This document summarizes Indian research on schizophrenia conducted from the 1960s to the 2010s. It outlines key areas of research including epidemiology, biological studies, treatment studies, and investigations of symptoms, course, and outcomes. Some landmark studies mentioned are the International Pilot Study of Schizophrenia, Determinants of Outcome of Severe Mental Disorders study, International Study of Schizophrenia, and long-term follow up studies of cohorts in Agra and Madras that found illness intensity decreases over time and outcomes are better than in developed countries.
A brief overview on Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome presented for the PGs and the faculty of Dept. of Medicine, Govt. Medical College Kannur, Kerala, India
Brief overview of brain stimulation techniquesSujit Kumar Kar
This document discusses various neurostimulation techniques used to treat psychiatric and neurological conditions. It begins by outlining the history and milestones of different brain stimulation methods from the 18th century to present day. These include the first reported use of camphor-induced seizures in 1785 to treat conditions, and the development of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in the 1930s-1950s.
The document then provides an overview of current neurostimulation techniques like ECT, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), deep brain stimulation (DBS), vagus nerve stimulation (VNS), and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). It notes their effectiveness for treating various disorders such as depression, OCD, anxiety
Response : ( 50% ↓ in symptoms), may take 1-2 months.
Remission : ( Return to normal ), may need 3 months.
Recovery (The Goal) Remission≥6 months.
4. Relapse : having episode of depression after response or remission
5. Recurrence having episode of depression after recovery
The document provides an overview of functional neuroimaging techniques used in psychiatry, including their principles, applications, and future trends. It discusses various imaging modalities such as MRI, fMRI, MRS, PET, SPECT, and diffusion tensor imaging. It describes how these techniques are used to study structural and functional correlates of psychiatric disorders and examine areas of the brain involved in conditions like schizophrenia, depression, addiction, and dementia. The document also outlines how neuroimaging is enhancing our understanding of psychopathology and treatment responses in these illnesses.
Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is treated first with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) or cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), but 40-60% do not respond to initial treatment. Treatment-resistant OCD is defined as failure to respond to an adequate trial of an SSRI. Strategies to treat resistant OCD include optimizing and switching medications, adding or combining medications with CBT, intensive residential therapy, and newer treatments like deep brain stimulation. Guidelines recommend trying different options like switching SSRIs, adding CBT, or augmenting before considering more intensive or experimental treatments.
The document discusses the glutamate hypothesis of schizophrenia. It proposes that abnormalities in the glutamate system, particularly hypofunction of NMDA receptors, may underlie schizophrenia. This is supported by evidence such as psychotomimetic drugs like PCP blocking NMDA receptors and exacerbating schizophrenia symptoms. The glutamate hypothesis may better explain negative and cognitive symptoms compared to the dopamine hypothesis. Neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative theories involving glutamate are proposed, such as excessive synaptic pruning during development or glutamate-induced neuronal necrosis/apoptosis. Abnormalities in genes and proteins related to glutamate neurotransmission and the postsynaptic density are also implicated in schizophrenia pathogenesis.
Motivation plays an important role in alcoholism treatment. Researchers have shown interest in how motivation impacts recovery. Patients can be classified into stages of change regarding their readiness to change drinking behavior. Motivational treatment approaches like brief motivational intervention, motivational interviewing, and motivational enhancement therapy are designed to enhance a patient's intrinsic motivation to change. These approaches provide feedback, support self-efficacy, and help patients explore the pros and cons of change to increase motivation and commitment to reducing or stopping drinking. Internal motivation generally leads to better long-term outcomes than external motivation.
This document summarizes Indian research on schizophrenia conducted from the 1960s to the 2010s. It outlines key areas of research including epidemiology, biological studies, treatment studies, and investigations of symptoms, course, and outcomes. Some landmark studies mentioned are the International Pilot Study of Schizophrenia, Determinants of Outcome of Severe Mental Disorders study, International Study of Schizophrenia, and long-term follow up studies of cohorts in Agra and Madras that found illness intensity decreases over time and outcomes are better than in developed countries.
A brief overview on Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome presented for the PGs and the faculty of Dept. of Medicine, Govt. Medical College Kannur, Kerala, India
Brief overview of brain stimulation techniquesSujit Kumar Kar
This document discusses various neurostimulation techniques used to treat psychiatric and neurological conditions. It begins by outlining the history and milestones of different brain stimulation methods from the 18th century to present day. These include the first reported use of camphor-induced seizures in 1785 to treat conditions, and the development of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in the 1930s-1950s.
The document then provides an overview of current neurostimulation techniques like ECT, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), deep brain stimulation (DBS), vagus nerve stimulation (VNS), and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). It notes their effectiveness for treating various disorders such as depression, OCD, anxiety
Response : ( 50% ↓ in symptoms), may take 1-2 months.
Remission : ( Return to normal ), may need 3 months.
Recovery (The Goal) Remission≥6 months.
4. Relapse : having episode of depression after response or remission
5. Recurrence having episode of depression after recovery
The document provides an overview of functional neuroimaging techniques used in psychiatry, including their principles, applications, and future trends. It discusses various imaging modalities such as MRI, fMRI, MRS, PET, SPECT, and diffusion tensor imaging. It describes how these techniques are used to study structural and functional correlates of psychiatric disorders and examine areas of the brain involved in conditions like schizophrenia, depression, addiction, and dementia. The document also outlines how neuroimaging is enhancing our understanding of psychopathology and treatment responses in these illnesses.
Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is treated first with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) or cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), but 40-60% do not respond to initial treatment. Treatment-resistant OCD is defined as failure to respond to an adequate trial of an SSRI. Strategies to treat resistant OCD include optimizing and switching medications, adding or combining medications with CBT, intensive residential therapy, and newer treatments like deep brain stimulation. Guidelines recommend trying different options like switching SSRIs, adding CBT, or augmenting before considering more intensive or experimental treatments.
The document discusses the glutamate hypothesis of schizophrenia. It proposes that abnormalities in the glutamate system, particularly hypofunction of NMDA receptors, may underlie schizophrenia. This is supported by evidence such as psychotomimetic drugs like PCP blocking NMDA receptors and exacerbating schizophrenia symptoms. The glutamate hypothesis may better explain negative and cognitive symptoms compared to the dopamine hypothesis. Neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative theories involving glutamate are proposed, such as excessive synaptic pruning during development or glutamate-induced neuronal necrosis/apoptosis. Abnormalities in genes and proteins related to glutamate neurotransmission and the postsynaptic density are also implicated in schizophrenia pathogenesis.
Motivation plays an important role in alcoholism treatment. Researchers have shown interest in how motivation impacts recovery. Patients can be classified into stages of change regarding their readiness to change drinking behavior. Motivational treatment approaches like brief motivational intervention, motivational interviewing, and motivational enhancement therapy are designed to enhance a patient's intrinsic motivation to change. These approaches provide feedback, support self-efficacy, and help patients explore the pros and cons of change to increase motivation and commitment to reducing or stopping drinking. Internal motivation generally leads to better long-term outcomes than external motivation.
The document provides a historical overview and current understanding of mood disorders as categorized in the DSM-5 and ICD-11 diagnostic systems. Some key points:
- Mood disorders include depressive disorders and bipolar disorders, with major categories being major depressive disorder, persistent depressive disorder, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, bipolar I disorder, and bipolar II disorder.
- Important changes from previous editions include removing the bereavement exclusion in DSM-5 and adding specifiers like with anxious distress, with mixed features, and seasonal pattern.
- ICD-11 retains the mood disorders category and bipolar/related disorders grouping, with some organizational differences from DSM-5 like a
Frontal lobe functions and assessmeny 20th july 2013Shahnaz Syeda
The frontal lobes have several functional areas that control motor functions like movement as well as higher cognitive functions. The primary motor cortex directly controls muscle movement while areas like the premotor cortex plan movements. The prefrontal cortex is involved in executive functions, problem solving, emotion regulation, and decision making through areas like the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Damage to different frontal lobe areas can cause syndromes like difficulties with movement, language, behavior, personality and cognition depending on the location of the lesion. A neuropsychological assessment can evaluate these frontal lobe functions.
This document discusses mood disorders and depression. It covers the classification of mood disorders according to ICD-10 codes, as well as the etiology of mood disorders from biological, psychological, and social perspectives. The etiology is complex and multifactorial, involving genetics, neurotransmitters like serotonin and norepinephrine, stress, and social support systems. Recurrent depression is associated with neuronal damage over time from repeated episodes.
Etiopathogenesis of obsessive compulsive disorder [autosaved]sadaf89
This document discusses the etiology and pathogenesis of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). It covers biological, psychological, and social causal factors. Key points include: OCD is associated with abnormalities in brain circuits involving serotonin, dopamine, and glutamate; it has a significant genetic component with heritability estimates around 45-65%; brain imaging studies have found structural and functional differences in brain regions involved in these circuits in individuals with OCD compared to controls. The document provides a detailed overview of the understanding of OCD pathogenesis.
This document discusses the cardiac adverse effects of clozapine, including myocarditis and cardiomyopathy. It provides information on the incidence of these side effects, trends in clozapine prescribing, the proposed etiology of clozapine-induced myocarditis, histopathological features, cardiovascular adverse effects, tips for clinicians in monitoring patients on clozapine, and a proposed new monitoring protocol involving troponin and C-reactive protein levels.
This document provides an update on antipsychotic medications from Prof. Hani Hamed Dessoki. It discusses oral and long-acting injectable second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) including two new products, Vraylar and Nuplazid. It also mentions guidelines for antipsychotic use in dementia and a new boxed warning for olanzapine regarding DRESS syndrome. Product and guideline updates are provided at the end.
This document discusses treatment resistant depression. It begins by providing epidemiological data on depression worldwide and notes that treatment resistant depression (TRD) is becoming more prevalent. It then discusses factors associated with TRD like psychiatric and medical comorbidities, gender, family history, illness severity and chronicity. The document outlines approaches to defining and staging TRD. It discusses challenges in differentiating true treatment resistance from pseudo-resistance. Finally, it summarizes large clinical trials on sequencing treatments for TRD like the STAR*D trial.
Catatonia is a syndrome characterized by motor abnormalities and behavioral disturbances. It is associated with various psychiatric and medical conditions. Historically, it was considered a subtype of schizophrenia but is now recognized as a symptom complex that can occur in multiple disorders. Rating scales have been developed to assess symptoms of catatonia such as mutism, stupor, negativism, mannerisms, and waxy flexibility. Malignant catatonia is a potentially lethal medical emergency variant associated with fever, autonomic instability, and cataplexy.
Neuropsychiatric Manifestations of Huntington Disease (2021)Zahiruddin Othman
This document discusses the neuropsychiatric manifestations of Huntington's disease. Huntington's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder caused by a defective gene on chromosome 4. It is characterized by motor, cognitive, and psychiatric symptoms. Psychiatric symptoms include depression, irritability, anxiety, and psychosis. Neuropathology involves gradual atrophy of the striatum due to neuronal loss. Diagnosis is based on family history, motor symptoms, and neuropsychological assessment. Management involves a multidisciplinary approach including pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions to treat motor, cognitive, and psychiatric symptoms.
DISORDER CONTENTOF THOUGHT -DELUSION
BY DR.WASIM
UNDER GUIDANCE OF
DR.SANJAY.JAIN
Definition of delusion:
Delusions are categorized into four different groups
THERE ARE 2 TYPES OF DISORDERS OF THOUGHT CONTENT
1.DELUSION
2.OVERVALUED IDEAS
DISTINGUISED
DELUSION
OTHER MEMBERS OF THE CULTURE DONOT SHARE THE BELIEF.
NEED NOT BE ASSOCIATED WITH AFFECT.
FIRMLY SUSTAINED BELIEF.
CONVINCED THAT DELUSION IS REAL.
RECOGNIZED AS ABSURED.
CANNOT BE ACCEPTED.
OCCUR IN MENTALLY ILL PATIENTS.
OVERVALUED IDEAS
OTHER MEMBERS OF THE CULTURE SHARE THE BELIEF.
ASSOCIATED WITH VERY STRONG AFFECT.
NOT HELD FIRMLY.
ATLEAST SOME LEVEL OF DOUBT AS TO ITS TRUTHFULNESS.
NOT RECOGNIZED AS ABSURED.
ACCEPTABLE.
CAN OCCUR IN BOTH HEALTHY AND MENTALLY ILL PATIENTS.
KENDLER’S VECTORS FOR DELUSION:
five stages in the development of delusion(FISH & CONRAD)
FACTORS CONCERNED WITH GENERATION OF DELUSIONS
PATHPOPHYSIOLOGY OF DELUSIONS
PRIMARY DELUSIONS
SECONDARY DELUSIONS
SYSTEMATIZATION
DELUSIONS ON THE BASIS OF CONTENT OF DELUSIONS
THANK YOU
The document provides information on neuropsychological tests, including:
- Psychological tests must be reliable, valid, and have norms to be considered tests.
- Tests are used to assess intelligence, aptitude, achievement, personality traits, and more.
- Objective tests use standardized questions while projective tests allow subjective responses.
- Tests can be individual, group-based, or use batteries of assessments.
- Examples of tests described include the Bender Gestalt Test for perception, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test for executive functions, and others.
The document discusses projective tests and provides details about the Rorschach inkblot test. It describes the key characteristics and assumptions of projective tests. It explains the different categories of projective tests and provides examples. It then focuses on describing the administration, scoring, and interpretation of the Rorschach test, outlining the various response determinants, content categories, qualitative signs, and their clinical implications.
This document discusses certification of various disabilities and medical conditions in India. It provides definitions and guidelines for certifying intellectual disability, specific learning disability, mental illness, cerebral palsy, and chronic neurological conditions. The certification process involves assessment by medical authorities to determine the nature and severity of the disability. Standardized tools like VSMS, IDEAS, and GMFCS scales are used to evaluate the disability and assign a percentage for certification and eligibility for government benefits. Certificates must follow legal formats and are issued for specified time periods before requiring renewal.
The document summarizes recent advances in psychiatry, with a focus on advances related to dementia. It discusses improvements in dementia classification systems, understanding of disease mechanisms, early detection methods, and treatments. Key points include: the DSM-5 updated dementia diagnosis criteria; genetics research identifying new risk genes; brain imaging techniques detecting amyloid plaques and glucose metabolism changes; cerebrospinal fluid tests measuring amyloid and tau levels; and new drug combinations and disease-modifying therapies targeting amyloid, tau, inflammation, and cholesterol.
This document discusses novel neurotransmitters beyond the classical ones. It describes nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, endocannabinoids, eicosanoids, and neurosteroids. Nitric oxide is produced in neurons from arginine and acts through cGMP. It is involved in long term potentiation and erectile function. Carbon monoxide regulates olfaction and vasodilation. Hydrogen sulfide is produced from cysteine and acts as a gaseous messenger. Endocannabinoids like anandamide signal retrogradely through CB1 receptors. Eicosanoids are derived from arachidonic acid. Neurosteroids are synthesized in the brain from cholesterol and include allopregn
Sytematic treatment enhancement program for bipolar disorder(step bd) (1)Dr Wasim
The STEP-BD study was a large, long-term outpatient study that evaluated treatments for bipolar disorder. Over 7 years it enrolled 4,361 participants ages 15 and older from 22 sites to evaluate which treatments were most effective for episodes of depression and mania and for preventing recurrence. The study assessed mood stabilizers, antidepressants, antipsychotics, and psychosocial interventions. It found that certain medications were not more effective than placebo for acute depression. Intensive psychosocial therapies improved relationship and life satisfaction compared to a brief control intervention. The study provided important longitudinal data on the course and comorbidities of bipolar disorder.
This document discusses neuromodulation, which is the targeted release of substances from neurons that alters synaptic transmission or neuronal properties. It can involve electrical stimulation or chemical agents delivered to specific neurological sites. The document compares neuromodulation and synaptic transmission, discusses various neuromodulatory systems like dopamine and serotonin, and reviews different modes and types of neuromodulation including spinal cord stimulation, deep brain stimulation, and invasive vs non-invasive methods. Major applications of neuromodulation are for pain management and treatment of neurological disorders.
This is a presentation done on 4/6/11 for the Grand Rounds at Wayne State university by Pallav Pareek M.D.
This presentation talks about the concept of prdrome as it is(if?) applicable to schizophrenia, and if schizophrenia is becoming more of a preventable illness as science progresses. If so what are the various ways and means in which we can accomplish this prevention.
Amidst so much controversy on the issue , whether there is a prodrome for this illness or not, here I have tried to present the recent advances in this field and the recent scientific literature in this regard.
The document provides a historical overview and current understanding of mood disorders as categorized in the DSM-5 and ICD-11 diagnostic systems. Some key points:
- Mood disorders include depressive disorders and bipolar disorders, with major categories being major depressive disorder, persistent depressive disorder, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, bipolar I disorder, and bipolar II disorder.
- Important changes from previous editions include removing the bereavement exclusion in DSM-5 and adding specifiers like with anxious distress, with mixed features, and seasonal pattern.
- ICD-11 retains the mood disorders category and bipolar/related disorders grouping, with some organizational differences from DSM-5 like a
Frontal lobe functions and assessmeny 20th july 2013Shahnaz Syeda
The frontal lobes have several functional areas that control motor functions like movement as well as higher cognitive functions. The primary motor cortex directly controls muscle movement while areas like the premotor cortex plan movements. The prefrontal cortex is involved in executive functions, problem solving, emotion regulation, and decision making through areas like the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Damage to different frontal lobe areas can cause syndromes like difficulties with movement, language, behavior, personality and cognition depending on the location of the lesion. A neuropsychological assessment can evaluate these frontal lobe functions.
This document discusses mood disorders and depression. It covers the classification of mood disorders according to ICD-10 codes, as well as the etiology of mood disorders from biological, psychological, and social perspectives. The etiology is complex and multifactorial, involving genetics, neurotransmitters like serotonin and norepinephrine, stress, and social support systems. Recurrent depression is associated with neuronal damage over time from repeated episodes.
Etiopathogenesis of obsessive compulsive disorder [autosaved]sadaf89
This document discusses the etiology and pathogenesis of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). It covers biological, psychological, and social causal factors. Key points include: OCD is associated with abnormalities in brain circuits involving serotonin, dopamine, and glutamate; it has a significant genetic component with heritability estimates around 45-65%; brain imaging studies have found structural and functional differences in brain regions involved in these circuits in individuals with OCD compared to controls. The document provides a detailed overview of the understanding of OCD pathogenesis.
This document discusses the cardiac adverse effects of clozapine, including myocarditis and cardiomyopathy. It provides information on the incidence of these side effects, trends in clozapine prescribing, the proposed etiology of clozapine-induced myocarditis, histopathological features, cardiovascular adverse effects, tips for clinicians in monitoring patients on clozapine, and a proposed new monitoring protocol involving troponin and C-reactive protein levels.
This document provides an update on antipsychotic medications from Prof. Hani Hamed Dessoki. It discusses oral and long-acting injectable second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) including two new products, Vraylar and Nuplazid. It also mentions guidelines for antipsychotic use in dementia and a new boxed warning for olanzapine regarding DRESS syndrome. Product and guideline updates are provided at the end.
This document discusses treatment resistant depression. It begins by providing epidemiological data on depression worldwide and notes that treatment resistant depression (TRD) is becoming more prevalent. It then discusses factors associated with TRD like psychiatric and medical comorbidities, gender, family history, illness severity and chronicity. The document outlines approaches to defining and staging TRD. It discusses challenges in differentiating true treatment resistance from pseudo-resistance. Finally, it summarizes large clinical trials on sequencing treatments for TRD like the STAR*D trial.
Catatonia is a syndrome characterized by motor abnormalities and behavioral disturbances. It is associated with various psychiatric and medical conditions. Historically, it was considered a subtype of schizophrenia but is now recognized as a symptom complex that can occur in multiple disorders. Rating scales have been developed to assess symptoms of catatonia such as mutism, stupor, negativism, mannerisms, and waxy flexibility. Malignant catatonia is a potentially lethal medical emergency variant associated with fever, autonomic instability, and cataplexy.
Neuropsychiatric Manifestations of Huntington Disease (2021)Zahiruddin Othman
This document discusses the neuropsychiatric manifestations of Huntington's disease. Huntington's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder caused by a defective gene on chromosome 4. It is characterized by motor, cognitive, and psychiatric symptoms. Psychiatric symptoms include depression, irritability, anxiety, and psychosis. Neuropathology involves gradual atrophy of the striatum due to neuronal loss. Diagnosis is based on family history, motor symptoms, and neuropsychological assessment. Management involves a multidisciplinary approach including pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions to treat motor, cognitive, and psychiatric symptoms.
DISORDER CONTENTOF THOUGHT -DELUSION
BY DR.WASIM
UNDER GUIDANCE OF
DR.SANJAY.JAIN
Definition of delusion:
Delusions are categorized into four different groups
THERE ARE 2 TYPES OF DISORDERS OF THOUGHT CONTENT
1.DELUSION
2.OVERVALUED IDEAS
DISTINGUISED
DELUSION
OTHER MEMBERS OF THE CULTURE DONOT SHARE THE BELIEF.
NEED NOT BE ASSOCIATED WITH AFFECT.
FIRMLY SUSTAINED BELIEF.
CONVINCED THAT DELUSION IS REAL.
RECOGNIZED AS ABSURED.
CANNOT BE ACCEPTED.
OCCUR IN MENTALLY ILL PATIENTS.
OVERVALUED IDEAS
OTHER MEMBERS OF THE CULTURE SHARE THE BELIEF.
ASSOCIATED WITH VERY STRONG AFFECT.
NOT HELD FIRMLY.
ATLEAST SOME LEVEL OF DOUBT AS TO ITS TRUTHFULNESS.
NOT RECOGNIZED AS ABSURED.
ACCEPTABLE.
CAN OCCUR IN BOTH HEALTHY AND MENTALLY ILL PATIENTS.
KENDLER’S VECTORS FOR DELUSION:
five stages in the development of delusion(FISH & CONRAD)
FACTORS CONCERNED WITH GENERATION OF DELUSIONS
PATHPOPHYSIOLOGY OF DELUSIONS
PRIMARY DELUSIONS
SECONDARY DELUSIONS
SYSTEMATIZATION
DELUSIONS ON THE BASIS OF CONTENT OF DELUSIONS
THANK YOU
The document provides information on neuropsychological tests, including:
- Psychological tests must be reliable, valid, and have norms to be considered tests.
- Tests are used to assess intelligence, aptitude, achievement, personality traits, and more.
- Objective tests use standardized questions while projective tests allow subjective responses.
- Tests can be individual, group-based, or use batteries of assessments.
- Examples of tests described include the Bender Gestalt Test for perception, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test for executive functions, and others.
The document discusses projective tests and provides details about the Rorschach inkblot test. It describes the key characteristics and assumptions of projective tests. It explains the different categories of projective tests and provides examples. It then focuses on describing the administration, scoring, and interpretation of the Rorschach test, outlining the various response determinants, content categories, qualitative signs, and their clinical implications.
This document discusses certification of various disabilities and medical conditions in India. It provides definitions and guidelines for certifying intellectual disability, specific learning disability, mental illness, cerebral palsy, and chronic neurological conditions. The certification process involves assessment by medical authorities to determine the nature and severity of the disability. Standardized tools like VSMS, IDEAS, and GMFCS scales are used to evaluate the disability and assign a percentage for certification and eligibility for government benefits. Certificates must follow legal formats and are issued for specified time periods before requiring renewal.
The document summarizes recent advances in psychiatry, with a focus on advances related to dementia. It discusses improvements in dementia classification systems, understanding of disease mechanisms, early detection methods, and treatments. Key points include: the DSM-5 updated dementia diagnosis criteria; genetics research identifying new risk genes; brain imaging techniques detecting amyloid plaques and glucose metabolism changes; cerebrospinal fluid tests measuring amyloid and tau levels; and new drug combinations and disease-modifying therapies targeting amyloid, tau, inflammation, and cholesterol.
This document discusses novel neurotransmitters beyond the classical ones. It describes nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, endocannabinoids, eicosanoids, and neurosteroids. Nitric oxide is produced in neurons from arginine and acts through cGMP. It is involved in long term potentiation and erectile function. Carbon monoxide regulates olfaction and vasodilation. Hydrogen sulfide is produced from cysteine and acts as a gaseous messenger. Endocannabinoids like anandamide signal retrogradely through CB1 receptors. Eicosanoids are derived from arachidonic acid. Neurosteroids are synthesized in the brain from cholesterol and include allopregn
Sytematic treatment enhancement program for bipolar disorder(step bd) (1)Dr Wasim
The STEP-BD study was a large, long-term outpatient study that evaluated treatments for bipolar disorder. Over 7 years it enrolled 4,361 participants ages 15 and older from 22 sites to evaluate which treatments were most effective for episodes of depression and mania and for preventing recurrence. The study assessed mood stabilizers, antidepressants, antipsychotics, and psychosocial interventions. It found that certain medications were not more effective than placebo for acute depression. Intensive psychosocial therapies improved relationship and life satisfaction compared to a brief control intervention. The study provided important longitudinal data on the course and comorbidities of bipolar disorder.
This document discusses neuromodulation, which is the targeted release of substances from neurons that alters synaptic transmission or neuronal properties. It can involve electrical stimulation or chemical agents delivered to specific neurological sites. The document compares neuromodulation and synaptic transmission, discusses various neuromodulatory systems like dopamine and serotonin, and reviews different modes and types of neuromodulation including spinal cord stimulation, deep brain stimulation, and invasive vs non-invasive methods. Major applications of neuromodulation are for pain management and treatment of neurological disorders.
This is a presentation done on 4/6/11 for the Grand Rounds at Wayne State university by Pallav Pareek M.D.
This presentation talks about the concept of prdrome as it is(if?) applicable to schizophrenia, and if schizophrenia is becoming more of a preventable illness as science progresses. If so what are the various ways and means in which we can accomplish this prevention.
Amidst so much controversy on the issue , whether there is a prodrome for this illness or not, here I have tried to present the recent advances in this field and the recent scientific literature in this regard.
Terapie e loro impatto sui sintomi non motori - Giuseppe Di Lorenzorobertobottino1
A cura di Giuseppe Di Lorenzo.
Nel paziente affetto da patologie neurologiche le situazioni di comorbilità rappresentano un aspetto critico rilevante che comporta una serie di problemi aggiuntivi a una gestione già di per sé complessa e che deve essere affrontata in modo appropriato.
La presenza contemporanea di più patologie, oltre ad aumentare la compromissione dello stato di salute complessivo, contribuisce a peggiorare il grado di disabilità e ad aumen- tare il rischio di trattamenti inadeguati e di eventi avversi da farmaci, spesso dovuti alla limitata conoscenza delle interazioni fra molteplici e simultanei trattamenti.
Inoltre, i pazienti possono incorrere in errori nell’uso dei farmaci o decidere in modo au- tonomo di ridurre la quantità e/o la posologia delle terapie associate. Ulteriori problemi sono rappresentati dal numero considerevole di controlli periodici che possono indurre i pazienti a rinunciare a esami clinici, a indagini di laboratorio o strumentali, con ulteriore aumento del rischio generale.
Lo specialista ed il medico di medicina generale sono le figue professionali che più di altre si confrontano con queste situazioni che richiedono un metodo di gestione che superi la settorialità con una visione d’insieme dei problemi con impegni nel counselling ai pazienti e ai familiari.
Quando si è colpiti dalla demenza d'Alzheimer la cura e l'assistenza verso la persona è essenziale; sfortunatamente non sempre la famiglia può assumersi questa responsabilità e quindi è costretta ad appoggiarsi a dei servizi sociali.
In Olanda hanno creato un nuovo modello di casa di riposo, hanno creato una vera e propria città dove le persone sono libere di continuare la loro vita in modo normale; un luogo dove continuare a vivere nella propria quotidianità nonostante la malattia.
La gestione del malato di Alzheimer a domicilio: strumenti pratici per lo psi...Obiettivo Psicologia Srl
La Psicologia dell’Invecchiamento è la disciplina che si occupa delle problematiche di tipo psicologico e neuropsicologico dell’anziano nel corso del processo di invecchiamento.
Sempre più spesso lo psicologo che lavora con gli anziani si trova a contatto con persone affette da demenza, quasi sempre di tipo Alzheimer e con familiari e/o operatori, che necessitano di un aiuto nella gestione dei disturbi comportamentali e dei deficit cognitivi delle persone che assistono. Progettare interventi nel tentativo di ridurre l’impatto che questi disturbi hanno sul quotidiano del malato e di chi se ne occupa significa, innanzitutto, riconoscere fisiologia e patologia della malattia di Alzheimer e saperne sfruttare i vari aspetti a vantaggio del mantenimento delle abilità della persona.
Il metodo Gentlecare, ideato da Moyra Jones, si basa su tre punti fermi, persone, programmi e spazio, che contraddistinguono l’esistenza del malato di Alzheimer. Agire su questi tre punti in maniera consapevole significa migliorare di molto la qualità della vita del paziente e di chi lo assiste. Insegnare alle persone come comunicare, cosa dire, come programmare le giornate e in che maniera adattare l’ambiente fisico e psicologico attorno alla persona malata significa fornire una protesi ben più robusta di un deambulatore o di un sollevatore meccanico. A partire da una buona checklist, infatti, è possibile, al domicilio e nelle strutture per anziani, fornire consulenze adeguate sulla costituzione degli ambienti, la disposizione dei mobili, la scelta dei colori e delle suppellettili più utili e protesiche per la persona affetta da demenza.
Obiettivi
Prima sessione (30 novembre):
- Fornire una definizione di invecchiamento fisiologico e di deterioramento cognitivo per imparare a riconoscerli
- Fornire una definizione di demenza e descrivere la malattia di Alzheimer nelle sue componenti morfologiche, fenomenologiche ed eziologiche
- Fornire una panoramica sulle principali metodologie diagnostiche ad alta definizione, i biomarcatori, i fattori di rischio e le terapie farmacologiche attualmente in uso.
Comorbidità nel paziente con Alzheimer – Giuseppe Zappalàrobertobottino1
A cura di Giuseppe Zappalà.
Nel paziente affetto da patologie neurologiche le situazioni di comorbilità rappresentano un aspetto critico rilevante che comporta una serie di problemi aggiuntivi a una gestione già di per sé complessa e che deve essere affrontata in modo appropriato.
La presenza contemporanea di più patologie, oltre ad aumentare la compromissione dello stato di salute complessivo, contribuisce a peggiorare il grado di disabilità e ad aumen- tare il rischio di trattamenti inadeguati e di eventi avversi da farmaci, spesso dovuti alla limitata conoscenza delle interazioni fra molteplici e simultanei trattamenti.
Inoltre, i pazienti possono incorrere in errori nell’uso dei farmaci o decidere in modo au- tonomo di ridurre la quantità e/o la posologia delle terapie associate. Ulteriori problemi sono rappresentati dal numero considerevole di controlli periodici che possono indurre i pazienti a rinunciare a esami clinici, a indagini di laboratorio o strumentali, con ulteriore aumento del rischio generale.
Lo specialista ed il medico di medicina generale sono le figue professionali che più di altre si confrontano con queste situazioni che richiedono un metodo di gestione che superi la settorialità con una visione d’insieme dei problemi con impegni nel counselling ai pazienti e ai familiari.
2. DEFINIZIONE
• Quadro clinico caratterizzato da:
• Alterazioni funzioni cognitive
• Alterazioni della memoria
• Alterazioni dell’orientamento
• Presenza di impairments cognitivi
dovuti all’episodio depressivo
maggiore.
• Problematicità nel distinguere
questi sintomi dal quadro della
demenza
GeneraleGenerale
Secondo il DSM-IVSecondo il DSM-IV
3. ALCUNI SINTOMI DELLA
PSEUDODEMENZA
• Interessa sia la memoria a breve che a lungo termine
• La capacità di concentrazione è molto scarsa
• Si osservano oscillazioni circadiane dei sintomi con
peggioramento mattutino e miglioramento dei sintomi
• Esordio brusco e improvviso
• Rapido decadimento sociale
• Quadro reversibile
4. PROBLEMATICITÀ
DIAGNOSTICA E
NOSOLOGICA
• Non vi è accordo sui criteri diagnostici di questa sindrome.
• Diversa espressione depressione dell’anziano
• Oppure
• Associata a personalità premorbosa di tipo isterico
• E’ stato proposto di abbandonare l’uso di questo
termine perché fuorviante.
??
5. DIAGNOSI DIFFERENZIALE PSEUDODEMENZA E DEMENZA
PseudodemenzaPseudodemenza DemenzaDemenza
Esordio acuto Esordio insidioso, graduale
Orientamento relativamente preservato Eventi deficit orientamento
Coscienza dei deficit cognitivi, spesso manifestati Mancanza di coscienza dei deficit spesso minimizzati o
negati
Deficit cognitivi fluttuanti Deficit cognitivi stabili
Deliri più strutturati e congrui all’umore Deliri meno strutturati ed incongrui
Deliri di autosvalutazione, colpa, autoaccusa, ecc.
(olotimici)
Deliri di nocumento (“mi hanno rubato le cose”), deliri di
disconoscimento (“il mio compagno è un impostore”;
“questa non è la mia casa”
Disturbi del sonno con insonnia e/o risveglio precoce Disturbi del sonno frammentato ed inversione del ritmo
sonno/veglia
Ansia con preoccupazioni legate ai temi depressivi Ansia come fobia di rimanere da soli
Assenza di disturbi neurologici minori Possibile presenza di disturbi neurologici minori
Storia personale e familiare di depressione
7. EEG
• L’utilità dell’EEG è limitata e inutile nella diagnosi delle
demenze aspecifiche; tuttavia, molto utile nelle demenza da
M. di Creutzfeld Jacob
9. TAC
• Nelle forme di M .Alzheimer reperto di atrofia corticale
diffusa con idrocefalo ex vacuo;
• nella m di Pick atrofia pre-frontale e temporale anteriore;
• nella demenza vascolare è in genere cortico-sottocorticale.
• Nei disturbi dell’umore si possono trovare due segni:
• la dilatazione dei ventricoli cerebrale laterali e atrofia corticale.
• Nelle forme di pseudodemenza atrofia corticale prevalente
in sede frontale e temporale
10. RMN
• La RMN evidenzia basso volume cerebrale globale e
normalità volumetrica dei lobi frontali, temporali,
dell’amigdala e dell’ippocampo.
• Nei soggetti con Alzheimer si denota riduzione di tutti i
volumi considerati.
11. SPECT E PET
• La SPECT evidenzia nell’Alzheimer riduzione
di perfusione corticale, che coinvolge
tipicamente le aree parietali e temporali
bilateralmente, mentre relativamente
preservata è la corteccia frontale.
• LA PET evidenzia nella depressione un
ipometabolismo frontale che tende a
ritornare normale in eutimia
12. CONCLUSIONI
• La depressione nella demenza è un evento molto
più frequente di quanto non venga ritenuto
• La pseudodemenza si verifica più raramente e ciò,
unito alla caratteristica benigna della reversibilità
della pseudodemenza, ha fatto spostare
l’attenzione della ricerca sulle caratteristiche
eziopatogenentiche, diagnostiche e terapeutiche
della depressione coesistente alla demenza.
13. • L’approccio terapeutico al paziente anziano deve abbandonare
posizioni rinunciatarie o riduttive e identificare, anche in
presenza di demenza, nel miglioramento della qualità della
vita del paziente un obiettivo raggiungibile, tramite interventi
diretti sia sulla persona che sul suo contesto relazionale e
familiare, il che potrà avvenire integrando, in una prospettiva
terapeutica e assistenziale sempre più ampia, terapie
farmacologiche e terapie psicologiche.
• In questo caso, integrazione significa non solo la correlazione
tra approcci clinici diversi ma, soprattutto, costruire una valida
e collaborativa relazione assistenziale tra i diversi elementi
implicati nella cura: malato, famiglia, contesto di supporto,
contesto terapeutico