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Imaging powerpoint
- 1. Advanced Biology Clinical Applications: Imaging Technology
- 2. Imaging Technology Why? • Imaging allows physicians to view internal structures and diagnose diseases and conditions • Technology has steadily improved throughout the 20th century
- 3. Background • X-Ray Technology – Discovered in 1895 by Wilhelm Roentgen – X-rays are short wave, high energy photons of light – Have the ability to pass through solid objects
- 4. Metal: absorbs most x-ray X-Rays radiation • Bone, tissue and skin Bone and Teeth: density determines how absorbs a major much energy is absorbed as portion of x-ray energy X-rays pass through • A detector (or film) catches the X-rays and generates Skin and Tissue: absorbs the least an image based on the level energy (hardest to of x-ray absorption see)
- 5. Um…did anybody see that extra pair of scissors…
- 6. Big Brain Small Brain
- 7. CT Scans • Computed Tomography • Developed in early 1970s • Utilizes X-ray technology to view “slices” of internal structures
- 8. How CT works… • Uses x-ray beams in a 360o rotation around the body to obtain 1mm slices of bone, tissue and blood vessels • Computers collect the individual slices and allows for manipulation on a computer screen
- 9. Special Features • Contrast agents (dyes) can be injected or introduced orally which will make specific tissues stand out on the CT film. Common Dyes: • Radioactive Iodine substances are often Barium used.
- 10. Uses of CT Scans This CT scan shows an adenocarcinoma, the most common form of lung cancer
- 11. Uses of CT Scans This coronal CT scan shows the abdominopelvic cavity
- 12. M R I Magnetic Resonance Imaging Developed in the early 1980s, MRI technology does not use harmful x-rays to generate an image of internal structures. MRIs produce detailed internal images of bone, soft tissue, blood vessels and muscles.
- 13. How MRIs work… • Radio waves, stronger than the magnetic field of the earth, are sent through the body The water in cells is the source • The radio waves disrupts of radio waves in most tissues. the nuclei of atoms The waves are captured and causing them to emit their translated into an image by a own radio waves computer.
- 14. MRI Images
- 15. Ultrasound • Works by sending out high frequency sound waves which are reflected off of internal body structures. • Reflected waves are received and analyzed by a computer to produce images on a screen. • Non-invasion, no side effects
- 16. Ultrasound Olivia Morgan at 18 weeks Uses • This technology is most commonly used during pregnancy to view the developing fetus It is also used to identify cysts and tumors in abdominal viscera
- 17. Echocardiogram • Ultrasound of the heart • Shows morphology of the heart and how well blood flows through the heart • Used to diagnose malformed structures and inadequate blood supply
- 18. Nuclear Imaging Studies • Nuclear medicine uses radioactive substances to diagnose and treat disease • Uses gamma ray detectors and computers to generate images of the anatomy and physiology of the body Includes: • Positron emission tomography (PET) • Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) • Cardiovascular imaging • Bone scanning
- 19. PET Scan • Radioactive isotopes (carbon-11, nitrogen-13, oxygen-15) are injected into the patient which emit gamma rays (give off positrons) when they decay • The gamma ray detector captures these rays, turns them into photons which are then translated into an image • Uses 360o rotational slices (like CT and MRI)
- 20. Benefits of PET Scans: PET Scan • Very detailed images • Can show function in real time – demonstrate what occurs under different conditions • No exposure to X-rays Drawbacks: • Use of radioactive materials • Very expensive • Needs to be near a particle accelerator to generate the short- lived radioactive isotopes I have no idea how this physics s*** works – don’t even ask!)
- 21. Cardiovascular Imaging Nuclear Stress Test • Uses imaging technology to view the heart at rest and under stress • Identifies changes in heart tissue when the heart is subject to stress • Diagnoses cardiac disease, blocked arteries and abnormalities Uses radioactive thallium
- 22. How it Works • The patient is give the radioactive tracer and images are taken while the patient is at rest (used as a control) • The patient exercises on a treadmill in a controlled environment while being watched by a doctor • The patient walks/runs at increasing speeds/elevations until they can no longer keep going • Heart rate and rhythm are recorded • Another set of images are then immediately taken to detect any changes in the workings of the heart
- 23. Ooooh… a Endoscopy sphincter Test that looks inside of the body with a long flexible tube that is swallowed. The endoscope has a camera and a light that enables the doctor to look at the inside of the upper intestinal tract
- 24. Endoscopy The doctor takes biopsies of any abnormal looking tissues to study Helps diagnose and treat ulcers, intestinal bleeding, esophagitis and heart burn, and gastritis. Bleeding Ulcer Squamocellular cancer
- 25. Colonoscopy Examines the colon (large intestine) with a fiber optic camera on a flexible tube passed through the anus. Indications for colonoscopy include gastrointestinal hemorrhage, unexplained changes in bowel habit or suspicion of malignancy. Often used to diagnose or rule out colon cancer, but is also frequently used to diagnose inflammatory bowel disease.
- 26. Colonoscopy The Tools: • Colonoscope: long flexible tubular instrument which is inserted into the rectum. • video visualization equipment: enables the physician to inspect the lining of the colon • Other instruments, such as biopsy forceps can be passed through the colonoscope to perform certain surgical procedures.