The document discusses the innate immune system and its mechanisms for defending against pathogens. It describes the skin and mucous membranes as the first line of defense through physical and chemical barriers. The second line of defense includes inflammatory responses, fever, phagocytic cells, and antimicrobial substances that work in a nonspecific manner. Key components that provide innate immunity are natural barriers, defensive cells, inflammation, fever, and the complement system.
2. THE CONCEPT OF IMMUNITY
Immunity
• Ability to ward off disease caused
by microbes
Susceptibility
• Vulnerability or lack of immunity
Innate
• Defenses present at birth
Specific resistance
• Immunity/resistance to a specific
pathogen
Nonspecific resistance
• Defenses against any pathogen
6. Skin
• Intact skin prevents microbes from
entering the skin
• Broken skin – port of entry for microbes
• How?
– Bacteriocidal secretion by the sebaceous
glands
– Keratin - Desquamation
– Dryness - Perspiration
7. Mucous Membranes
• Barrier protection
• Lining of the respiratory tract, GI tract and
genitourinary tract
• Mucus – a glycoprotein produced by
goblet cells that keeps surfaces moist
• Mucosal cells are rapidly dividing flush
out of the body along with attached
bacteria
9. • Digestive tract
–Mouth and lower digestive tract
–How?
• Mucus
• Saliva (contains lysozyme)
• Bile (alkaline) in small intestine
• Stomach acids
• Defecation
• Mucus contain antibacterial agents,
antibodies and immune cells called
phagocytes
Mucous Membranes
10. • Genitourinary tract
–Urinary tract is sterile in a health person
except the distal urethra
–How?
• Urination
• Secretion (vaginal and seminal fluid)
• Low pH of vagina (presence of
several Lactobacillus sp.)
Mucous Membranes
12. Lacrimal apparatus
• Protection for the eye
• Tears are produced by the lacrimal gland
• Tears and their washing action helps keep
the surface of the eye free from bacterial
accumulation
• LYSOZYME is also found in tears and this
enzyme has anti-bacterial action as well
16. SECOND LINE of DEFENSE
• Once beyond the protective
outer barrier of the body, the
invading microbes will encounter
a series of nonspecific cellular
and chemical defense
mechanisms
17. Mechanisms:
Inflammation – a series of events that
removes or contain the offending agent
and repair the damage
Chemotaxis – movement of cells toward
a chemical influence (chemokines or
chemotatic agents)
Phagocytosis – process in which cell
ingest foreign matter
Many are carried out by the white blood
cells in blood
18. Blood Components
• Fluid portion
–Serum: liquid portion of clotted blood
–Plasma: liquid portion with clotting factors
–“Plasma can clot; Serum cannot”
–Contains antibodies & other proteins
• Clotting factors (proteins)
–Fibrinogen
–Prothrombin
19. I. Erythrocytes – red blood cells
(RBC) – carry oxygen and carbon
dioxide; no nucleus
II. Leukocytes – white blood cells
(WBC) - defense
III. Platelets – thrombocyte
particles – clotting; no nucleus
Formed Elements in Blood
25. Can you identify these leukocytes?
erythrocyte
platelet
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
26. Granulocytes
Neutrophils (aka polymorphonuclear cells or
PMN)
• Most common leukocytes in the blood.
Granules unstained.
• mobile cells and can pass through
capillaries and engulf bacteria by
phagocytosis
• secrete a fever inducing agent called
pyrogen which also helps the body
fight infection.
Eosinophils
• the granules of cytoplasm are stainable
with eosin (red)
• The exact function of eosinophils has
been a mystery for many years, but
research has pointed to its role in
allergy, asthma and parasitic
(helminth) infection; some
phagocytosis.
27. Basophils
•rarest WBC in normal
blood
•Blue granules contain
histamine
•play a role in immediate
hypersensitivity reactions
and in some cell-mediated
delayed reactions, such as
contact hypersensitivity in
humans, skin graft or
tumor rejections
Granulocytes
28. Monocyte (Macrophage)
Monocytes (the blood form)
• the largest WBC's normally found in
blood
• horseshoe or "U" shape nucleus, or it
may be folded
• travel to different tissue to mature into
specific macrophage
Macrophage
• As it developed from monocytes, its
size can increase 2-3 times
• Wandering – motile and travel in
bloodstream; found throughout body
• Fixed (histiocytes)– attached and
remain in the tissue
• Removal and engulfment of foreign
particles and useless body
cells/material
29. Lymphocytes
• The lymphocyte nucleus is
usually round to slightly
indented with a sharply
defined edge, and deep,
dense purple. Cytoplasm
may be scant or form a
narrow rim around the
nucleus.
• Cornerstone of the
immune system: antibodies
production & cell-mediated
immunity
30. the ingestion of microorganisms or other matter
by a cell. Many white blood cells engulf invasive
microorganisms by the process of phagocytosis.
– 1. Chemotaxis - phagocytes are attracted to
microorganisms.
– 2. Attachment - phagocyte adheres to the
microbial cell. This adherence may be
facilitated by opsonization – coating the
microbe with plasma proteins.
– 3. Ingestion - Pseudopods of phagocytes
engulf the microorganism and enclose it in a
phagosome to complete ingestion.
– 4. Digestion - Lysosomes fuse with the
phagosome to form a digestive vacuole. The
microbe is killed and digested.
Phagocytosis
36. Fever
• Systemic response to injury
• Abnormally high body temperature
• Shivering - the result of a new higher set
point for body temperature
• Death results if body temperature rises
above 44 to 46 degrees Celsius
38. Complement
• Defensive system of over 30 proteins that
are made in the liver and circulate in the
blood and tissues
• Activation of complement destroys
microbes by lysis, inflammation, and
phagocytosis
• Complement proteins act in a CASCADE,
that is, one reaction triggers another
40. Interferon
• Classes of anti-viral proteins
• First discovered in the mid 1950’s
• Produced by cells such as lymphocytes,
macrophages and fibroblasts AFTER viral
stimulation - RNA viruses
• Interfere with viral multiplication
41. Interferon
• Three classes of interferons
– Alpha - leukocytes
– Beta - fibroblasts
– Gamma - lymphocytes (T cells)
• Produced after viral infection
• Induces near by cells to produce anti-viral to
protect against the virus
• Currently produced by recombinant DNA
technology
42. Summary of Innate Immunity Defenses
FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE: SKIN AND MUCOUS MEMBRANES
Component Function
PHYSICAL FACTORS
Epidermis of skin Forms a physical barrier to the entrance of
microbes
Mucous membranes Inhibit the entrance of many microbes
Mucus Traps microbes in respiratory and GI tracts
Lacrimal apparatus Tears dilute and wash away irritating substances
and microbes
Saliva Washes microbes from surfaces of teeth and
mucous membranes of mouth
Hairs Filter out microbes and dust in nose
Cilia Together with mucus, trap and remove microbes
and dust from upper respiratory tract
Epiglottis Prevents microbes from entering lower resp. tract
Urine Washes microbes from urethra
Vaginal secretions Move microbes out of female reproductive tract
Peristalsis, defecation, vomiting Expel microbes from the body
43. CHEMICAL FACTORS
Component Function
Sebum Forms a protective acidic film over the skin surface that
inhibits growth of many microbes
Lysozyme Enzyme that digests peptidoglycan in perspiration,
tears, saliva, nasal secretions, urine, and tissue fluids
Saliva Contains lysozyme, and uric acid, which inhibit
microbes; and immunoglobulin A, which prevents
attachment of microbes to mucous membranes. Slight
acidity discourages microbial growth
Gastric juice Destroys bacteria and most toxins in stomach
Urine Contains lysozyme, urea, and uric acid, which inhibit
microbes; slight acidity discourages microbial growth
Vaginal secretions Slight acidity discourages bacterial and fungal growth
44. SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE
Component Functions
Defensive Cells
• Phagocytes Phagocytosis by cells such as neutrophils, eosinophils,
dendritic cells, and macrophages
• Natural killer (NK)
cells
Kill infected target cells by releasing granules that
contain perforin and granzymes. Phagocytes then kill the
infected microbes
Inflammation Confines and destroys microbes and initiates tissue
repair
Fever Intensifies the effects of interferons, inhibits growth of
some microbes, and speeds up body reactions that aid
repair
Antimicrobial Substances
• Complement system Causes cytolysis of microbes, promotes phagocytosis
and contributes to inflammation
• Interferons Protect uninfected host cells from viral infection
• Iron-binding proteins Inhibit growth of certain bacteria by reducing the amount
available iron
• Antimicrobial
peptides
Inhibit cell wall synthesis, form pores in the plasma
membrane that cause lysis; and destroy DNA and RNA