The document analyzes the performance and emissions of a diesel engine fueled with cashew nut shell liquid bio-diesel (B20) and hydrogen as a dual fuel. Tests were conducted on a single cylinder diesel engine operated at a constant speed of 1500 rpm. Hydrogen was added to the inlet air at flow rates of 4 lpm, 8 lpm, and 12 lpm while B20 fuel was directly injected. The results showed that adding 8 lpm of hydrogen to B20 reduced HC and CO emissions compared to B20 and diesel alone. Brake thermal efficiency and NOx increased for this dual fuel mode. Exhaust gas temperature also increased with the addition of 8 lpm hydrogen to B20 fuel.
This document discusses hydrogen as an alternative fuel. It outlines several methods for producing hydrogen including natural gas reforming, electrolysis, gasification, and fermentation. It also describes how hydrogen fuel cells work and their advantages as being more efficient than internal combustion engines. However, challenges with hydrogen storage and the costs of extraction are discussed as disadvantages. The document concludes that while hydrogen is a promising alternative fuel, further research is still needed to make its implementation more sustainable and reliable.
Utilization of Hydrogen Fuels for IC Engines by Prof. L. M. Das IIT DelhiHarshit Jain
This document discusses alternative fuels for transportation, with a focus on hydrogen. It provides an overview of various prospective alternative fuels to gasoline and diesel. Hydrogen is identified as a particularly promising option due to its abundance and potential to be derived from diverse domestic and non-fossil resources. The document outlines efforts in India to develop hydrogen as a transportation fuel, including projects to demonstrate 1 million hydrogen vehicles by 2020 through public-private partnerships. It summarizes the technical work done at IIT Delhi to optimize hydrogen fueling of engines, including through tests of hydrogen's effects on emissions and performance in spark ignition and diesel engines.
IRJET- Experimental Analysis of Acetylene Gas as an Alternative Fuel for S.I....IRJET Journal
This document presents an experimental analysis of using acetylene gas as an alternative fuel for spark ignition engines. It begins with an introduction discussing the need to reduce fossil fuel usage and increase sustainable fuel alternatives. The document then provides details on the production and properties of acetylene gas, outlines the experimental methodology which involved producing acetylene gas and mixing it with petrol for engine testing, and presents the test setup. Charts of the experimental results show that acetylene gas achieved lower brake specific fuel consumption and higher brake thermal efficiency compared to petrol. The conclusion is that acetylene gas is a viable alternative fuel for spark ignition engines.
The document is a presentation on hydrogen as a future fuel. It was presented by five MBA students to a professor. The presentation discusses hydrogen's history and development as a fuel worldwide and in India. It describes various methods of hydrogen production and storage. The presentation outlines government policies and initiatives in India to promote hydrogen use and provides an overview of research projects. It discusses benefits and challenges of hydrogen as a fuel and highlights applications. The conclusion is that hydrogen could be the fuel of the future with increased focus on extraction technologies and storage solutions.
Senior Year Project - Hydrogen Fuelled EngineANKIT KUKREJA
This document summarizes the development of a hydrogen fuelled small internal combustion engine test rig and evaluation of its performance and emissions. Key aspects include:
- Modifications made to a small SI engine to enable hydrogen fuel injection via an electronic fuel injection system using a solenoid injector and engine control unit.
- Design and construction of the test rig, including safety systems like a flame trap and controls.
- Methodology to evaluate and compare the engine's performance and emissions on hydrogen versus its original kerosene/gasoline fuel.
- Measurement methods used including exhaust emission analysis, fuel flow measurement, and engine rpm.
IRJET- Study of Performance and Emission Analysis of Hydrogen-Diesel Duel Fue...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the performance and emissions of a hydrogen-diesel dual fuel engine. The study was conducted on a single cylinder diesel engine fueled with both hydrogen, injected into the intake manifold, and diesel fuel. The experiments were performed across a range of engine speeds. The results showed reductions in unburned hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide emissions with the addition of hydrogen. Hydrogen is considered a promising alternative fuel due to its clean burning properties and ability to reduce harmful emissions when used in combination with diesel fuel in a compression ignition engine.
Topics Covered:
Why we need Alternative Fuel?
Why Hydrogen is the best Alternative Fuel?
Production, Storage and Transportation of Hydrogen Fuel
Current Status of Hydrogen Fuel
Drawbacks of Using Hydrogen as a Fuel
This document discusses hydrogen as an alternative fuel. It outlines several methods for producing hydrogen including natural gas reforming, electrolysis, gasification, and fermentation. It also describes how hydrogen fuel cells work and their advantages as being more efficient than internal combustion engines. However, challenges with hydrogen storage and the costs of extraction are discussed as disadvantages. The document concludes that while hydrogen is a promising alternative fuel, further research is still needed to make its implementation more sustainable and reliable.
Utilization of Hydrogen Fuels for IC Engines by Prof. L. M. Das IIT DelhiHarshit Jain
This document discusses alternative fuels for transportation, with a focus on hydrogen. It provides an overview of various prospective alternative fuels to gasoline and diesel. Hydrogen is identified as a particularly promising option due to its abundance and potential to be derived from diverse domestic and non-fossil resources. The document outlines efforts in India to develop hydrogen as a transportation fuel, including projects to demonstrate 1 million hydrogen vehicles by 2020 through public-private partnerships. It summarizes the technical work done at IIT Delhi to optimize hydrogen fueling of engines, including through tests of hydrogen's effects on emissions and performance in spark ignition and diesel engines.
IRJET- Experimental Analysis of Acetylene Gas as an Alternative Fuel for S.I....IRJET Journal
This document presents an experimental analysis of using acetylene gas as an alternative fuel for spark ignition engines. It begins with an introduction discussing the need to reduce fossil fuel usage and increase sustainable fuel alternatives. The document then provides details on the production and properties of acetylene gas, outlines the experimental methodology which involved producing acetylene gas and mixing it with petrol for engine testing, and presents the test setup. Charts of the experimental results show that acetylene gas achieved lower brake specific fuel consumption and higher brake thermal efficiency compared to petrol. The conclusion is that acetylene gas is a viable alternative fuel for spark ignition engines.
The document is a presentation on hydrogen as a future fuel. It was presented by five MBA students to a professor. The presentation discusses hydrogen's history and development as a fuel worldwide and in India. It describes various methods of hydrogen production and storage. The presentation outlines government policies and initiatives in India to promote hydrogen use and provides an overview of research projects. It discusses benefits and challenges of hydrogen as a fuel and highlights applications. The conclusion is that hydrogen could be the fuel of the future with increased focus on extraction technologies and storage solutions.
Senior Year Project - Hydrogen Fuelled EngineANKIT KUKREJA
This document summarizes the development of a hydrogen fuelled small internal combustion engine test rig and evaluation of its performance and emissions. Key aspects include:
- Modifications made to a small SI engine to enable hydrogen fuel injection via an electronic fuel injection system using a solenoid injector and engine control unit.
- Design and construction of the test rig, including safety systems like a flame trap and controls.
- Methodology to evaluate and compare the engine's performance and emissions on hydrogen versus its original kerosene/gasoline fuel.
- Measurement methods used including exhaust emission analysis, fuel flow measurement, and engine rpm.
IRJET- Study of Performance and Emission Analysis of Hydrogen-Diesel Duel Fue...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the performance and emissions of a hydrogen-diesel dual fuel engine. The study was conducted on a single cylinder diesel engine fueled with both hydrogen, injected into the intake manifold, and diesel fuel. The experiments were performed across a range of engine speeds. The results showed reductions in unburned hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide emissions with the addition of hydrogen. Hydrogen is considered a promising alternative fuel due to its clean burning properties and ability to reduce harmful emissions when used in combination with diesel fuel in a compression ignition engine.
Topics Covered:
Why we need Alternative Fuel?
Why Hydrogen is the best Alternative Fuel?
Production, Storage and Transportation of Hydrogen Fuel
Current Status of Hydrogen Fuel
Drawbacks of Using Hydrogen as a Fuel
An Experimental Investigation of Performance and Emissions of LPG as Dual Fue...IJERA Editor
The usage of diesel engine generating set (Gen set) increasing day by day where the places without connection
to power grid or emergency power supply when the grid fails. Worldwide dual fuel engines are becoming
popular because of high performance and low emissions. LPG with diesel is a proven technology in case of
vehicles, but in diesel engine power plants it is far so.
The proposed work is concentrated on higher load of Diesel Engine Generator with LPG as dual fuel by keeping
environmental concern. A test is conducted on performance of engine along with emissions at different
proportions of Diesel and LPG including 100% diesel. An experimental set up is made with simple
modifications on existing genset to supply LPG as secondary fuel into Diesel.
“Optimal performance and Analysis on 4-S Si and CI Engine Fueled with HHO Gas...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
This document discusses hydrogen fuel cell vehicles as an alternative to gasoline vehicles. It notes that hydrogen fuel cells have the potential to significantly reduce dependence on foreign oil given rising gas prices. However, widespread adoption of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles still faces challenges related to infrastructure, vehicle cost and range, and the source of hydrogen production. The document argues that an aggressive pursuit of the technology could help address economic, political, and environmental issues associated with oil dependence.
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
HHO (Oxy-Hydrogen) is non-toxic gas, used as a supplement to any traditional fuels such as Petrol (Gasoline), Diesel, Heavy oil, Acetylene, Propane, Kerosene, LPG etc to.
Increse Engine Performance, Milage
Polution Free Exhaust
www.watercar.in
This document proposes a dual combustion internal combustion engine that uses hydrogen and gasoline/diesel as fuels. It has upper and lower combustion chambers that operate alternately. Hydrogen would be injected into the lower chamber while gasoline/diesel would be used in the upper chamber. This design aims to leverage the benefits of hydrogen such as high flame speed and low emissions, while utilizing the existing infrastructure for liquid fuels. Calculations indicate the engine could produce 962.7 Nm of torque. The document discusses the working, valve timing, piston design, injection methods, engine balancing and concludes this dual-fuel engine could help conserve resources for future generations.
The document discusses hydrogen fuel cell technology and its potential to contribute to energy independence. It provides an overview of what fuel cells are and how they work. Some key points include that fuel cells produce electricity through an electrochemical reaction without combustion, and are more efficient than fuel burning. It also discusses the types of fuel cells, challenges to adoption like cost and storage, and benefits like efficiency, reliability and reduced emissions. Lastly, it covers laws and incentives supporting hydrogen fuel cell development.
Abstract: Gaseous fuels such as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and liquefied natural gas (LNG) have been widely used in commercial vehicles. This project evaluated an experimental investigation on Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) as an alternative fuel for four-stroke spark ignition engine. The primary objective of the study was to determine the performance and the exhaust emissions of the engine using different fuels. The engine used in the study was originally a single cylinder, four-stroke spark ignition engine and minor modifications were carried out to permit the experiments to run on LPG fuel. During the running, the engine was coupled to a ropeway dynamometer to measure several engine performance parameters and a 5-gas analyzer with non-dispersive infra-red (NDIR) was inserted into the engine exhaust tailpipe for measuring the exhaust emissions. Experimental investigations have been carried out to performance and emissions of single cylinder four-stroke spark ignition engine at full throttling position of engine and different load conditions is used to different fuels (Gasoline and LPG) at various compression ratios (4.67:1,5.49:1).The engine performance studies were conducted with engine setup. Parameters like brake power, brake fuel consumption and brake thermal efficiency were calculated. The test result indicated that LPG fuel have closer performance to Gasoline fuel. However, the brake specific energy consumption shows an improvement with LPG as a fuel replacement. The concentration levels of CO, CO2 and unburnt HC recorded are found to be lower than the gasoline fueled engine.
Application of dry cell hho gas generator with pulse width modulation on sinj...eSAT Journals
This document describes research on applying a dry cell HHO gas generator with pulse width modulation (PWM) to optimize performance of a Sinjai spark ignition engine. The HHO gas generator's duty cycle was varied from 20-100% to determine the optimum cycle. A 40% duty cycle generated HHO gas at 33,121 MJ/kg specific energy input, 20.064% generator efficiency, and <60°C temperature. When applied to the Sinjai engine at standard ignition timing, there was a 2.27-3.05% increase in torque, power, and BMEP and a 7.76% decrease in fuel consumption. Retarding ignition timing to MBT setting further increased torque by
This document summarizes a student project on developing a device to generate HHO gas from water to improve vehicle fuel efficiency. The device electrolyzes water to produce HHO gas (hydrogen and oxygen) which is added to the engine intake. Testing showed the HHO gas reduced fuel consumption by 10.8% and increased engine RPMs and power. The system has potential to double fuel economy while lowering emissions and engine wear, for an initial cost of 300 rupees. Students conclude HHO gas technology could supplement gasoline to provide environmental and performance benefits.
1) The document describes a water fuel bike engine project created by 4 students to use hydrogen produced from water as an alternative fuel.
2) Hydrogen gas is produced through a chemical reaction when mixing water and potassium hydroxide (KOH) and stored in a tank to fuel the engine.
3) The bike can run on either petrol or the hydrogen gas-water mixture, with the hydrogen fuel providing better fuel efficiency and lower costs than petrol.
The document discusses hydrogen fuel cell vehicles and their potential benefits. It provides an introduction to hydrogen fuel cells and their development as an alternative to petroleum. It then discusses how hydrogen fuel cells work by using electrolysis to split hydrogen and oxygen atoms and create an electrical current. The conclusion states that further research into hydrogen fuel cells could help reduce dependence on foreign oil and lessen environmental impacts.
This presentation discusses hydrogen fuel cells as a clean energy alternative. It provides an overview of the history and principle of fuel cells, focusing on hydrogen fuel cells. The key advantages are their high efficiency, low emissions that produce only water, and potential to power vehicles. Challenges include currently high costs, unknown long-term durability, and lack of hydrogen refueling infrastructure. The future potential of hydrogen fuel cells is discussed as the technology continues to develop.
IRJET- Modification of I.C. Engine to Run with Water as Supplement Fuel to In...IRJET Journal
The document presents a study on modifying an internal combustion (IC) engine to run with water as a supplemental fuel using an HHO kit. The HHO kit uses electrolysis to separate water into hydrogen and oxygen gases. These gases are then supplied to the engine's air intake, where they aid in more complete combustion, increasing fuel efficiency while reducing emissions. Experimental testing showed the modified engine achieved a 10% increase in thermal efficiency, 34% reduction in fuel consumption, and reductions in various emissions when using the HHO kit compared to running on gasoline alone.
This document discusses hydrogen fuel cell vehicles and their potential as an alternative to gasoline vehicles. It first defines what a fuel cell is and how it works to convert chemical energy to electrical energy. It then discusses using hydrogen as the fuel for vehicles through fuel cells. The document outlines some of the key challenges around hydrogen storage and infrastructure development for fuel cell vehicles. It provides examples of fuel cell vehicles being developed for automobiles, buses, bicycles, and aircraft. While criticizing issues around costs and limited infrastructure currently, the document concludes that hydrogen fuel cells could provide a wholesale substitute for foreign oil within a decade as a clean and efficient alternative energy.
This document summarizes key aspects of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. It discusses how hydrogen can be produced from renewable sources like solar and wind. It describes how hydrogen fuel cells work to produce electricity from hydrogen to power electric motors. Some benefits of these vehicles are quick refueling times and long ranges. Challenges include limited refueling infrastructure and energy losses during hydrogen production. The document concludes that hydrogen fuel cell technology has potential as a sustainable transportation fuel if renewable energy is used to produce the hydrogen.
Application of Hydrogen as Fuel Supplement in Internal Combustion Engines-A B...IJSRD
Faced with the ever increasing cost of conventional fossil fuels and the severe environmental pollution, researchers worldwide are working to cost effectively improve internal combustion engines fuel economy and emission characteristics. Recently, use of hydrogen or hydrogen-rich gas as fuel supplement for SI and CI engines is considered to be one of the potential solutions to these problems. Hydrogen has many excellent combustion properties that can be used for improving hydrocarbon combustion and emissions performance of both SI and CI engines. This article presents a brief review on the recent progress in the application of hydrogen as a fuel additive to improve the efficiencies and emissions of modern IC engines.
This document is a seminar report on green hydrogen fuel cell technology submitted for a bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering. It provides an introduction to green hydrogen production through water electrolysis using renewable energy sources like solar. It describes the working of fuel cells and their major components. The different types of fuel cells are also discussed along with the advantages and applications of green hydrogen fuel cell technology, such as in transportation. However, there are also challenges like high costs and lack of infrastructure that need to be addressed for its widespread adoption.
Simulation of Suction & Compression Process with Delayed Entry Technique Usin...AM Publications
The rapidly increasing worldwide demand for energy and the progressive depletion of fossil fuels has led to an
intensive research for alternative fuels which can be produced on a renewable basis. Hydrogen in the form of energy will almost
certainly be one of the most important energy components of the early next century. Hydrogen is a clean burning and easily
transportable fuel. Most of the pollution problems posed by fossil fuels at present would practically disappear with Hydrogen
since steam is the main product of its combustion. This Paper deals with the modeling of Suction and Compression Processes for
Hydrogen Fuelled S.I.Engine and also describes the safe and backfire free Delayed entry Technique. A four stroke,
Multicylinder, Naturally aspirated, Spark ignition engine, water cooled engine has been used to carrying out of investigations of
Suction Process. The Hydrogen is entered in the cylinder with the help of Delayed Entry Valve. This work discusses the insight
of suction process because during this process only air and Hydrogen enters in to cylinder, which after combustion provides
power. Simulation is the process of designing a model of a real system and conduction experiment with it, for the purpose of
understanding the behavior of the design. The advent of computers and the possibilities of performing numerical experiments
may provide new way of designing S.I.Engine. In fact stronger interaction between Engine Modelers, Designers and
Experimenters may results in improved engine design in the not-to-distant future. A computer Programme is developed for
analysis of suction and Compression processes. The parameter considered in computation includes engine speed, compression
ratio, ignition timing, fuel-air ratio and heat transfer. The results of computational exercise are discussed in the paper.
This document summarizes a study assessing the effects of different engine operation and diesel injection parameters on combustion efficiency in a heavy-duty dual-fuel hydrogen-diesel engine at low-load conditions. The study aims to reduce unburned hydrogen emissions and improve combustion efficiency by implementing exhaust gas recirculation and different diesel injection strategies. Statistical methods were used to analyze the results and reduce experimental time. The results showed that higher exhaust gas recirculation rates increased intake charge temperature and improved hydrogen combustion and fuel economy. Operation with high exhaust gas recirculation and slightly advanced main diesel injection delivered benefits to emissions and brake thermal efficiency, but combustion efficiency remained around 90% for most cases tested.
A Review Paper on "Performance of Different Fuels inInternal Combustion Engine"IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a review paper on the performance of different fuels in internal combustion engines. It discusses conventional fuels like petrol, diesel, and CNG as well as alternative fuels like bio-diesel, ethanol, hydrogen, and ethanol-petrol blends. Each alternative fuel has different effects on engine performance. The review finds that ethanol has a higher octane number than petrol but can reduce brake power and increase fuel consumption compared to petrol. Hydrogen increases combustion efficiency and reduces emissions, but producing hydrogen requires energy. CNG has lower exhaust temperature and higher thermal efficiency than petrol but also the highest torque and brake power. The document provides an overview of various fuels and their properties for use in internal combustion engines.
This document discusses using HHO gas and LPG enriched gasoline as alternative fuels in a 4-stroke gasoline engine. It begins by introducing the project aims of using non-conventional fuels to address issues with conventional fuels becoming more scarce and costly. It then reviews literature on the development of HHO gas and its use in welding. The document describes the materials and process used to generate HHO gas through electrolysis of water. Experimental tests were conducted to analyze engine performance and exhaust emissions when fueled with gasoline enriched with HHO gas and LPG. The results showed improved fuel efficiency and reduced emissions compared to pure gasoline.
An Experimental Investigation of Performance and Emissions of LPG as Dual Fue...IJERA Editor
The usage of diesel engine generating set (Gen set) increasing day by day where the places without connection
to power grid or emergency power supply when the grid fails. Worldwide dual fuel engines are becoming
popular because of high performance and low emissions. LPG with diesel is a proven technology in case of
vehicles, but in diesel engine power plants it is far so.
The proposed work is concentrated on higher load of Diesel Engine Generator with LPG as dual fuel by keeping
environmental concern. A test is conducted on performance of engine along with emissions at different
proportions of Diesel and LPG including 100% diesel. An experimental set up is made with simple
modifications on existing genset to supply LPG as secondary fuel into Diesel.
“Optimal performance and Analysis on 4-S Si and CI Engine Fueled with HHO Gas...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
This document discusses hydrogen fuel cell vehicles as an alternative to gasoline vehicles. It notes that hydrogen fuel cells have the potential to significantly reduce dependence on foreign oil given rising gas prices. However, widespread adoption of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles still faces challenges related to infrastructure, vehicle cost and range, and the source of hydrogen production. The document argues that an aggressive pursuit of the technology could help address economic, political, and environmental issues associated with oil dependence.
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
HHO (Oxy-Hydrogen) is non-toxic gas, used as a supplement to any traditional fuels such as Petrol (Gasoline), Diesel, Heavy oil, Acetylene, Propane, Kerosene, LPG etc to.
Increse Engine Performance, Milage
Polution Free Exhaust
www.watercar.in
This document proposes a dual combustion internal combustion engine that uses hydrogen and gasoline/diesel as fuels. It has upper and lower combustion chambers that operate alternately. Hydrogen would be injected into the lower chamber while gasoline/diesel would be used in the upper chamber. This design aims to leverage the benefits of hydrogen such as high flame speed and low emissions, while utilizing the existing infrastructure for liquid fuels. Calculations indicate the engine could produce 962.7 Nm of torque. The document discusses the working, valve timing, piston design, injection methods, engine balancing and concludes this dual-fuel engine could help conserve resources for future generations.
The document discusses hydrogen fuel cell technology and its potential to contribute to energy independence. It provides an overview of what fuel cells are and how they work. Some key points include that fuel cells produce electricity through an electrochemical reaction without combustion, and are more efficient than fuel burning. It also discusses the types of fuel cells, challenges to adoption like cost and storage, and benefits like efficiency, reliability and reduced emissions. Lastly, it covers laws and incentives supporting hydrogen fuel cell development.
Abstract: Gaseous fuels such as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and liquefied natural gas (LNG) have been widely used in commercial vehicles. This project evaluated an experimental investigation on Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) as an alternative fuel for four-stroke spark ignition engine. The primary objective of the study was to determine the performance and the exhaust emissions of the engine using different fuels. The engine used in the study was originally a single cylinder, four-stroke spark ignition engine and minor modifications were carried out to permit the experiments to run on LPG fuel. During the running, the engine was coupled to a ropeway dynamometer to measure several engine performance parameters and a 5-gas analyzer with non-dispersive infra-red (NDIR) was inserted into the engine exhaust tailpipe for measuring the exhaust emissions. Experimental investigations have been carried out to performance and emissions of single cylinder four-stroke spark ignition engine at full throttling position of engine and different load conditions is used to different fuels (Gasoline and LPG) at various compression ratios (4.67:1,5.49:1).The engine performance studies were conducted with engine setup. Parameters like brake power, brake fuel consumption and brake thermal efficiency were calculated. The test result indicated that LPG fuel have closer performance to Gasoline fuel. However, the brake specific energy consumption shows an improvement with LPG as a fuel replacement. The concentration levels of CO, CO2 and unburnt HC recorded are found to be lower than the gasoline fueled engine.
Application of dry cell hho gas generator with pulse width modulation on sinj...eSAT Journals
This document describes research on applying a dry cell HHO gas generator with pulse width modulation (PWM) to optimize performance of a Sinjai spark ignition engine. The HHO gas generator's duty cycle was varied from 20-100% to determine the optimum cycle. A 40% duty cycle generated HHO gas at 33,121 MJ/kg specific energy input, 20.064% generator efficiency, and <60°C temperature. When applied to the Sinjai engine at standard ignition timing, there was a 2.27-3.05% increase in torque, power, and BMEP and a 7.76% decrease in fuel consumption. Retarding ignition timing to MBT setting further increased torque by
This document summarizes a student project on developing a device to generate HHO gas from water to improve vehicle fuel efficiency. The device electrolyzes water to produce HHO gas (hydrogen and oxygen) which is added to the engine intake. Testing showed the HHO gas reduced fuel consumption by 10.8% and increased engine RPMs and power. The system has potential to double fuel economy while lowering emissions and engine wear, for an initial cost of 300 rupees. Students conclude HHO gas technology could supplement gasoline to provide environmental and performance benefits.
1) The document describes a water fuel bike engine project created by 4 students to use hydrogen produced from water as an alternative fuel.
2) Hydrogen gas is produced through a chemical reaction when mixing water and potassium hydroxide (KOH) and stored in a tank to fuel the engine.
3) The bike can run on either petrol or the hydrogen gas-water mixture, with the hydrogen fuel providing better fuel efficiency and lower costs than petrol.
The document discusses hydrogen fuel cell vehicles and their potential benefits. It provides an introduction to hydrogen fuel cells and their development as an alternative to petroleum. It then discusses how hydrogen fuel cells work by using electrolysis to split hydrogen and oxygen atoms and create an electrical current. The conclusion states that further research into hydrogen fuel cells could help reduce dependence on foreign oil and lessen environmental impacts.
This presentation discusses hydrogen fuel cells as a clean energy alternative. It provides an overview of the history and principle of fuel cells, focusing on hydrogen fuel cells. The key advantages are their high efficiency, low emissions that produce only water, and potential to power vehicles. Challenges include currently high costs, unknown long-term durability, and lack of hydrogen refueling infrastructure. The future potential of hydrogen fuel cells is discussed as the technology continues to develop.
IRJET- Modification of I.C. Engine to Run with Water as Supplement Fuel to In...IRJET Journal
The document presents a study on modifying an internal combustion (IC) engine to run with water as a supplemental fuel using an HHO kit. The HHO kit uses electrolysis to separate water into hydrogen and oxygen gases. These gases are then supplied to the engine's air intake, where they aid in more complete combustion, increasing fuel efficiency while reducing emissions. Experimental testing showed the modified engine achieved a 10% increase in thermal efficiency, 34% reduction in fuel consumption, and reductions in various emissions when using the HHO kit compared to running on gasoline alone.
This document discusses hydrogen fuel cell vehicles and their potential as an alternative to gasoline vehicles. It first defines what a fuel cell is and how it works to convert chemical energy to electrical energy. It then discusses using hydrogen as the fuel for vehicles through fuel cells. The document outlines some of the key challenges around hydrogen storage and infrastructure development for fuel cell vehicles. It provides examples of fuel cell vehicles being developed for automobiles, buses, bicycles, and aircraft. While criticizing issues around costs and limited infrastructure currently, the document concludes that hydrogen fuel cells could provide a wholesale substitute for foreign oil within a decade as a clean and efficient alternative energy.
This document summarizes key aspects of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. It discusses how hydrogen can be produced from renewable sources like solar and wind. It describes how hydrogen fuel cells work to produce electricity from hydrogen to power electric motors. Some benefits of these vehicles are quick refueling times and long ranges. Challenges include limited refueling infrastructure and energy losses during hydrogen production. The document concludes that hydrogen fuel cell technology has potential as a sustainable transportation fuel if renewable energy is used to produce the hydrogen.
Application of Hydrogen as Fuel Supplement in Internal Combustion Engines-A B...IJSRD
Faced with the ever increasing cost of conventional fossil fuels and the severe environmental pollution, researchers worldwide are working to cost effectively improve internal combustion engines fuel economy and emission characteristics. Recently, use of hydrogen or hydrogen-rich gas as fuel supplement for SI and CI engines is considered to be one of the potential solutions to these problems. Hydrogen has many excellent combustion properties that can be used for improving hydrocarbon combustion and emissions performance of both SI and CI engines. This article presents a brief review on the recent progress in the application of hydrogen as a fuel additive to improve the efficiencies and emissions of modern IC engines.
This document is a seminar report on green hydrogen fuel cell technology submitted for a bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering. It provides an introduction to green hydrogen production through water electrolysis using renewable energy sources like solar. It describes the working of fuel cells and their major components. The different types of fuel cells are also discussed along with the advantages and applications of green hydrogen fuel cell technology, such as in transportation. However, there are also challenges like high costs and lack of infrastructure that need to be addressed for its widespread adoption.
Simulation of Suction & Compression Process with Delayed Entry Technique Usin...AM Publications
The rapidly increasing worldwide demand for energy and the progressive depletion of fossil fuels has led to an
intensive research for alternative fuels which can be produced on a renewable basis. Hydrogen in the form of energy will almost
certainly be one of the most important energy components of the early next century. Hydrogen is a clean burning and easily
transportable fuel. Most of the pollution problems posed by fossil fuels at present would practically disappear with Hydrogen
since steam is the main product of its combustion. This Paper deals with the modeling of Suction and Compression Processes for
Hydrogen Fuelled S.I.Engine and also describes the safe and backfire free Delayed entry Technique. A four stroke,
Multicylinder, Naturally aspirated, Spark ignition engine, water cooled engine has been used to carrying out of investigations of
Suction Process. The Hydrogen is entered in the cylinder with the help of Delayed Entry Valve. This work discusses the insight
of suction process because during this process only air and Hydrogen enters in to cylinder, which after combustion provides
power. Simulation is the process of designing a model of a real system and conduction experiment with it, for the purpose of
understanding the behavior of the design. The advent of computers and the possibilities of performing numerical experiments
may provide new way of designing S.I.Engine. In fact stronger interaction between Engine Modelers, Designers and
Experimenters may results in improved engine design in the not-to-distant future. A computer Programme is developed for
analysis of suction and Compression processes. The parameter considered in computation includes engine speed, compression
ratio, ignition timing, fuel-air ratio and heat transfer. The results of computational exercise are discussed in the paper.
This document summarizes a study assessing the effects of different engine operation and diesel injection parameters on combustion efficiency in a heavy-duty dual-fuel hydrogen-diesel engine at low-load conditions. The study aims to reduce unburned hydrogen emissions and improve combustion efficiency by implementing exhaust gas recirculation and different diesel injection strategies. Statistical methods were used to analyze the results and reduce experimental time. The results showed that higher exhaust gas recirculation rates increased intake charge temperature and improved hydrogen combustion and fuel economy. Operation with high exhaust gas recirculation and slightly advanced main diesel injection delivered benefits to emissions and brake thermal efficiency, but combustion efficiency remained around 90% for most cases tested.
A Review Paper on "Performance of Different Fuels inInternal Combustion Engine"IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a review paper on the performance of different fuels in internal combustion engines. It discusses conventional fuels like petrol, diesel, and CNG as well as alternative fuels like bio-diesel, ethanol, hydrogen, and ethanol-petrol blends. Each alternative fuel has different effects on engine performance. The review finds that ethanol has a higher octane number than petrol but can reduce brake power and increase fuel consumption compared to petrol. Hydrogen increases combustion efficiency and reduces emissions, but producing hydrogen requires energy. CNG has lower exhaust temperature and higher thermal efficiency than petrol but also the highest torque and brake power. The document provides an overview of various fuels and their properties for use in internal combustion engines.
This document discusses using HHO gas and LPG enriched gasoline as alternative fuels in a 4-stroke gasoline engine. It begins by introducing the project aims of using non-conventional fuels to address issues with conventional fuels becoming more scarce and costly. It then reviews literature on the development of HHO gas and its use in welding. The document describes the materials and process used to generate HHO gas through electrolysis of water. Experimental tests were conducted to analyze engine performance and exhaust emissions when fueled with gasoline enriched with HHO gas and LPG. The results showed improved fuel efficiency and reduced emissions compared to pure gasoline.
This document discusses using HHO gas and LPG enriched gasoline as alternative fuels in a 4-stroke gasoline engine. It begins by introducing the project aims of using non-conventional fuels to address issues with conventional fuels becoming more scarce and costly. It then reviews literature on the development of HHO gas and its use in welding. The document describes the materials and process used to generate HHO gas through electrolysis of water. Experimental tests were conducted to analyze engine performance and exhaust emissions when fueled with gasoline enriched with HHO gas and LPG. The results showed improved fuel efficiency and reduced emissions compared to pure gasoline.
A Comprehensive Review of Hydrogen Automobiles Future ProspectsIRJET Journal
This document provides an overview of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles and their future prospects. It discusses how hydrogen fuel cells work by separating hydrogen ions from electrons and using them to generate electricity through a reaction with oxygen. The document also examines various methods for storing hydrogen on board vehicles, such as compressed gas tanks and liquid hydrogen, and the challenges associated with energy density and storage capacity. It concludes that with further improvements in hydrogen storage technologies, fuel cell vehicles could overcome limitations of battery electric vehicles and for hydrogen to become a widely used transportation fuel.
Potential Use of LPG in A Medium Capacity Stationary HCCI EngineIJMER
This document summarizes an experimental study investigating the potential use of LPG as the primary fuel in a medium-capacity stationary HCCI engine. The researchers modified a diesel engine to operate in HCCI mode using LPG as the main fuel and a small pilot injection of diesel to control ignition timing. They evaluated the engine's performance and emissions when running on this LPG-diesel fuel combination across different loads. The results showed reductions in NOx emissions of over 40% at 40% load compared to normal diesel operation, though NOx increased at higher loads. The document concludes that LPG shows promise as an alternative fuel for diesel engines in HCCI mode after addressing the challenges of combustion control.
This document summarizes an experimental study investigating the potential use of LPG as the primary fuel in a medium-capacity stationary HCCI engine. The researchers modified a diesel engine to operate in HCCI mode using LPG as the main fuel and a small pilot injection of diesel to control ignition timing. They evaluated the engine's performance and emissions when running on this LPG-diesel fuel combination across different loads. The results showed reductions in NOx emissions of over 40% at 40% load compared to normal diesel operation, though NOx increased at higher loads. The document concludes that LPG shows promise as an alternative fuel for diesel engines in HCCI mode after addressing challenges of combustion control.
This document provides an overview of hydrogen as a fuel for internal combustion engines. It discusses four generations of hydrogen IC engines, from early designs using gas venturis to modern direct injection. Abnormal combustion issues like backfire are also examined. The document reviews literature on mixture formation methods, load control strategies, and engine designs that take advantage of hydrogen's properties while avoiding combustion problems. Hydrogen IC engines can achieve very low emissions without aftertreatment if optimized for a single operating point.
Effect of Hydroxy Gas Addition on Performance and Emissions of Diesel EngineIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the effects of adding hydroxy gas to a diesel engine on performance and emissions. Some key findings include:
- Thermal efficiency increased by 9.25% and specific fuel consumption decreased by 15% with hydroxy gas addition at full load.
- Hydrocarbon emissions decreased by an average of 33% and carbon monoxide emissions decreased by an average of 23% with hydroxy gas.
- Oxides of nitrogen increased with hydroxy gas addition due to higher combustion temperatures, while smoke opacity decreased by 8% compared to baseline diesel.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF HYDROGEN FUELED INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINEijsrd.com
In the history of internal combustion engine development, hydrogen has been considered at several phases as a substitute of hydrocarbon-based fuels. Starting from the 70’s, there have been several attempts to convert engines for hydrogen operation. Together with the development in gas injector technology it has become possible to control precisely the injection of hydrogen for safe operation. Here we are using stainless steel plate as electrode in the electrolytic cell, the electrolyte being water and NACL salt. The electrolytic cell we used is a 12V battery case made of plastic. The cross sectional layers are cut such that the stainless steel plate fix in the battery case. The plates are separated by very small distance and the plates are given parallel holes for electron flow to be uniform. The power source to the kit is provided by a 12V and 9Ams battery. We used a transparent tube to supply the hydrogen produced in the kit to the air hose tube of our motor cycle. In order to keep the battery charged we used two 6 Amp diode to power the battery while running. There is a separate switch to power the kit and to protect the battery from getting drained. The stainless steel plates are of 50cm length, 25cm height, 2 millimeter thickness. The battery case can hold up to 5 liters of electrolyte. The use of hydrogen with petrol to power the vehicle has resulted in increase in vehicle mileage, accelerating speed with most important task of reduction in exhaust emission.
Simulation of Combustion Process with Delayed Entry Technique Using Discrete ...AM Publications
This document describes a simulation of the combustion process in a hydrogen-fueled engine using a delayed entry technique with a discrete approach. The simulation models the suction and compression processes. Key findings include that the simulation calculates pressure and temperature at the end of combustion and estimates the engine efficiency to be 47.6% compared to an ideal cycle efficiency of 64.32%. The delayed entry technique allows for safe and backfire-free operation of the hydrogen engine.
This study investigated the effects of adding hydrogen at levels of 22% and 53% of total fuel energy on emissions, performance, and combustion characteristics of a diesel engine. The results showed that carbon monoxide and smoke emissions significantly decreased with increasing hydrogen addition. Nitrogen oxide emissions slightly increased with 22% hydrogen but significantly increased with 53% hydrogen. Peak cylinder pressure and heat release rate increased with hydrogen addition as well.
This document provides an overview of hydrogen powered vehicles, including their types and benefits as well as challenges. It discusses how hydrogen can be used as an alternative fuel source for vehicles, produced through various methods like methane steam reforming and from coal. The key challenges of hydrogen storage are also outlined, such as liquid hydrogen, metal hydrides, compressed hydrogen gas. The working of hydrogen fuel cells is explained, noting they generate electricity through an electrochemical process without combustion. Advantages are zero emissions and high efficiency, while disadvantages include high production and storage costs.
IRJET- Modification of I.C. Engine to Run with Water as Supplement Fuel to In...IRJET Journal
The document presents a modification made to an internal combustion (IC) engine to run with water as a supplemental fuel in addition to the primary hydrocarbon fuels like gasoline or diesel. This is done using an HHO kit which uses electrolysis to separate water into hydrogen and oxygen gases. These gases are then mixed with the primary fuel in the engine combustion chamber. This leads to more complete combustion, higher efficiency, and lower emissions. The system and working of the HHO kit is explained, along with the benefits of using distilled water and platinum electrodes for electrolysis.
Experimental Investigation of the Effect of Injection of OxyHydrogen Gas on t...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRAC: Oxy-Hydrogen gas, H2O2, is a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen produced by water electrolysis. In this work, an experimental exploration was carried out in order to study the effect of the addition of oxy-hydrogen gas into inlet air manifold on speed performance characteristics of a diesel engine at different operating conditions. The experimental work was performed on a test rig comprising a four stroke 5.67 liters water-cooled diesel engine and a Heenan hydraulic dynamometer. Instrumentation included devices for measuring engine speed, load, fuel consumption and inlet air flow rate. The measurements were conducted at 1000, 1500, 2000 and 2500 rpm. At each speed, the engine load was adjusted to 20%, 40% and 80% from the engine full load which corresponds to engine brake mean effective pressures of 1.55, 3.11, and 6.22 bar, respectively, for Oxy-hydrogen generator supplied Currents of 26A and electrolyte concentration of 25 %. The fuel saving percentage and so the brake thermal efficiency for the H2O2 enriched CI engine is more evidently seen at low loads and high-speed conditions. the volumetric efficiency drop was about 5 % at small speeds and reaches to about 2% at higher engine speed.
This document summarizes a technical seminar on hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. It defines hydrogen and describes its chemical properties and history of use as a fuel. It then explains how hydrogen fuel cells work to power vehicles, discusses various fuel cell types and hydrogen storage methods. The document outlines the infrastructure needed to support hydrogen vehicles and lists some current applications. It also provides advantages like clean emissions but notes challenges like high production costs and flammability risks.
This document discusses an experimental study on the effects of adding hydrogen, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), and mixtures of the two as secondary fuels in a dual fuel diesel engine. The main findings are:
1) Adding 30% hydrogen as a secondary fuel increased brake thermal efficiency by 17% but increased HC and CO emissions while decreasing NOx and smoke emissions compared to pure diesel.
2) Adding 40% LPG increased brake thermal efficiency by 6% with similar emission effects as hydrogen.
3) Adding a mixture of 40% LPG and hydrogen (70:30 ratio) increased brake thermal efficiency by 27% and decreased HC emissions by 68% compared to pure diesel.
Submission Deadline: 30th September 2022
Acceptance Notification: Within Three Days’ time period
Online Publication: Within 24 Hrs. time Period
Expected Date of Dispatch of Printed Journal: 5th October 2022
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...IAEME Publication
White layer thickness (WLT) formed and surface roughness in wire electric discharge turning (WEDT) of tungsten carbide composite has been made to model through response surface methodology (RSM). A Taguchi’s standard Design of experiments involving five input variables with three levels has been employed to establish a mathematical model between input parameters and responses. Percentage of cobalt content, spindle speed, Pulse on-time, wire feed and pulse off-time were changed during the experimental tests based on the Taguchi’s orthogonal array L27 (3^13). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the mathematical models obtained can adequately describe performance within the parameters of the factors considered. There was a good agreement between the experimental and predicted values in this study.
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
The study explores the reasons for a transgender to become entrepreneurs. In this study transgender entrepreneur was taken as independent variable and reasons to become as dependent variable. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire containing a five point Likert Scale. The study examined the data of 30 transgender entrepreneurs in Salem Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State, India. Simple Random sampling technique was used. Garrett Ranking Technique (Percentile Position, Mean Scores) was used as the analysis for the present study to identify the top 13 stimulus factors for establishment of trans entrepreneurial venture. Economic advancement of a nation is governed upon the upshot of a resolute entrepreneurial doings. The conception of entrepreneurship has stretched and materialized to the socially deflated uncharted sections of transgender community. Presently transgenders have smashed their stereotypes and are making recent headlines of achievements in various fields of our Indian society. The trans-community is gradually being observed in a new light and has been trying to achieve prospective growth in entrepreneurship. The findings of the research revealed that the optimistic changes are taking place to change affirmative societal outlook of the transgender for entrepreneurial ventureship. It also laid emphasis on other transgenders to renovate their traditional living. The paper also highlights that legislators, supervisory body should endorse an impartial canons and reforms in Tamil Nadu Transgender Welfare Board Association.
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
Since ages gender difference is always a debatable theme whether caused by nature, evolution or environment. The birth of a transgender is dreadful not only for the child but also for their parents. The pain of living in the wrong physique and treated as second class victimized citizen is outrageous and fully harboured with vicious baseless negative scruples. For so long, social exclusion had perpetuated inequality and deprivation experiencing ingrained malign stigma and besieged victims of crime or violence across their life spans. They are pushed into the murky way of life with a source of eternal disgust, bereft sexual potency and perennial fear. Although they are highly visible but very little is known about them. The common public needs to comprehend the ravaged arrogance on these insensitive souls and assist in integrating them into the mainstream by offering equal opportunity, treat with humanity and respect their dignity. Entrepreneurship in the current age is endorsing the gender fairness movement. Unstable careers and economic inadequacy had inclined one of the gender variant people called Transgender to become entrepreneurs. These tiny budding entrepreneurs resulted in economic transition by means of employment, free from the clutches of stereotype jobs, raised standard of living and handful of financial empowerment. Besides all these inhibitions, they were able to witness a platform for skill set development that ignited them to enter into entrepreneurial domain. This paper epitomizes skill sets involved in trans-entrepreneurs of Thoothukudi Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State and is a groundbreaking determination to sightsee various skills incorporated and the impact on entrepreneurship.
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONSIAEME Publication
The banking and financial services industries are experiencing increased technology penetration. Among them, the banking industry has made technological advancements to better serve the general populace. The economy focused on transforming the banking sector's system into a cashless, paperless, and faceless one. The researcher wants to evaluate the user's intention for utilising a mobile banking application. The study also examines the variables affecting the user's behaviour intention when selecting specific applications for financial transactions. The researcher employed a well-structured questionnaire and a descriptive study methodology to gather the respondents' primary data utilising the snowball sampling technique. The study includes variables like performance expectations, effort expectations, social impact, enabling circumstances, and perceived risk. Each of the aforementioned variables has a major impact on how users utilise mobile banking applications. The outcome will assist the service provider in comprehending the user's history with mobile banking applications.
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONSIAEME Publication
Technology upgradation in banking sector took the economy to view that payment mode towards online transactions using mobile applications. This system enabled connectivity between banks, Merchant and user in a convenient mode. there are various applications used for online transactions such as Google pay, Paytm, freecharge, mobikiwi, oxygen, phonepe and so on and it also includes mobile banking applications. The study aimed at evaluating the predilection of the user in adopting digital transaction. The study is descriptive in nature. The researcher used random sample techniques to collect the data. The findings reveal that mobile applications differ with the quality of service rendered by Gpay and Phonepe. The researcher suggest the Phonepe application should focus on implementing the application should be user friendly interface and Gpay on motivating the users to feel the importance of request for money and modes of payments in the application.
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINOIAEME Publication
The prototype of a voice-based ATM for visually impaired using Arduino is to help people who are blind. This uses RFID cards which contain users fingerprint encrypted on it and interacts with the users through voice commands. ATM operates when sensor detects the presence of one person in the cabin. After scanning the RFID card, it will ask to select the mode like –normal or blind. User can select the respective mode through voice input, if blind mode is selected the balance check or cash withdraw can be done through voice input. Normal mode procedure is same as the existing ATM.
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...IAEME Publication
There is increasing acceptability of emotional intelligence as a major factor in personality assessment and effective human resource management. Emotional intelligence as the ability to build capacity, empathize, co-operate, motivate and develop others cannot be divorced from both effective performance and human resource management systems. The human person is crucial in defining organizational leadership and fortunes in terms of challenges and opportunities and walking across both multinational and bilateral relationships. The growing complexity of the business world requires a great deal of self-confidence, integrity, communication, conflict and diversity management to keep the global enterprise within the paths of productivity and sustainability. Using the exploratory research design and 255 participants the result of this original study indicates strong positive correlation between emotional intelligence and effective human resource management. The paper offers suggestions on further studies between emotional intelligence and human capital development and recommends for conflict management as an integral part of effective human resource management.
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMYIAEME Publication
Our life journey, in general, is closely defined by the way we understand the meaning of why we coexist and deal with its challenges. As we develop the "inspiration economy", we could say that nearly all of the challenges we have faced are opportunities that help us to discover the rest of our journey. In this note paper, we explore how being faced with the opportunity of being a close carer for an aging parent with dementia brought intangible discoveries that changed our insight of the meaning of the rest of our life journey.
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...IAEME Publication
The main objective of this study is to analyze the impact of aspects of Organizational Culture on the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System (PMS) in the Health Care Organization at Thanjavur. Organizational Culture and PMS play a crucial role in present-day organizations in achieving their objectives. PMS needs employees’ cooperation to achieve its intended objectives. Employees' cooperation depends upon the organization’s culture. The present study uses exploratory research to examine the relationship between the Organization's culture and the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System. The study uses a Structured Questionnaire to collect the primary data. For this study, Thirty-six non-clinical employees were selected from twelve randomly selected Health Care organizations at Thanjavur. Thirty-two fully completed questionnaires were received.
Living in 21st century in itself reminds all of us the necessity of police and its administration. As more and more we are entering into the modern society and culture, the more we require the services of the so called ‘Khaki Worthy’ men i.e., the police personnel. Whether we talk of Indian police or the other nation’s police, they all have the same recognition as they have in India. But as already mentioned, their services and requirements are different after the like 26th November, 2008 incidents, where they without saving their own lives has sacrificed themselves without any hitch and without caring about their respective family members and wards. In other words, they are like our heroes and mentors who can guide us from the darkness of fear, militancy, corruption and other dark sides of life and so on. Now the question arises, if Gandhi would have been alive today, what would have been his reaction/opinion to the police and its functioning? Would he have some thing different in his mind now what he had been in his mind before the partition or would he be going to start some Satyagraha in the form of some improvement in the functioning of the police administration? Really these questions or rather night mares can come to any one’s mind, when there is too much confusion is prevailing in our minds, when there is too much corruption in the society and when the polices working is also in the questioning because of one or the other case throughout the India. It is matter of great concern that we have to thing over our administration and our practical approach because the police personals are also like us, they are part and parcel of our society and among one of us, so why we all are pin pointing towards them.
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...IAEME Publication
The goal of this study was to see how talent management affected employee retention in the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The fundamental issue was the difficulty to attract, hire, and retain talented personnel who perform well and the gap between supply and demand of talent acquisition and retaining them within the firms. The study's main goals were to determine the impact of talent management on employee retention in IT companies in Chennai, investigate talent management strategies that IT companies could use to improve talent acquisition, performance management, career planning and formulate retention strategies that the IT firms could use. The respondents were given a structured close-ended questionnaire with the 5 Point Likert Scale as part of the study's quantitative research design. The target population consisted of 289 IT professionals. The questionnaires were distributed and collected by the researcher directly. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to collect and analyse the questionnaire responses. Hypotheses that were formulated for the various areas of the study were tested using a variety of statistical tests. The key findings of the study suggested that talent management had an impact on employee retention. The studies also found that there is a clear link between the implementation of talent management and retention measures. Management should provide enough training and development for employees, clarify job responsibilities, provide adequate remuneration packages, and recognise employees for exceptional performance.
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...IAEME Publication
Globally, Millions of dollars were spent by the organizations for employing skilled Information Technology (IT) professionals. It is costly to replace unskilled employees with IT professionals possessing technical skills and competencies that aid in interconnecting the business processes. The organization’s employment tactics were forced to alter by globalization along with technological innovations as they consistently diminish to remain lean, outsource to concentrate on core competencies along with restructuring/reallocate personnel to gather efficiency. As other jobs, organizations or professions have become reasonably more appropriate in a shifting employment landscape, the above alterations trigger both involuntary as well as voluntary turnover. The employee view on jobs is also afflicted by the COVID-19 pandemic along with the employee-driven labour market. So, having effective strategies is necessary to tackle the withdrawal rate of employees. By associating Emotional Intelligence (EI) along with Talent Management (TM) in the IT industry, the rise in attrition rate was analyzed in this study. Only 303 respondents were collected out of 350 participants to whom questionnaires were distributed. From the employees of IT organizations located in Bangalore (India), the data were congregated. A simple random sampling methodology was employed to congregate data as of the respondents. Generating the hypothesis along with testing is eventuated. The effect of EI and TM along with regression analysis between TM and EI was analyzed. The outcomes indicated that employee and Organizational Performance (OP) were elevated by effective EI along with TM.
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...IAEME Publication
By implementing talent management strategy, organizations would have the option to retain their skilled professionals while additionally working on their overall performance. It is the course of appropriately utilizing the ideal individuals, setting them up for future top positions, exploring and dealing with their performance, and holding them back from leaving the organization. It is employee performance that determines the success of every organization. The firm quickly obtains an upper hand over its rivals in the event that its employees having particular skills that cannot be duplicated by the competitors. Thus, firms are centred on creating successful talent management practices and processes to deal with the unique human resources. Firms are additionally endeavouring to keep their top/key staff since on the off chance that they leave; the whole store of information leaves the firm's hands. The study's objective was to determine the impact of talent management on organizational performance among the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The study recommends that talent management limitedly affects performance. On the off chance that this talent is appropriately management and implemented properly, organizations might benefit as much as possible from their maintained assets to support development and productivity, both monetarily and non-monetarily.
A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...IAEME Publication
Banking regulations act of India, 1949 defines banking as “acceptance of deposits for the purpose of lending or investment from the public, repayment on demand or otherwise and withdrawable through cheques, drafts order or otherwise”, the major participants of the Indian financial system are commercial banks, the financial institution encompassing term lending institutions. Investments institutions, specialized financial institution and the state level development banks, non banking financial companies (NBFC) and other market intermediaries such has the stock brokers and money lenders are among the oldest of the certain variants of NBFC and the oldest market participants. The asset quality of banks is one of the most important indicators of their financial health. The Indian banking sector has been facing severe problems of increasing Non- Performing Assets (NPAs). The NPAs growth directly and indirectly affects the quality of assets and profitability of banks. It also shows the efficiency of banks credit risk management and the recovery effectiveness. NPA do not generate any income, whereas, the bank is required to make provisions for such as assets that why is a double edge weapon. This paper outlines the concept of quality of bank loans of different types like Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of selected public and private sector banks. This study is highlighting problems associated with the role of commercial bank in financing Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SME). The overall objective of the research was to assess the effect of the financing provisions existing for the setting up and operations of MSMEs in the country and to generate recommendations for more robust financing mechanisms for successful operation of the MSMEs, in turn understanding the impact of MSME loans on financial institutions due to NPA. There are many research conducted on the topic of Non- Performing Assets (NPA) Management, concerning particular bank, comparative study of public and private banks etc. In this paper the researcher is considering the aggregate data of selected public sector and private sector banks and attempts to compare the NPA of Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of public and private sector banks. The tools used in the study are average and Anova test and variance. The findings reveal that NPA is common problem for both public and private sector banks and is associated with all types of loans either that is housing loans, agriculture loans and loans to SMES. NPAs of both public and private sector banks show the increasing trend. In 2010-11 GNPA of public and private sector were at same level it was 2% but after 2010-11 it increased in many fold and at present there is GNPA in some more than 15%. It shows the dark area of Indian banking sector.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...IAEME Publication
An experiment conducted in this study found that BaSO4 changed Nylon 6's mechanical properties. By changing the weight ratios, BaSO4 was used to make Nylon 6. This Researcher looked into how hard Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites are and how well they wear. Experiments were done based on Taguchi design L9. Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites can be tested for their hardness number using a Rockwell hardness testing apparatus. On Nylon/BaSO4, the wear behavior was measured by a wear monitor, pinon-disc friction by varying reinforcement, sliding speed, and sliding distance, and the microstructure of the crack surfaces was observed by SEM. This study provides significant contributions to ultimate strength by increasing BaSO4 content up to 16% in the composites, and sliding speed contributes 72.45% to the wear rate
ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...IAEME Publication
The majority of the population in India lives in villages. The village is the back bone of the country. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Developing the rural economy is one of the key indicators towards a country’s success. Whether it be the need to look after the welfare of the farmers or invest in rural infrastructure, Governments have to ensure that rural development isn’t compromised. The economic development of our country largely depends on the progress of rural areas and the standard of living of rural masses. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Rural entrepreneurship is based on stimulating local entrepreneurial talent and the subsequent growth of indigenous enterprises. It recognizes opportunity in the rural areas and accelerates a unique blend of resources either inside or outside of agriculture. Rural entrepreneurship brings an economic value to the rural sector by creating new methods of production, new markets, new products and generate employment opportunities thereby ensuring continuous rural development. Social Entrepreneurship has the direct and primary objective of serving the society along with the earning profits. So, social entrepreneurship is different from the economic entrepreneurship as its basic objective is not to earn profits but for providing innovative solutions to meet the society needs which are not taken care by majority of the entrepreneurs as they are in the business for profit making as a sole objective. So, the Social Entrepreneurs have the huge growth potential particularly in the developing countries like India where we have huge societal disparities in terms of the financial positions of the population. Still 22 percent of the Indian population is below the poverty line and also there is disparity among the rural & urban population in terms of families living under BPL. 25.7 percent of the rural population & 13.7 percent of the urban population is under BPL which clearly shows the disparity of the poor people in the rural and urban areas. The need to develop social entrepreneurship in agriculture is dictated by a large number of social problems. Such problems include low living standards, unemployment, and social tension. The reasons that led to the emergence of the practice of social entrepreneurship are the above factors. The research problem lays upon disclosing the importance of role of social entrepreneurship in rural development of India. The paper the tendencies of social entrepreneurship in India, to present successful examples of such business for providing recommendations how to improve situation in rural areas in terms of social entrepreneurship development. Indian government has made some steps towards development of social enterprises, social entrepreneurship, and social in- novation, but a lot remains to be improved.
OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...IAEME Publication
Distribution system is a critical link between the electric power distributor and the consumers. Most of the distribution networks commonly used by the electric utility is the radial distribution network. However in this type of network, it has technical issues such as enormous power losses which affect the quality of the supply. Nowadays, the introduction of Distributed Generation (DG) units in the system help improve and support the voltage profile of the network as well as the performance of the system components through power loss mitigation. In this study network reconfiguration was done using two meta-heuristic algorithms Particle Swarm Optimization and Gravitational Search Algorithm (PSO-GSA) to enhance power quality and voltage profile in the system when simultaneously applied with the DG units. Backward/Forward Sweep Method was used in the load flow analysis and simulated using the MATLAB program. Five cases were considered in the Reconfiguration based on the contribution of DG units. The proposed method was tested using IEEE 33 bus system. Based on the results, there was a voltage profile improvement in the system from 0.9038 p.u. to 0.9594 p.u.. The integration of DG in the network also reduced power losses from 210.98 kW to 69.3963 kW. Simulated results are drawn to show the performance of each case.
APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...IAEME Publication
Manufacturing industries have witnessed an outburst in productivity. For productivity improvement manufacturing industries are taking various initiatives by using lean tools and techniques. However, in different manufacturing industries, frugal approach is applied in product design and services as a tool for improvement. Frugal approach contributed to prove less is more and seems indirectly contributing to improve productivity. Hence, there is need to understand status of frugal approach application in manufacturing industries. All manufacturing industries are trying hard and putting continuous efforts for competitive existence. For productivity improvements, manufacturing industries are coming up with different effective and efficient solutions in manufacturing processes and operations. To overcome current challenges, manufacturing industries have started using frugal approach in product design and services. For this study, methodology adopted with both primary and secondary sources of data. For primary source interview and observation technique is used and for secondary source review has done based on available literatures in website, printed magazines, manual etc. An attempt has made for understanding application of frugal approach with the study of manufacturing industry project. Manufacturing industry selected for this project study is Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd. This paper will help researcher to find the connections between the two concepts productivity improvement and frugal approach. This paper will help to understand significance of frugal approach for productivity improvement in manufacturing industry. This will also help to understand current scenario of frugal approach in manufacturing industry. In manufacturing industries various process are involved to deliver the final product. In the process of converting input in to output through manufacturing process productivity plays very critical role. Hence this study will help to evolve status of frugal approach in productivity improvement programme. The notion of frugal can be viewed as an approach towards productivity improvement in manufacturing industries.
A MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENTIAEME Publication
In this paper, we investigated a queuing model of fuzzy environment-based a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) and study its performance under realistic conditions. It applies a nonagonal fuzzy number to analyse the relevant performance of a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS). Based on the sub interval average ranking method for nonagonal fuzzy number, we convert fuzzy number to crisp one. Numerical results reveal that the efficiency of this method. Intuitively, the fuzzy environment adapts well to a multiple channel queuing models (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) are very well.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
2. V. Thanigaivelan and M. Loganathan
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1. INTRODUCTION
In the present and high-speed humankind, petroleum supported energy turn out to be significant
with every progress. Yields resultant as of crude lubricate sustained as chief and serious basis of
force that useful in energizing means of transportation throughout. Still, petroleum assets are
inadequate as well as non-renewable. Throughout years, utilization of substitute energy in diesel
engines established awareness. The vagueness of petroleum supported energy accessibility has
shaped necessitate on substitute energy [1]. Through several years investigation exertions
obligate to be dedicated mostly happening with enhanced engine strategy since the standpoint of
dropping impurities discharge deprived of forfeiting recital and fuel budget. Presently, a
prominence on dropping impurity discharges as of petroleum supported engines ensures striving
progress plus analysis about numerous substitute fuels. The key impurities as of diesel devices
be NOX, particulate matter and smoke [2]. Numerous fuels ought to be deliberated as
replacements in place of hydrocarbon-based energy. Substitute energy facilitates interchange
petroleum supported energies comprise additives, LPG, CNG, H2, vegetable oils, bio gas,
producer gas and LNG. Among all, H2 becomes durable sustainable and fewer contaminating
energy. Moreover, H2 be innocuous, unscented plus consequences while thorough burning [3].
H2 possibly will castoff like an energy for IC engines both untainted otherwise intermingled
through additional hydrocarbon fuels. Owing to these features, investigators stand converging
their responsiveness on hydrogen to be a substitute energy in internal combustion engines (ICEs)
plus with expansion of energy chamber power-driven automobiles. Hydrogen can be cast-off for
instance an exclusive fuel in spark ignition (SI) engine, both through carburation and straight
inoculation [4]. Hydrogen driven ICE automobiles fabricated by existing expertise remain
expensive through unreal fuel or methanol automobiles with coal ingestion or fuel charge [5].
The notion of consuming hydrogen like substitute fuel intended with diesel devices is topical.
The personal detonation temperature of H2 is 858 K, thus hydrogen might not cast-off
unswervingly with CI device deprived of trigger socket else spark socket [6]. Hydrogen enhanced
devices yield roughly the identical brake control and greater thermal competence compared with
diesel engines above the complete scope of process [7, 8]. Through a reduced experimental
measure of diesel, hydrogen enhanced devices contribute advanced brake thermal competence
through flatter burning at par with diesel engine [9]. H2 incineration unveils advanced chilling
damages incineration space wall compared with hydrocarbon burning par with greater blazing
rapidity with squatter slaking distance [10]. Numerous investigators ought to been focused in the
direction of the advance of substitute fuels to attain this objective. Amidst the numerous possible
substitute fuels, H2 initiates as utmost auspicious for complete burning and enhanced incineration
possessions. Though the great nature ignition temperature of hydrogen bounds usage with CI
engines subsequently the cylinder temperature upsurge with compression alone actually
inadequate for incineration; therefore a blastoff cause is essential. Additionally also resolved as
ideal H2 enhancement through diesel remained 35% [11-14]. H2 is castoff by twin fuel method
through diesel then presented utmost brake thermal competence of 35% with compression
proportion of 24.5:1 [15, 16]. Recital of twin inoculation hydrogen powered engine through
solenoid in-cylinder inoculation with exterior fuel inoculation procedure too premeditated. An
upsurge in thermal competence via nearby 22% remained renowned on behalf of twin shot at
squat heaps and 5% by abundant heaps associated to thru inoculation [17]. Although
electrochemically retorting hydrogen in energy cells is deliberated as freshest and utmost
effective resources of consuming hydrogen, that assumed by numerous like expertise of the
upcoming prospect [18]. Primary hurdles that overwhelmed the effective consumption of
hydrogen as an energy in an ICE being pre eruption [19]. The ignition extent stood abridged
owing to greater blaze rapidity of hydrogen. Furthermore, a developed premixed combustion
level be there detected through hydrogen introduction [20].The hydrogen engine is a conceivable
resolution to refining the device recital at indolent and slender circumstances. Subsequently the
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blaze rapidity of H2 is about 5 spells compared with gasoline, hydrogen devices might acquire
enormously endless capacity burning that not simply profits the engine thermal competence
however too decreases the engine recurring discrepancy. Moreover, well-ordered diesel also too
combusted to match with the H2/diesel assortment. Outcomes from trials obligate to be related
thru statistics from prior statistical investigation through diverse code [21]. In addition, the squat
detonation drive of hydrogen too licenses hydrogen-air blend to be effortlessly burned beneath
slender circumstances and assistances engines increase a flat initial procedure. In this effort H2
has been instated amid air with inlet manifold by several degree stream charge specifically 4lpm,
6lpm and 8lpm.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1. Production of hydrogen
Hydrogen (H2) is solitary primary conceivable substitute fuels ought to be resultant as of normal
resources [2]. H2 can be profitably manufactured as of electrolysis of water as well as through
coal gasification. Numerous additional approaches like thermo chemical disintegration of water
and solar photo electrolysis are existing, however at this time castoff at workroom level
reasonably than for marketable procedure. Though, by the progress of applied and extremely
effectual final converters of H2 like fuel cells, nearby as an intense rate decrease plus
enhancement about efficacy of H2 making, harmless and suitable on sustenance storing.
2.2. Incineration and Properties of Hydrogen
Hydrogen while scorching yields merely water. H2 being harmless, fragrance less plus too
consequences with thorough incineration. H2 with great nature detonation temperature (858ºK);
becomes hard while exploding hydrogen by merely compression. With this, hydrogen might not
castoff through diesel engine arrangement deprived of an explosion cause. In order to flinch
incineration roughly blastoff cause is mandatory through the compression knock. Earlier to TDC
minor blame of diesel energy being introduced over predictable inoculation arrangement actually
deeds like detonation basis. Incineration of hydrogen will vitally diverse as of the incineration of
hydrocarbon energy. Hydrogen obligates broader flammability bounds with 5–76% with capacity
in air associated by diesel energy which is 0.8–5% by capacity. The boundary of H2 flammability
diverges with a correspondence proportion amid 0.1 to 7.1. Hydrogen during Normal temperature
and pressure become slight Gas having thickness as merely 1/14th
and 1/9th
compared with air as
well natural gas respectively. Through tremendous chilling through 253 degrees atmospheric
pressure, then abridged to liquefy about 0.07 in specific gravity. Combination of hydrogen and
air or flammable above an remarkably extensive choice of configurations the flammability
bounds at regular temperatures encompass as of 5 to 75% via hydrogen capacity thru air. The
table.1 provides several possessions about hydrogen at 25ºC and 1 atm.
4. V. Thanigaivelan and M. Loganathan
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Table-1: Properties of Hydrogen
3. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP AND PROCEDURE
The representation along with pictorial view of the investigational arrangement is exposed in Fig.
1 and fig.2 correspondingly.
Figure.1. Representation of investigational arrangement
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Diesel And Hydrogen As Fuel
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Figure 2. Pictorial outlook of investigational arrangement
Trials remained accompanied along with sole cylinder, 4 stroke, water-cooled, diesel engine
(Make: Kirloskar AV-1). The engine remained united with eddy current dynamometer. The
engine stood functioned with continual rapidity about 1500 rpm. The engine stipulation be
specified in Table 2.
Table -2 Specification of the engine
A crank viewpoint encoder stood tailored to crank shaft to record crank angle. The chamber
pressure stayed restrained by a piezoelectric pressure transducer (Make: Kistler, Type 6056A)
riding on the cylinder head. The pressure gesture was directed to statistics attainment arrangement
and incineration data like cylinder pressure and heat release rate (HRR) were attained. The oxides
of nitrogen (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon (HC) releases were restrained
through non-dispersive infrared analyzers (NDIR) (Make: HORIBA-Japan). The gas analyzers
stayed attuned by typical gases formerly to assessment. Primarily, the engine was functioned thru
well-ordered diesel energy. Additionally, the engine remained verified by twin fuel, accumulation
of hydrogen through inlet air in count to pilot B20 energy inoculation. The hydrogen gas as
instated in the inlet manifold in diverse course rate viz. 4lpm, 8lpm and 12 lpm correspondingly.
The hydrogen stream line entails of hydrogen cylinder, pressure controller, flame arrester, flow
meter and flow regulator valve which are exposed in figure.3.
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Figure. 3. Hydrogen flow line
The hydrogen is kept in a high-pressure storing tank at 250 bar and this pressure was abridged
to a pressure 2 bar via a pressure controller. Hydrogen further conceded over a flame arrestor and
flame set-up which capture any backfire as of the engine. It as well performances equally a non-
returnable controller. The hydrogen stream amount is restrained by the digital gas flow meter.
The recital and discharge features were assessed for diverse hydrogen stream proportion and
associated through well-ordered diesel fuel process.
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Performance analysis
4.1.1. Brake Thermal Efficiency
Fig. 4 shows the brake thermal efficiency discrepancy through diverse stream charges of
hydrogen. The 8 lpm hydrogen accumulation occasioned the maximum brake thermal
competence of 37.5% associated to diesel and B20 at full capacity. The upsurge in brake thermal
efficiency is owing to hydrogen’s advanced calorific rate and enhanced intercourse thru air in
accumulation to its quicker flame rapidity features [22]. It stood experiential that the hydrogen
accumulation thru inlet air exhibited the upgraded recital by related to usual neat diesel procedure.
Figure.4. comparison of BTE
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4.1.2. Brake Specific Fuel Consumption
Fig. 5 shows the disparity of brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) by brake influence for
diverse stream charges of hydrogen. The BSFC diminutions through an upsurge in hydrogen
accumulation degree. The lowermost BSFC is attained for 8lpm hydrogen accumulation at full
capacity related to diesel. This is owing to the premixing of hydrogen fuel through air owed to
its great diffusivity and unvarying intercourse thru air subsequent in enhanced incineration. The
proportion of decrease of BSFC remained experimental 12% at full capacity among diesel and
8lpm hydrogen stream frequency.
Figure.5. comparison of BSFC
4.2. Emission analysis
4.2.1. Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)
Fig. 6 shows the disparity of nitrogen oxides through brake power. NOX procedures at topmost
incineration temperature and higher oxygen absorptions [23, 24]. NOX establishment is advanced
per 8 lpm associated to straight diesel, B20 and further stream degree of hydrogen. As the
hydrogen proportion upsurges, the flame speed and henceforth incineration competence
augmented [25]. The proportion of upsurge of NOX is 34% at complete capacity once associated
straight diesel.
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Figure.6. Comparison of NOx
4.2.2. Hydrocarbon (HC)
Figure.7. Comparison of HC
The disparity of HC discharges for diverse standards of hydrogen enhancement is exposed in
fig 7. The Unburned hydrocarbon diminutions expressively since hydrogen fuel does not
comprise carbon. It is perceived that the HC release values of 4lpm, 8lpm and 12lpm hydrogen
stream frequency through diesel fuel process are 210 ppm, 199 ppm and 203 ppm
correspondingly at full capacity. The lowermost HC release remained attained 199 ppm thru 8
lpm hydrogen stream percentage related to 215 ppm for diesel. The decrease in HC is owing to
the advanced scorching rapidity of hydrogen, which augments the diesel burning. The lack of
carbon in hydrogen fuel moreover decreases the HC releases to a better scope [25, 26].
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4.2.3 Carbon monoxide
The disparity of CO discharge with engine brake power and diverse percentage of hydrogen
enhancement is shown fig 8.The lowest CO discharge was attained as 0.05% with 8 lpm while
associated to 0.11% for diesel. Thru 8 lpm the CO discharge is inferior to extra hydrogen stream
charges and straight diesel process. The decrease CO in 8 lpm hydrogen-operated dual fuel engine
is owing to the lack of carbon in hydrogen fuel. At no load as the engine is functioned at slender
correspondence proportion, a decrease in CO is perceived for hydrogen twin fuel process.
However the oxygen deliberation decreases suggestively and in accumulation owing to slighter
response interval it outcomes in a noteworthy upsurge in CO foundation degree, which sorts the
whole CO deliberation to upsurge at full capacity associated to diesel.
Figure.8. Comparison of CO
4.2.4 Exhaust gas temperature
Figure.9. comparison of EGT
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The exhaust gas temperature disparity for diverse magnitudes of hydrogen enhancement is
exposed in Fig 9. It is experiential that the exhaust gas temperate charge of 4 lpm, 8lpm and
12lpm hydrogen and diesel energy procedure augmented typically associated to diesel at, full
capacity correspondingly. The uppermost drain temperature was attained 378 °C thru 8 lpm
hydrogen accumulation related to 346 °C for diesel. This is owing to improved intercourse of
hydrogen through air ensuing in thorough incineration of fuel by upsurge in temperature nearby
the combustion compartment. [28].
5. CONCLUSIONS
Based on the experimentations accompanied on a hydrogen augmented bio diesel (dual fuel)
engine scheme, the subsequent inferences are drawn:
The Brake thermal efficiency of the hydrogen and biodiesel fuel procedure stood rather
greater compared to the diesel fuel procedure. In 8 lpm hydrogen stream proportion, the brake
thermal competence is augmented.
Brake Specific fuel consumption diminutions through upsurge in hydrogen proportion above
the complete sort of maneuver.
NOx release augmented over 8lpm of hydrogen stream point, associated to B20 and diesel
procedure.
The carbon monoxide discharge augmented in full capacity state. The deepest CO release
stayed attained through 8lpm hydrogen accumulation, related to diesel and B20 fuels.
The HC discharge for 8lpm flow rate of hydrogen decreased associated near diesel at full
capacity. The exhaust gas temperature augmented in lieu of 8lpm adding hydrogen stream charges
commonly associated to diesel at complete capacity.
For the most part the aforementioned stood resolved that hydrogen enhanced biodiesel
engines accomplish thriving and release fewer effluence associated to well-ordered diesel fuel.
Henceforth, hydrogen enhancement in a CI engine can be observed equally an eco-friendly
substitute fuel to diesel.
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