This document discusses hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (FCVs), highlighting their potential as a zero-emission alternative to conventional fossil fuel vehicles, particularly given the increasing depletion of natural resources. The paper details consumer reactions to FCVs based on a 2007 study, emphasizing positive impressions and willingness to travel for hydrogen refueling. Challenges to widespread adoption include infrastructure development, cost, and safety concerns related to hydrogen production and storage.

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ABSTRACT
This paper deals hydrogen fuel cell vehicle, in this we explain why hydrogen can be
used as fuel in further days to come, it can be of great use and as natural resources are
getting depleted and there is scope of using better fuels with reduced emissions with
good power and torque. In this the fuel cell is used to store energy which can be used
in driving the car. Over the last several decades, hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (FCVs)
have emerged as a zero tailpipe-emission alternative to the battery electric vehicle
(EV). To address questions about consumer reaction to FCVs, this report presents the
results of a “ride-and-drive” clinic series (n=182) held in 2007 with a Mercedes-Benz
A-Class “F-Cell” hydrogen FCV. The clinic evaluated participant reactions to driving
and riding in an FCV, as well as vehicle refueling. Pre-and post-clinic surveys
assessed consumer response. More than 80% left with a positive overall impression of
hydrogen. The majority expressed a willingness to travel five to ten minutes to find a
hydrogen station. More than 90% of participants would consider an FCV driving
range of 300 miles (480 kilometers) to be acceptable. Stated willingness-to-pay
preferences were explored. The results show that short-term exposure can improve
consumer perceptions of hydrogen performance and safety among people who are the
more likely early adopters.
Hydrogen powered vehicles have been in development from the past decade. While
the attention to hydrogen fuel cell vehicle is increasing. Hydrogen internal
combustion engines may prove to be the most effective solution for the immediate
future. Over various research carried out in comparison of hydrogen as fuel to
gasoline, hydrogen was the most efficient for performance and utilization. But the
finalized development and releasing for public use may take over long period of time.

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Table of contents
1. Introduction
1.1. Motivation for use of hydrogen as transport fuel
1.1.1. Hydrogen
1.1.1.1 Chemical properties of Hydrogen
1.2. Introduction to hydrogen fuel vehicles
1.3. Applications
1.3.1 Automobiles
1.3.1.1 Buses
1.3.1.2 Bikes
1.3.1.3 Airplanes
1.3.1.4 Fork Trucks
1.3.1.5 Rockets
1.4.1 Advantages
1.4.2 Disadvantages
1.5 Hydrogen Production
1.6 Hydrogen storage
1.7 Hydrogen technology development in India
2. Literature survey
3. Objectives
4. Methodology
4.1 Working of hydrogen fuel cell
5. Conclusions
6. References

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LIST OF FIGURES
SL no Title Page no
1. Hythane vehicle by Volvo, Multi Fuel 3
2. Hydrogen internal combustion vehicle, Mazda 4
3. Hydrogen fuel cell vehicle by Toyota 5
4. Toyota FCHV-BUS at the Expo 2005 6
5. Hydrogen bicycle, Shanghai, China 6
6. Boeing Fuel Cell Demonstrator 7
7. Reforming of Biomass 9
8. Central and dish type receiver/reactor 10
9. Particle/electrode system water splitting 10
10. Hydrogen production via electrolysis 11
11. Working of hydrogen fuel cell 15
12. Fuel car cell 16

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1. INTRODUCTION
A vehicle using hydrogen as its fuel for power generation is known as hydrogen
vehicle. Automobiles considering various transportation vehicle like cars, buses, bikes
and cycles, as well as space rockets using hydrogen fuelled termed as hydrogen
vehicle. The main process of utilizing this energy is by converting the chemical
energy of hydrogen molecules to mechanical energy either by burning hydrogen in an
internal combustion engine by reacting hydrogen with oxygen in a fuel cell to run the
electric motors. The proposed hydrogen fuel vehicle in commercial use over
worldwide is due to ease of hydrogen for fuelling transportation as key element.
Hydrogen acts as a good energy carrier and it can be produced by using renewable
sources. As of 2014, 95% of hydrogen is made from methane. The low cost of
producing the hydrogen is from electrolysis of water. Although evolving hydrogen is
an expensive process to use, this process can help us to save the fossils fuels for future
fulfilling the future demand and supply without stock out.
Hydrogen FCVs are a potential option for reducing emissions from the transportation
sector. Combusting fossil fuels to power conventional vehicles releases GHG (Green
House Gas like Water vapor, Carbon dioxide, Methane, Nitrous oxide, Ozone,
Chlorofluorocarbons) emissions and other pollutants from the vehicle exhaust system
(i.e., “tailpipe” emissions). In addition, there are also emissions associated with
producing petroleum-based fuels (i.e., “upstream” emissions), notably emissions from
oil refineries. FCVs emit no tailpipe GHGs or other pollutants during vehicle
operation, and depending on how hydrogen is produced, there can be substantially
lower upstream GHG emissions associated with producing hydrogen fuel. One
kilogram of hydrogen is roughly equal to one gallon of gasoline (on an energy level).

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1.1 Motivations for use of hydrogen as a transport fuel
Of all the potential applications for hydrogen it is perhaps it’s potential for use as a
transport fuel that has provoked the greatest interest around the world. There are a
number of social and political motivations for a transition to hydrogen as a transport
fuel, from decarbonizing the transport sector to reducing dependency on imported oil.
The key motivations are summarized below
 Reduced CO2 emissions
 Improved energy efficiency
 Reduced air pollution
 Reduced noise
1.1.1 Hydrogen
 Simplest element in the universe – one proton and one electron
 Occurs naturally as a gas
 Can be used to create energy through combustion or use in fuel cells
 Most hydrogen is bonded to oxygen in the form of water (H2O)
 Can be produced through the use of nuclear, solar, wind, and other renewable
sources
 Diversity of sources make hydrogen available alternative fuel
 Steam methane reforming (CH4 )
 Hydrogen has long been considered as the wonder-fuel of the future.
1.1.1.1 Chemical properties of Hydrogen
 Makes up 75% of the mass of all visible matter
 Nontoxic and non-poisonous
 Rarely found alone (H2) – usually bonded to oxygen in water (H2O)
 Highly buoyant – lighter than air, rises and diffuses when leaked

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1.2 Introduction to Hydrogen vehicles
Huge number of companies are in process to develop technologies that might
efficiently exploit the potential of hydrogen energy for use in motor vehicles with
better output. As of November 2013 there are demonstration fleets of hydrogen fuel
cell vehicles undergoing field testing including the Chevrolet Equinox Fuel Cell,
Honda FCX Clarity, Hyundai ix35 FCEV and Mercedes-Benz B-Class F-Cell.
There are three main options for hydrogen vehicles, presenting differing degrees of
technical challenge. These options are as follows:
 Hythane vehicles- Hythane is a mixture of hydrogen and natural gas (up to a
20% hydrogen concentration) Vehicles adapted to run on compressed natural
gas (CNG) can run on hythane, hence the technology required for hythane
vehicles is already relatively mature
 Hydrogen internal combustion vehicles (H2ICE) - The gasoline powered
internal combustion engine can be adapted to run on hydrogen fuel. This is
less technologically challenging than development of fuel cell vehicles and is
seen by some as a bridging technology
 Fuel cell vehicle- A fuel cell is an electrochemical device that generates
electricity from the combination of hydrogen and oxygen (which can be taken
from the air). Development of fuel cell vehicles represents the greatest
technological challenges, requiring not only development of the fuel cell itself
but also of electric drive trains for vehicles.
Fig: Hythane vehicle by Volvo also known as Multi Fuel

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The aim of finding different ways to supportable mobility by Volvo Car Corporation
has developed a system for a multitude of fuels. Where hythane among others four
bio-methane, natural gas, bioethanol E85 and petrol was considered for use. Hythane
consists of 10% hydrogen and 90% methane, a blend that has tested most effective for
this system.
Fig: Hydrogen internal combustion vehicle by Mazda
Mazda realized the potential benefits of hydrogen at an early stage, and has since been
engaged in development of hydrogen vehicles. In February 2006, Mazda became the
first company in the world to commercialize a hydrogen rotary engine vehicle, when
it began commercial leasing of the RX-8 Hydrogen RE in Japan. Since then, Mazda
has delivered RX-8 Hydrogen RE vehicles to national and local government
authorities as well as private enterprises. The main motto for introducing hydrogen
fuel vehicle by this company was to reduce the global warming as 20% of global
warming is caused by transportation sector.

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Fig: Hydrogen fuel cell vehicle by Toyota
In Lexus RX450h designed by Toyota motor company, the front wheels are driven by
electric motor generated by chemical reaction in the hydrogen-powered fuel cell stack
located under the floor of the Mirai’s passenger compartment and the remaining
layout was same as normal. Water vapour was the only emission, some of which is
recycled to humidify the process.
1.3 Applications
1.3.1 Automobiles
Although there are currently no fuel cell cars available for commercial sale, over 20
FCEVs prototypes and demonstration cars have been released since 2009.
Automobiles such as the;
 Honda FCX Clarity ,
 Toyota FCHV-adv.
 GM HydroGen4,
 Mercedes-Benz F-Cell are all pre-commercial examples of fuel cell
electric vehicles.
Fuel cell electric vehicles have driven more than 3 million miles, with more than
27,000 re-fuelling.

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1.3.1.1 Buses
Fig: Toyota FCHV-BUS at the Expo 2005
 There are also demonstration models of buses, and in total there are over 100 fuel
cell buses deployed around the world today.
 Most of these buses are produced by UTC Power, Toyota, Ballard, Hydrogenics,
and Proton Motor.
 UTC buses have already accumulated over 970,000 km (600,000 mi) of driving.
 Fuel cell buses have a 30-141% higher fuel economy than diesel buses and natural
gas buses.
1.3.1.2 Motorcycles and bicycles
Fig: Hydrogen bicycle, Shanghai, China
 In 2005 the British firm Intelligent Energy produced the first ever working
hydrogen run motorcycle called the ENV (Emission Neutral Vehicle).
 The motorcycle holds enough fuel to run for four hours, and to travel 160 km
(100 mi) in an urban area, at a top speed of 80 km/h (50 mph).

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 In 2004 Honda developed a fuel-cell motorcycle which utilized the Honda FC
Stack. There are other examples of bikes and bicycles with a hydrogen fuel cell
engine.
 The Suzuki Burgman received "whole vehicle type" approval in the EU.
1.3.1.3 Airplanes
Fig: Boeing Fuel Cell Demonstrator powered by a hydrogen fuel cell
 Boeing researchers and industry partners throughout Europe conducted
experimental flight tests in February 2008 of a manned airplane powered only by
a fuel cell and lightweight batteries.
 The Fuel Cell Demonstrator Airplane, as it was called, used a Proton Exchange
Membrane (PEM) fuel cell/lithium-ion battery hybrid system to power an electric
motor, which was coupled to a conventional propeller.
 In 2003, the world's first propeller driven airplane to be powered entirely by a
fuel cell was flown.
1.3.1.4 Fork trucks
 A HICE (Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine) forklift or HICE lift truck is a
hydrogen fueled, internal combustion engine-powered industrial forklift truck
used for lifting and transporting materials.
 The first production HICE forklift truck based on the Linde X39 Diesel was
presented at an exposition in Hannover on May 27, 2008. It used a 2.0 litre, 43
kW (58 hp) diesel internal combustion engine converted to use hydrogen as a fuel
with the use of a compressor and direct injection.

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 A fuel cell forklift (also called a fuel cell lift truck or a fuel cell forklift) is a fuel
cell powered industrial forklift truck. In 2013 there were over 4,000 fuel cell
forklifts used in material handling in the US.
 Fuel-cell-powered forklifts can provide benefits over battery powered forklifts as
they can work for a full 8-hour shift on a single tank of hydrogen and can be
refueled in 3 minutes
1.3.1.5 Rockets
 Many large rockets use liquid hydrogen as fuel, with liquid oxygen as an oxidizer.
 Advantage of hydrogen rocket fuel is the high effective exhaust velocity
compared to kerosene/LOX (Liquid - Oxygen combination) or UDMH
(Unsymmetrical Dimethyl hydrazine) /N2O4 (Nitrogen tetroxide) engines.
 According to the Tsiolkovsky rocket equation, a rocket with higher exhaust
velocity needs less propellant mass to achieve a given change of speed. Before
combustion, the hydrogen runs through cooling pipes around the exhaust nozzle to
protect the nozzle from damage by the hot exhaust.
1.4.1 Advantages
1) Created from water, can be recycled to produce more hydrogen
2) Cleanest fuel available when combusted – produces carbon monoxide, carbon
dioxide, or hydrocarbon emissions
3) Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) have a significant potential to reduce
emissions from the transportation sector, because they do not emit any greenhouse
gases (GHGs) during vehicle operation. Their lifecycle GHG emissions depend on
how the hydrogen fuel is made.
4) Leaks/spills will quickly evaporate and do not pose any threats to the environment
5) Several major hurdles to commercial deployment must be overcome before any
environmental benefits from FCVs are realized. These challenges include the
production, distribution, and storage of hydrogen; fuel cell technology; and overall
vehicle cost.
6) Domestic production will allow for energy independence

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1.4.2 Disadvantages
1) Conceptually, replacing the current oil-based infrastructure with hydrogen would
cost billions, maybe trillions, of dollars.
2) Although abundant in the universe, hydrogen is fairly rare in our atmosphere,
meaning that it has to be extracted (for example through electrolysis, as
explained above) and currently, the process is cost prohibitive and inefficient.
3) It is a very flammable gas (think of the Hindenburg), which further adds to the
on-board storage problems. Its production at energy plants creates excessive
carbon dioxide.
4) Low energy content per unit volume
5) The large investment in infrastructure that would be required to fuel vehicles.
1.5 Hydrogen Production
1) Reforming of Biomass and Wastes: Hydrogen can be produced via pyrolysis or
gasification of biomass resources such as agricultural residues like peanut shells;
consumer wastes including plastics and waste grease; or biomass specifically
grown for energy uses. Biomass pyrolysis produces a liquid product (bio-oil) that
contains a wide spectrum of components that can be separated into valuable
chemicals and fuels, including hydrogen.
C6H12O6 + O2 + H2O → CO + CO2 + H2
Water-gas shift reaction
CO + H2O → CO2 + H2 + (small amount heat)
Fig: Reforming of Biomass
2) Thermal Water Splitting: Thermochemical water splitting processes use high-
temperature heat (500°–2,000°C) to drive a series of chemical reactions that
produce hydrogen. The chemicals used in the process are reused within each
cycle, creating a closed loop that consumes only water and produces hydrogen and
oxygen. The necessary high temperatures can be generated in the following ways:

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 Concentrating sunlight onto a reactor tower using a field of mirror
"heliostats"
 Using waste heat from advanced nuclear reactors
3) Photo-electro-chemical Water Splitting: The PEC water splitting process uses
semiconductor materials to convert solar energy directly to chemical energy in the
form of hydrogen. The semiconductor materials used in the PEC process are
similar to those used in photovoltaic solar electricity generation, but for PEC
applications the semiconductor is immersed in a water-based electrolyte, where
sunlight energizes the water-splitting process.

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4) Fermentation: Scientists over world are developing pretreatment technologies to
convert lignocellulosic biomass into sugar-rich feedstock’s that can be directly
fermented to produce hydrogen, ethanol, and high-value chemicals. Researchers
are also working to identify a consortium of Clostridium that can directly ferment
hemicellulose to hydrogen. Other research areas involve bio-prospecting efficient
cellulolytic microbes, such as Clostridium thermocellum, that can ferment
crystalline cellulose directly to hydrogen to lower feedstock costs. Once a model
cellulolytic bacterium is identified, its potential for genetic manipulations,
including sensitivity to antibiotics and ease of genetic transformation, will be
determined.
5) Renewable Electrolysis: Electrolysis is the separation of water into oxygen and
hydrogen by running a direct electric current through the water. It is the simplest
and cleanest way of producing hydrogen, because the hydrogen that comes out of
the process is 99.999% pure.
Fig: Hydrogen production via electrolysis
1.6 Hydrogen storage
Hydrogen storage in present context of development is the biggest problem for
research workers. According to the January 2003 Office of Technology Policy report,
fuel Cell Vehicles is race to a new automotive future. The needs of consumers in a
fuel cell vehicle are un-fulfilled due to inadequate hydrogen storage system. The
difficult raised for storage of hydrogen is because of its low density.

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Existing and proposed technologies for hydrogen storage include;
1) Compressed gas storage: Pressurized tanks of adequate strength, including
impact resistance for safety in collisions, have been made of carbon-fiber wrapped
cylinders. Compressed gas storage in such tanks has been marked at a pressure of
34 MPa with a mass of 32.5 kg and volume of 186 L, sufficient for a 500-km
range. However, this tank volume is about 90% of a 55-gallon drum, rather large
for individual automobiles.
2) Liquid storage (cryogenic storage): While having potential weight and volume
advantages, cryogenic method with activated carbon as adsorbent requires liquid
nitrogen temperatures and 2 MPa to hold the physically adsorbed hydrogen.
3) Carbon Nanotube and Related Storage Technologies: It is still unclear about
the status of using advanced carbon materials for the storage of hydrogen.
Reviewing the status of single walled, double walled, graphite nanofiber stack
storage and other carbon-based storage technologies that have been proposed
include alkali-doped graphite, fullerenes, and activated carbon, high surface area
and abundant pore volume in the nanostructured materials make these especially
attractive as potential absorption storage materials.
4) Storage as metal hydride: Hydrogen can be stored by metal hydridation method
above room temperature and below 3 or 4 MPa. This method adds up some
additional weight to vehicle use and considering this method for storage is
expensive too. Recent work by P. Chen, et al. has shown that lithium nitride can
reversibly take up large amounts of hydrogen. This material takes up hydrogen
rapidly in the temperature range 170-210ºC, and achieved 9.3 wt.% uptake when
the sample was held at 255ºC for 30 minutes. Under high vacuum (10-9 MPa)
about two-thirds of the hydrogen was released at temperatures below 200ºC and
remaining third of the 16 stored hydrogen required temperatures above 320ºC for
release.
5) Some others storage system like underground storage system and line storage
system.

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1.7 Hydrogen production in India
 Production of hydrogen by photo electrolysis of water using solar energy
 Production of hydrogen by blue green algae & by certain bacterial species
 Storage of hydrogen through metal hydride / non metal hydride
 Problems relating to utilization of hydrogen as a fuel, that is developed for certain
engines and fuel etc.
 Liquid hydrogen production, storage and utilization.
2. LITERATURE SURVEY
Fuel cells are more an evolutionary technology than a revolutionary one. Originally
invented in the early 1800s, the technology was developed gradually before being
given a boost through use in the NASA Apollo space program in the late 1960s and
early 1970s. During this period the first fuel cell car was demonstrated by General
Motors and was followed by several other early Fuel cell Electric Vehicle
demonstrations, all based on alkaline fuel cell technologies similar to those developed
for NASA. Fuel cells using proton exchange membranes, the type now used in fuel
cell electric vehicle, were first developed in 1958 but it took until 1993 for the
technology to become viable enough for vehicle demonstrations.
 1820s – Rev. W. Cecil developed hydrogen-fuelled engine
 1876 – Nicolaus Otto invented four-cylinder engine;
 1885 – Gottleib Daimler invented modern ICE
 1920s – first testing of the hydrogen Rudolf Erren used hydrogen ICEs in
submarines and land vehicles
 General Motors coined the phrase “hydrogen economy” during the fuel crisis
of the 1970s
 As fuel prices returned to normal, interest in hydrogen vehicles diminished
 Rising fuel prices, environmental concerns, and energy security sparked
interest again in the twenty-first century

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3. OBJECTIVES
1) Alternative for the existing exhausting fuels and reduced pollution with good
energy economy and concentrating on Hydrogen fuel cell vehicle
2) Explaining the working of the hydrogen fuel cell
3) Finding out if HICE is a reasonable possibility and if it is cost effective to mass
HICE vs. Fuel Cells Production Methods
4) Determine the benefits, if any, of adapting HICEs now, rather than waiting for
fuel cells to become available
5) Comparing the performance of hydrogen fuel cell vehicle with others competing
technology
6) Availing the safety and public acceptance profit if HFV introduced as
infrastructure

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4. Methodology
4.1 Working of hydrogen fuel cell
Fig: Working of hydrogen fuel cell
1) Hydrogen is chaneed through field flow plates to anode on one side of the fuel cell
while oxygen from the air is chaneled to the cathode on the other side of the cell.
2) At the anode ,a platinum catalyst causes the hydrogen to split into positive
hydrogen ions (protons) and negatively charged electrons.
3) The Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) allows only the positively charged
ions to pass through it to the cathode .The negatively charged electrons must
travel along an external circuit to the cathode , creating an electrical current.
4) At the cathode , the electons and positively cahrged hydrogen ions combine with
oxygen to form water, which flows out of the cell

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Fig: Fuel car cell
A fuel cell vehicle (FCV) or fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV) is a type of vehicle
which uses a fuel cell to power its on-board electric motor. Fuel cells in vehicles
create electricity to power an electric motor, generally using oxygen from the air and
compressed hydrogen. A fuel cell vehicle that is fueled with hydrogen emits only
water and heat, but no tailpipe pollutants, therefore it is considered a zero-emissions
vehicle. Depending on the process, however, producing the hydrogen used in the
vehicle may create pollutants. Fuel cells have been used in various kinds of vehicles
including forklifts, especially in indoor applications where their clean emissions are
important to air quality, and in space applications. The first commercial production
fuel cell automobiles are being sold in California by Toyota and leased on a limited
basis by Hyundai, with additional manufacturers planning to enter the market.
Furthermore, fuel cells are being developed and tested in buses, boats, motorcycles
and bicycles, among other kinds of vehicles.
As of early 2014, there is limited hydrogen infrastructure, with 10 hydrogen fueling
stations for automobiles publicly available in the U.S., but more hydrogen stations are

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planned, particularly in California. New stations are also planned in Japan and
Germany. Critics doubt whether hydrogen will be efficient or cost-effective for
automobiles, as compared with other zero emission technologies, such as the battery
electric vehicle.
5. Conclusions
1) Hydrogen Fuel cell vehicles are currently being researched for their feasibility of
widespread usage in automobiles and other forms of transportation.
2) Hydrogen fuel does not occur naturally on Earth and thus is not an energy source,
but is an energy carrier. Currently it is most frequently made from methane or
other fossil fuels.
3) However, it can be produced from a wide range of sources (such as wind, solar, or
nuclear) that are intermittent, too diffuse or too cumbersome to directly propel
vehicles.

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6. References
1) NREL, National laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy
Efficiency and Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable
Energy, LLC.
2) DoE Alternative Fuels Data Center on Hydrogen Fuel Cell Realm on basis of
Energy Policy ACT 2005
3) Non-conventional energy source G D Rai 2006 edition
4) Blog for various Fuel Cell Works carried out over world with their details of
operation and status on research
5) Note on Hydrogen Stations from California’s Hydrogen Transportation Initiatives,
Air Resource Board
6) Review and Prototype performance of hydrogen fuel vehicle from VOLVO CAR
(GROUP GLOBAL NEWSROOM), Mazda Motor Corporation, Japan and Toyota
Mirai (2015) hydrogen fuel cell vehicle review
7) Note on Hydrogen vehicle From Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia