Phagocytes

43. A foreign protein that enters
the body is an:
1. antibiotic.
2. antigen.
3. antibody.
4. anti-inflammatory.

44. The specific immune response
is triggered when:
1. A macrophage delivers an antigen to a T-
helper cell.
2. Plasma cells begin making antibodies.
3. Pyrogen stimulates a fever.
4. Clonal selection of B-cells occurs.

45. The Immune System
 As B and T cells are maturing in the bone marrow and
thymus, their antigen receptors are tested for possible self-
reactivity.
 Lymphocytes bearing receptors for antigens already
present in the body are destroyed by apoptosis or
rendered nonfunctional.

46. A Summary of Innate and Acquired
Immunity

47. The Lymphatic System
 The lymphatic
system plays an
active role in
defending the body
from pathogens.

50. Blood Groups and
Transfusions
 Certain antigens on red blood cells determine whether
a person has type A, B, AB, or O blood.
 Antibodies to nonself blood types already exist in the
body.
 Transfusion with incompatible blood leads to
destruction of the transfused cells.

51. References
 • Medical Physiology by Guyton 12th Edition
 • Review of Medical Physiology by Ganong 23rd
Edition