The document discusses various aspects of the human immune system and how it fights infections. It covers both innate and adaptive immunity, including cells like macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, B cells, and T cells. It also discusses the roles of antibodies, cytokines, and interferons. Specific mechanisms used to combat bacterial, viral, and intracellular infections are explained. Factors that influence immune response and methods of evading the immune system are also addressed.
Bacterial Toxins
endotoxin
exotoxinO- antigen , core polysaccharide and lipid A.
Properties of bacterial endotoxin Properties of bacterial exotoxin Toxoid Types of exotoxins
A-B toxin
Super-antigen
Membrain disrupting
How Our Body Eliminates Toxins
Bacterial Toxins
endotoxin
exotoxinO- antigen , core polysaccharide and lipid A.
Properties of bacterial endotoxin Properties of bacterial exotoxin Toxoid Types of exotoxins
A-B toxin
Super-antigen
Membrain disrupting
How Our Body Eliminates Toxins
Serge Francois had understanding about structure .Serge Francois have information about cellular structure, viral structure,plant structure , bacterial structure, microbial structure.
Mold Toxicity - A Chronic Inflammatory Response SyndromeKeith Berndtson
An overview of mold toxicity, an increasingly common but under-recognized cause of chronic multi-system illness. This slideshow details the remarkable science underlying the medical understanding of the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of this condition.
The presentation discusses all about microbial growth, it explains various nutritional and physical requirements of bacteria for growth, it is also illustrated here the standard bacterial growth curve
Serge Francois had understanding about structure .Serge Francois have information about cellular structure, viral structure,plant structure , bacterial structure, microbial structure.
Mold Toxicity - A Chronic Inflammatory Response SyndromeKeith Berndtson
An overview of mold toxicity, an increasingly common but under-recognized cause of chronic multi-system illness. This slideshow details the remarkable science underlying the medical understanding of the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of this condition.
The presentation discusses all about microbial growth, it explains various nutritional and physical requirements of bacteria for growth, it is also illustrated here the standard bacterial growth curve
AT THE END OF THIS SESSION, STUDENT SHOULD BE ABLE TO:
a. Define immunity and contrast the difference between its 2 types (innate & acquired).
b. Describe some mechanisms for innate immunity (interferon’s & complement should be included).
c. Describe briefly the mechanism of acquired immunity and identify the major differences between its two types (humoral & cell-mediated).
d. Relate the knowledge acquired to some clinical problems (e.g., AIDS)
This is a brief presentation on the topic Cell Mediated Immunity describing how our immune system gets activated in response to any xenobiotic which is different from the mechanism followed by humoral immunity.
Unlocking Productivity: Leveraging the Potential of Copilot in Microsoft 365, a presentation by Christoforos Vlachos, Senior Solutions Manager – Modern Workplace, Uni Systems
SAP Sapphire 2024 - ASUG301 building better apps with SAP Fiori.pdfPeter Spielvogel
Building better applications for business users with SAP Fiori.
• What is SAP Fiori and why it matters to you
• How a better user experience drives measurable business benefits
• How to get started with SAP Fiori today
• How SAP Fiori elements accelerates application development
• How SAP Build Code includes SAP Fiori tools and other generative artificial intelligence capabilities
• How SAP Fiori paves the way for using AI in SAP apps
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
available on those devices, but many of the features provide convenience and capability but sacrifice security. This best practices guide outlines steps the users can take to better protect personal devices and information.
GridMate - End to end testing is a critical piece to ensure quality and avoid...ThomasParaiso2
End to end testing is a critical piece to ensure quality and avoid regressions. In this session, we share our journey building an E2E testing pipeline for GridMate components (LWC and Aura) using Cypress, JSForce, FakerJS…
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Art of the Possible with Graph - Q2 2024Neo4j
Neha Bajwa, Vice President of Product Marketing, Neo4j
Join us as we explore breakthrough innovations enabled by interconnected data and AI. Discover firsthand how organizations use relationships in data to uncover contextual insights and solve our most pressing challenges – from optimizing supply chains, detecting fraud, and improving customer experiences to accelerating drug discoveries.
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
Dr. Sean Tan, Head of Data Science, Changi Airport Group
Discover how Changi Airport Group (CAG) leverages graph technologies and generative AI to revolutionize their search capabilities. This session delves into the unique search needs of CAG’s diverse passengers and customers, showcasing how graph data structures enhance the accuracy and relevance of AI-generated search results, mitigating the risk of “hallucinations” and improving the overall customer journey.
Sudheer Mechineni, Head of Application Frameworks, Standard Chartered Bank
Discover how Standard Chartered Bank harnessed the power of Neo4j to transform complex data access challenges into a dynamic, scalable graph database solution. This keynote will cover their journey from initial adoption to deploying a fully automated, enterprise-grade causal cluster, highlighting key strategies for modelling organisational changes and ensuring robust disaster recovery. Learn how these innovations have not only enhanced Standard Chartered Bank’s data infrastructure but also positioned them as pioneers in the banking sector’s adoption of graph technology.
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Immunity and vaccines for exam 3
1. SO....
HOW DO YOU FIGHT
BACK?
Monday, February 27, 2012
2. HOST FACTORS: WHAT YOU
DO TO FIGHT INFECTIONS
Immune System
Overview
Factors that affects the
immune status of the
host
age, nutrition, hygiene,
etc
Monday, February 27, 2012
26. EVASION BY BACTERIA
Some Bacteria Have Pili
Some Bacteria Secrete Adhesion Molecules (Bordetella pertussis)
Immune System Response To Attachment Is IgA
Prevents Attachment
Some Bacterial Evade IgA Thru Proteases That Decrease ½ Life Of
IgA
Ex. Haemophilus influenzae
Some Bacteria Avoid Phagocytosis By Surrounding Themselves In
A Polysaccharide Capsule. Ex. Streptococcus pneumoniae
Monday, February 27, 2012
27. OVERZEALOUS IMMUNE
SYSTEM NOT BENEFICIAL
Bacterial Septic Shock In Tuberculosis, MΦ Ingest MTB
But Cannot Digest It
Predominant Cytokines
Involved: IL-1 and TNF-α Eventually Burst - Releasing
Bacilli
Source: MΦ
MΦ And TH1 Cells Form
Intracellular Bacteria Cause
Granulomatous Lesion,
Granulomas
Containment+Destruction Of
Extensive Tissue Damage Healthy Tissue
Ex. Tuberculosis INF-γ and IL-12 Are Crucial In
Eliminating Pathogen
Monday, February 27, 2012
29. INFECTION BY VIRUSES
The Immune Response Against Virus Is Primarily Mediated Thru
Interferons
Double stranded RNA induces production of IFN
Main producers of IFNα and IFNβ are pDCs
TLR-3 (dsRNA); TLR-7 (ssRNA)
Interferons produce an anti-viral state
A state that inhibits viral replication
A state that inhibits viral infection
Monday, February 27, 2012
31. Antibody Protection Against Viruses
Antibodies Bind To Viral Surface Antigens
Protect against re-infection
Huge amounts of secretory IgA in lumen block viral attachment
Viral Entry Into Cells Is Mediated Thru Receptors
Influenza virus binds to sialic acid on glycoproteins
Rhinovirus binds to ICAMs
If Receptor Is Blocked, Infection Is Blocked
Oral Polio vaccine Relies On IgA Production
Monday, February 27, 2012
33. Antibody Protection Against
Viruses
Antibodies Are Efficient In Preventing Infection
Monday, February 27, 2012
34. Antibody Protection Against
Viruses
Antibodies Are Efficient In Preventing Infection
Once Infection Has Occurred, Only Cell Mediated
Immunity Can Eliminate Infected Cells
Monday, February 27, 2012
35. Antibody Protection Against
Viruses
Antibodies Are Efficient In Preventing Infection
Once Infection Has Occurred, Only Cell Mediated
Immunity Can Eliminate Infected Cells
Examples Of Cell Mediated Immunity
TH1, CTL Are the major participants
Monday, February 27, 2012
37. Antibody Protection Against
Viruses
TH1 Produce IFN-γ, IL-2,
and TNF-α
IL-2 expands CTL-P
IFN-γ induces antiviral
state
IL-2 and IFN-γ activate
NK cells (first line of
defense)
Monday, February 27, 2012
38. Antibody Protection Against
Viruses
TH1 Produce IFN-γ, IL-2, CTL (cytotoxic
and TNF-α lymphocytes)
IL-2 expands CTL-P Peaks 7-10 days post
infection
IFN-γ induces antiviral
state Eliminate virally infected
cells
IL-2 and IFN-γ activate
NK cells (first line of
defense)
Monday, February 27, 2012
54. IMMUNIZATION FOR INFANTS
Vaccine Reason for Immunization
BCG Given at the earliest possible age protects
against the possibility of infection from
family members
DPT Early start with DPT reduces chance of
severe pertussis
OPV Protection against polio increased the
earlier the OPV is given
Hepatitis B Early start of HBV vaccination reduces
chance of being infected and becoming a
carrier
Measles At least 80% of measles can be prevented
by immunization at this age
Monday, February 27, 2012
55. SCHEDULE
Age Diseases to be immunized against
Birth Tuberculosis
6 weeks DPT; Polio; HBV
10 weeks DPT; Polio; HBV
14 weeks DPT; Polio; HBV
9 months Measles
Monday, February 27, 2012
56. SIDE EFFECTS OF BCG
30 minutes wheal SIDE EFFECTS:
disappears 1. Koch’s phenomenon- an acute
2 weeks: a small red inflammatory reaction
tender swelling 10 cm appearing within 2-4 days of
appears vaccination
3 weeks: swelling 2. Deep abscess at vaccination site
becomes a small – due to subcutaneous or
abscess which then deeper injection (I & D)
ulcerates
3. Indolent ulceration- an ulcer
12 weeks: course from which persists after 12 weeks or
vaccination to healing & > 10cm deep (Tx –INH powder)
scarification
4. Lymph node enlargement
Monday, February 27, 2012
57. SIDE EFFECTS DPT
SIDE EFFECTS: Advice/ Management
Fever: many children
develop fever after Antipyretic or tepid sponge
injection , lasting only bath
one day; fever that
lasts more than 24 Reassure mother that
hours after a dose of
swelling needs no treatment
DPT is not due to the
and will disappear within
vaccine but to other
3-4 days
causes
Local Soreness: Pain or
swelling at injection
site
Monday, February 27, 2012
58. SIDE EFFECTS DPT
SIDE EFFECTS: Advice/ Management
Abscess: If this appears a
week or more after the Incision and drainage is
injection, it is due to necessary
wrong technique. Either
the vaccine was not If convulsions occur, give
injected deep enough or
proper management and
the needed was not
do not continue the
sterile
normal course
Convulsions: Very rare;
occurs more in >3
months; usually due to
pertussis component of
the vaccine
Monday, February 27, 2012
59. SIDE EFFECTS MEASLES VACCINE
SIDE EFFECTS: Advice/ Management
Fever and rash:
Children may develop Reassure the mother and
fever after 5-7 days advise antipyretic for
from the time of the child
vaccination
Fever lasts only from
1-3 days.
Sometimes a mild
rash appears
Monday, February 27, 2012
60. TETANUS TOXOID
Vaccine Minimum age/ Percent Duration of
protected
interval protection
As early as possible during
TT1 pregnancy
At least 4 weeks later * Infants born to the mother
TT2 80% protected from neonatal
tetanus; 3 years protection to
mother
At least 6 months later * Infants protected;
TT3 95% 5 years protection to mother
At least one year later * Infants protected;
TT4 99% 10 years protection to mother
At least one year later Lifetime protection for mother;
TT5 99% * all infants born to that mother
will be protected
Monday, February 27, 2012
61. VACCINES AND POLIO ERADICATION
EFFORTS (smallpox as model)
Parungao-Balolong 2011
Monday, February 27, 2012
62. MEASLES &
HERD
IMMUNITY
thepaltrysapien.com
Monday, February 27, 2012
63. EMERGING & RE-
EMERGING INFECTIONS
Monday, February 27, 2012
65. PUBLIC HEALTH PLANNING
& INTERVENTION
Disaster and Outbreak Preparedness
Accessibility to Intervention and Good Clinical Management
Environmental Sanitation and Hygiene
Research: Diagnostics, Therapy and Pathogenic Mechanisms
Surveillance and Prevention Control Programs
Health Promotion and Awareness Ads and Campaigns
Monday, February 27, 2012
66. END OF BIO 120
LECTURES
Monday, February 27, 2012