The document discusses air breathing jet engines and breaking the sound barrier. It provides details on the components and working of jet engines, including the inlet, compressor, combustion chamber, turbine, and nozzle. It also discusses jet engine performance factors like thrust. The key objectives are to increase jet engine performance/efficiency and study the materials used to withstand high temperatures and pressures. Hypersonic speed above Mach 5 is seen as important for the 6th generation of fighter aircraft using scramjet engines.
study of jet engines & how they works
1.History of jet engine 2. Introduction 3. Parts of jet engine 4. How a get engine works 5. Types of jet engine (i) Ramjet (ii) Turbojet (iii) Turbofan (iv) Turboprop (v) Turbo shaft 6.Comparison of Turbo Jet 7.Jet engines Vs Rockets 8.Difficulties 9.Suggestion for improvement 10. Merit and Demerits 11. Jet engine uses 12.Conclusion 13.Future vision
Aerospace technologies the technicalities involvedAaronIdicula1
This is my first step in field of research. My intention behind this work is self study and research in this field. I will upload series of ppt's as soon as the work is done, any new suggestion or correction are welcomed.
This Presentation gives a brief idea on turbojet engines, their components, working principle and also on the materials used in both the hot and cold sections of the engine, applications, etc..
This so called PPT for propulsion study for Shenyang Aerospace University. This PPT right protected by Dr. divinder K. Yadav. Its using in SAU by Lale. For all students of Aeronautical Engineering must memorize each & every words from this PPT. If you miss a single words you must fail in the Exam. Remember there is no chance to be creative or use sense you just need to use the power of memorizing.
study of jet engines & how they works
1.History of jet engine 2. Introduction 3. Parts of jet engine 4. How a get engine works 5. Types of jet engine (i) Ramjet (ii) Turbojet (iii) Turbofan (iv) Turboprop (v) Turbo shaft 6.Comparison of Turbo Jet 7.Jet engines Vs Rockets 8.Difficulties 9.Suggestion for improvement 10. Merit and Demerits 11. Jet engine uses 12.Conclusion 13.Future vision
Aerospace technologies the technicalities involvedAaronIdicula1
This is my first step in field of research. My intention behind this work is self study and research in this field. I will upload series of ppt's as soon as the work is done, any new suggestion or correction are welcomed.
This Presentation gives a brief idea on turbojet engines, their components, working principle and also on the materials used in both the hot and cold sections of the engine, applications, etc..
This so called PPT for propulsion study for Shenyang Aerospace University. This PPT right protected by Dr. divinder K. Yadav. Its using in SAU by Lale. For all students of Aeronautical Engineering must memorize each & every words from this PPT. If you miss a single words you must fail in the Exam. Remember there is no chance to be creative or use sense you just need to use the power of memorizing.
Turbojets can be highly efficient for supersonic aircraft. Turbojets have poor efficiency at low vehicle speeds, which limits their usefulness in vehicles other than aircraft. Turbojet engines have been used in isolated cases to power vehicles other than aircraft, typically for attempts on land speed records.
Contribution in Development of Design and Performance of Turbine Jet Engineiosrjce
A turbine jet engine has four main parts, They are compressor, combustion chamber, turbine and
exhaust nozzle. Turbine jet engine operates at an open cycle called a jet propulsion cycle. A small-scale turbine
jet engine comprises of the same element as the gas-turbine engine but in a small scale. Turbine jet engines are
constructed mainly for air transportation while the turbine jet engines are developed for a wider purpose,
ranging for research activity to hobbyist enthusiastic. Hence, this paper encompasses the design, fabrication,
and testing a turbine jet engine. The engine is derived from an automobile turbocharger, which provided the
turbine and compressor component. A combustion chamber is design and fabricated. Engine support system
comprised of ignition, lubrication and fuel delivery system are installed at the engine. Thermocouple K-type are
installed at four different stations on the engine flow path to measure the temperature. Fuel regulators are
utilized to measure the fuel flow rate. The design of the combustion chamber is developed to make primary and
secondary air takes paths so as to allow a series of combustion processes that help to increase the speed of a
jet engine.
This is a presentation that contains detailed information about hypersonic vehicle or hyperplanes travelling at speeds upto 6 times the speed of sound. It also contains information about some hyperplanes like nasa x43, avatar hyperplane. This presentation also deals with the selection of suitable design for hyperplanes.
THIS SLIDE PROVIDE THE INFORMATION ABOUT
" AFTERBURNEFR" which is used in jet
this slide is useful for the engineering student ;
and i hope that you enjoy this slide
Turbojets can be highly efficient for supersonic aircraft. Turbojets have poor efficiency at low vehicle speeds, which limits their usefulness in vehicles other than aircraft. Turbojet engines have been used in isolated cases to power vehicles other than aircraft, typically for attempts on land speed records.
Contribution in Development of Design and Performance of Turbine Jet Engineiosrjce
A turbine jet engine has four main parts, They are compressor, combustion chamber, turbine and
exhaust nozzle. Turbine jet engine operates at an open cycle called a jet propulsion cycle. A small-scale turbine
jet engine comprises of the same element as the gas-turbine engine but in a small scale. Turbine jet engines are
constructed mainly for air transportation while the turbine jet engines are developed for a wider purpose,
ranging for research activity to hobbyist enthusiastic. Hence, this paper encompasses the design, fabrication,
and testing a turbine jet engine. The engine is derived from an automobile turbocharger, which provided the
turbine and compressor component. A combustion chamber is design and fabricated. Engine support system
comprised of ignition, lubrication and fuel delivery system are installed at the engine. Thermocouple K-type are
installed at four different stations on the engine flow path to measure the temperature. Fuel regulators are
utilized to measure the fuel flow rate. The design of the combustion chamber is developed to make primary and
secondary air takes paths so as to allow a series of combustion processes that help to increase the speed of a
jet engine.
This is a presentation that contains detailed information about hypersonic vehicle or hyperplanes travelling at speeds upto 6 times the speed of sound. It also contains information about some hyperplanes like nasa x43, avatar hyperplane. This presentation also deals with the selection of suitable design for hyperplanes.
THIS SLIDE PROVIDE THE INFORMATION ABOUT
" AFTERBURNEFR" which is used in jet
this slide is useful for the engineering student ;
and i hope that you enjoy this slide
There are 5 types of jet propulsion engine such as turbojet, turbofan, turboprop, turbo-shaft, and ramjet.Some types of jet propulsive engine are not cover in this slide such as pulse engine and rocket.
This so called PPT for propulsion study for Shenyang Aerospace University. This PPT right protected by Dr. divinder K. Yadav. Its using in SAU by Lale. For all students of Aeronautical Engineering must memorize each & every words from this PPT. If you miss a single words you must fail in the Exam. Remember there is no chance to be creative or use sense you just need to use the power of memorizing.
Preparing for EASA Mod.15 Gas turbine engines . Then avoid reading lengthy books here are my personal short notes and explanations and important topics for Mod.15
This Presentation gives a brief idea on turbojet engines, their components, working principle and also regarding the type of materials used in the engine parts, applications etc
Submission Deadline: 30th September 2022
Acceptance Notification: Within Three Days’ time period
Online Publication: Within 24 Hrs. time Period
Expected Date of Dispatch of Printed Journal: 5th October 2022
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...IAEME Publication
White layer thickness (WLT) formed and surface roughness in wire electric discharge turning (WEDT) of tungsten carbide composite has been made to model through response surface methodology (RSM). A Taguchi’s standard Design of experiments involving five input variables with three levels has been employed to establish a mathematical model between input parameters and responses. Percentage of cobalt content, spindle speed, Pulse on-time, wire feed and pulse off-time were changed during the experimental tests based on the Taguchi’s orthogonal array L27 (3^13). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the mathematical models obtained can adequately describe performance within the parameters of the factors considered. There was a good agreement between the experimental and predicted values in this study.
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
The study explores the reasons for a transgender to become entrepreneurs. In this study transgender entrepreneur was taken as independent variable and reasons to become as dependent variable. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire containing a five point Likert Scale. The study examined the data of 30 transgender entrepreneurs in Salem Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State, India. Simple Random sampling technique was used. Garrett Ranking Technique (Percentile Position, Mean Scores) was used as the analysis for the present study to identify the top 13 stimulus factors for establishment of trans entrepreneurial venture. Economic advancement of a nation is governed upon the upshot of a resolute entrepreneurial doings. The conception of entrepreneurship has stretched and materialized to the socially deflated uncharted sections of transgender community. Presently transgenders have smashed their stereotypes and are making recent headlines of achievements in various fields of our Indian society. The trans-community is gradually being observed in a new light and has been trying to achieve prospective growth in entrepreneurship. The findings of the research revealed that the optimistic changes are taking place to change affirmative societal outlook of the transgender for entrepreneurial ventureship. It also laid emphasis on other transgenders to renovate their traditional living. The paper also highlights that legislators, supervisory body should endorse an impartial canons and reforms in Tamil Nadu Transgender Welfare Board Association.
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
Since ages gender difference is always a debatable theme whether caused by nature, evolution or environment. The birth of a transgender is dreadful not only for the child but also for their parents. The pain of living in the wrong physique and treated as second class victimized citizen is outrageous and fully harboured with vicious baseless negative scruples. For so long, social exclusion had perpetuated inequality and deprivation experiencing ingrained malign stigma and besieged victims of crime or violence across their life spans. They are pushed into the murky way of life with a source of eternal disgust, bereft sexual potency and perennial fear. Although they are highly visible but very little is known about them. The common public needs to comprehend the ravaged arrogance on these insensitive souls and assist in integrating them into the mainstream by offering equal opportunity, treat with humanity and respect their dignity. Entrepreneurship in the current age is endorsing the gender fairness movement. Unstable careers and economic inadequacy had inclined one of the gender variant people called Transgender to become entrepreneurs. These tiny budding entrepreneurs resulted in economic transition by means of employment, free from the clutches of stereotype jobs, raised standard of living and handful of financial empowerment. Besides all these inhibitions, they were able to witness a platform for skill set development that ignited them to enter into entrepreneurial domain. This paper epitomizes skill sets involved in trans-entrepreneurs of Thoothukudi Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State and is a groundbreaking determination to sightsee various skills incorporated and the impact on entrepreneurship.
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONSIAEME Publication
The banking and financial services industries are experiencing increased technology penetration. Among them, the banking industry has made technological advancements to better serve the general populace. The economy focused on transforming the banking sector's system into a cashless, paperless, and faceless one. The researcher wants to evaluate the user's intention for utilising a mobile banking application. The study also examines the variables affecting the user's behaviour intention when selecting specific applications for financial transactions. The researcher employed a well-structured questionnaire and a descriptive study methodology to gather the respondents' primary data utilising the snowball sampling technique. The study includes variables like performance expectations, effort expectations, social impact, enabling circumstances, and perceived risk. Each of the aforementioned variables has a major impact on how users utilise mobile banking applications. The outcome will assist the service provider in comprehending the user's history with mobile banking applications.
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONSIAEME Publication
Technology upgradation in banking sector took the economy to view that payment mode towards online transactions using mobile applications. This system enabled connectivity between banks, Merchant and user in a convenient mode. there are various applications used for online transactions such as Google pay, Paytm, freecharge, mobikiwi, oxygen, phonepe and so on and it also includes mobile banking applications. The study aimed at evaluating the predilection of the user in adopting digital transaction. The study is descriptive in nature. The researcher used random sample techniques to collect the data. The findings reveal that mobile applications differ with the quality of service rendered by Gpay and Phonepe. The researcher suggest the Phonepe application should focus on implementing the application should be user friendly interface and Gpay on motivating the users to feel the importance of request for money and modes of payments in the application.
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINOIAEME Publication
The prototype of a voice-based ATM for visually impaired using Arduino is to help people who are blind. This uses RFID cards which contain users fingerprint encrypted on it and interacts with the users through voice commands. ATM operates when sensor detects the presence of one person in the cabin. After scanning the RFID card, it will ask to select the mode like –normal or blind. User can select the respective mode through voice input, if blind mode is selected the balance check or cash withdraw can be done through voice input. Normal mode procedure is same as the existing ATM.
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...IAEME Publication
There is increasing acceptability of emotional intelligence as a major factor in personality assessment and effective human resource management. Emotional intelligence as the ability to build capacity, empathize, co-operate, motivate and develop others cannot be divorced from both effective performance and human resource management systems. The human person is crucial in defining organizational leadership and fortunes in terms of challenges and opportunities and walking across both multinational and bilateral relationships. The growing complexity of the business world requires a great deal of self-confidence, integrity, communication, conflict and diversity management to keep the global enterprise within the paths of productivity and sustainability. Using the exploratory research design and 255 participants the result of this original study indicates strong positive correlation between emotional intelligence and effective human resource management. The paper offers suggestions on further studies between emotional intelligence and human capital development and recommends for conflict management as an integral part of effective human resource management.
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMYIAEME Publication
Our life journey, in general, is closely defined by the way we understand the meaning of why we coexist and deal with its challenges. As we develop the "inspiration economy", we could say that nearly all of the challenges we have faced are opportunities that help us to discover the rest of our journey. In this note paper, we explore how being faced with the opportunity of being a close carer for an aging parent with dementia brought intangible discoveries that changed our insight of the meaning of the rest of our life journey.
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...IAEME Publication
The main objective of this study is to analyze the impact of aspects of Organizational Culture on the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System (PMS) in the Health Care Organization at Thanjavur. Organizational Culture and PMS play a crucial role in present-day organizations in achieving their objectives. PMS needs employees’ cooperation to achieve its intended objectives. Employees' cooperation depends upon the organization’s culture. The present study uses exploratory research to examine the relationship between the Organization's culture and the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System. The study uses a Structured Questionnaire to collect the primary data. For this study, Thirty-six non-clinical employees were selected from twelve randomly selected Health Care organizations at Thanjavur. Thirty-two fully completed questionnaires were received.
Living in 21st century in itself reminds all of us the necessity of police and its administration. As more and more we are entering into the modern society and culture, the more we require the services of the so called ‘Khaki Worthy’ men i.e., the police personnel. Whether we talk of Indian police or the other nation’s police, they all have the same recognition as they have in India. But as already mentioned, their services and requirements are different after the like 26th November, 2008 incidents, where they without saving their own lives has sacrificed themselves without any hitch and without caring about their respective family members and wards. In other words, they are like our heroes and mentors who can guide us from the darkness of fear, militancy, corruption and other dark sides of life and so on. Now the question arises, if Gandhi would have been alive today, what would have been his reaction/opinion to the police and its functioning? Would he have some thing different in his mind now what he had been in his mind before the partition or would he be going to start some Satyagraha in the form of some improvement in the functioning of the police administration? Really these questions or rather night mares can come to any one’s mind, when there is too much confusion is prevailing in our minds, when there is too much corruption in the society and when the polices working is also in the questioning because of one or the other case throughout the India. It is matter of great concern that we have to thing over our administration and our practical approach because the police personals are also like us, they are part and parcel of our society and among one of us, so why we all are pin pointing towards them.
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...IAEME Publication
The goal of this study was to see how talent management affected employee retention in the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The fundamental issue was the difficulty to attract, hire, and retain talented personnel who perform well and the gap between supply and demand of talent acquisition and retaining them within the firms. The study's main goals were to determine the impact of talent management on employee retention in IT companies in Chennai, investigate talent management strategies that IT companies could use to improve talent acquisition, performance management, career planning and formulate retention strategies that the IT firms could use. The respondents were given a structured close-ended questionnaire with the 5 Point Likert Scale as part of the study's quantitative research design. The target population consisted of 289 IT professionals. The questionnaires were distributed and collected by the researcher directly. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to collect and analyse the questionnaire responses. Hypotheses that were formulated for the various areas of the study were tested using a variety of statistical tests. The key findings of the study suggested that talent management had an impact on employee retention. The studies also found that there is a clear link between the implementation of talent management and retention measures. Management should provide enough training and development for employees, clarify job responsibilities, provide adequate remuneration packages, and recognise employees for exceptional performance.
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...IAEME Publication
Globally, Millions of dollars were spent by the organizations for employing skilled Information Technology (IT) professionals. It is costly to replace unskilled employees with IT professionals possessing technical skills and competencies that aid in interconnecting the business processes. The organization’s employment tactics were forced to alter by globalization along with technological innovations as they consistently diminish to remain lean, outsource to concentrate on core competencies along with restructuring/reallocate personnel to gather efficiency. As other jobs, organizations or professions have become reasonably more appropriate in a shifting employment landscape, the above alterations trigger both involuntary as well as voluntary turnover. The employee view on jobs is also afflicted by the COVID-19 pandemic along with the employee-driven labour market. So, having effective strategies is necessary to tackle the withdrawal rate of employees. By associating Emotional Intelligence (EI) along with Talent Management (TM) in the IT industry, the rise in attrition rate was analyzed in this study. Only 303 respondents were collected out of 350 participants to whom questionnaires were distributed. From the employees of IT organizations located in Bangalore (India), the data were congregated. A simple random sampling methodology was employed to congregate data as of the respondents. Generating the hypothesis along with testing is eventuated. The effect of EI and TM along with regression analysis between TM and EI was analyzed. The outcomes indicated that employee and Organizational Performance (OP) were elevated by effective EI along with TM.
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...IAEME Publication
By implementing talent management strategy, organizations would have the option to retain their skilled professionals while additionally working on their overall performance. It is the course of appropriately utilizing the ideal individuals, setting them up for future top positions, exploring and dealing with their performance, and holding them back from leaving the organization. It is employee performance that determines the success of every organization. The firm quickly obtains an upper hand over its rivals in the event that its employees having particular skills that cannot be duplicated by the competitors. Thus, firms are centred on creating successful talent management practices and processes to deal with the unique human resources. Firms are additionally endeavouring to keep their top/key staff since on the off chance that they leave; the whole store of information leaves the firm's hands. The study's objective was to determine the impact of talent management on organizational performance among the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The study recommends that talent management limitedly affects performance. On the off chance that this talent is appropriately management and implemented properly, organizations might benefit as much as possible from their maintained assets to support development and productivity, both monetarily and non-monetarily.
A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...IAEME Publication
Banking regulations act of India, 1949 defines banking as “acceptance of deposits for the purpose of lending or investment from the public, repayment on demand or otherwise and withdrawable through cheques, drafts order or otherwise”, the major participants of the Indian financial system are commercial banks, the financial institution encompassing term lending institutions. Investments institutions, specialized financial institution and the state level development banks, non banking financial companies (NBFC) and other market intermediaries such has the stock brokers and money lenders are among the oldest of the certain variants of NBFC and the oldest market participants. The asset quality of banks is one of the most important indicators of their financial health. The Indian banking sector has been facing severe problems of increasing Non- Performing Assets (NPAs). The NPAs growth directly and indirectly affects the quality of assets and profitability of banks. It also shows the efficiency of banks credit risk management and the recovery effectiveness. NPA do not generate any income, whereas, the bank is required to make provisions for such as assets that why is a double edge weapon. This paper outlines the concept of quality of bank loans of different types like Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of selected public and private sector banks. This study is highlighting problems associated with the role of commercial bank in financing Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SME). The overall objective of the research was to assess the effect of the financing provisions existing for the setting up and operations of MSMEs in the country and to generate recommendations for more robust financing mechanisms for successful operation of the MSMEs, in turn understanding the impact of MSME loans on financial institutions due to NPA. There are many research conducted on the topic of Non- Performing Assets (NPA) Management, concerning particular bank, comparative study of public and private banks etc. In this paper the researcher is considering the aggregate data of selected public sector and private sector banks and attempts to compare the NPA of Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of public and private sector banks. The tools used in the study are average and Anova test and variance. The findings reveal that NPA is common problem for both public and private sector banks and is associated with all types of loans either that is housing loans, agriculture loans and loans to SMES. NPAs of both public and private sector banks show the increasing trend. In 2010-11 GNPA of public and private sector were at same level it was 2% but after 2010-11 it increased in many fold and at present there is GNPA in some more than 15%. It shows the dark area of Indian banking sector.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...IAEME Publication
An experiment conducted in this study found that BaSO4 changed Nylon 6's mechanical properties. By changing the weight ratios, BaSO4 was used to make Nylon 6. This Researcher looked into how hard Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites are and how well they wear. Experiments were done based on Taguchi design L9. Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites can be tested for their hardness number using a Rockwell hardness testing apparatus. On Nylon/BaSO4, the wear behavior was measured by a wear monitor, pinon-disc friction by varying reinforcement, sliding speed, and sliding distance, and the microstructure of the crack surfaces was observed by SEM. This study provides significant contributions to ultimate strength by increasing BaSO4 content up to 16% in the composites, and sliding speed contributes 72.45% to the wear rate
ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...IAEME Publication
The majority of the population in India lives in villages. The village is the back bone of the country. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Developing the rural economy is one of the key indicators towards a country’s success. Whether it be the need to look after the welfare of the farmers or invest in rural infrastructure, Governments have to ensure that rural development isn’t compromised. The economic development of our country largely depends on the progress of rural areas and the standard of living of rural masses. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Rural entrepreneurship is based on stimulating local entrepreneurial talent and the subsequent growth of indigenous enterprises. It recognizes opportunity in the rural areas and accelerates a unique blend of resources either inside or outside of agriculture. Rural entrepreneurship brings an economic value to the rural sector by creating new methods of production, new markets, new products and generate employment opportunities thereby ensuring continuous rural development. Social Entrepreneurship has the direct and primary objective of serving the society along with the earning profits. So, social entrepreneurship is different from the economic entrepreneurship as its basic objective is not to earn profits but for providing innovative solutions to meet the society needs which are not taken care by majority of the entrepreneurs as they are in the business for profit making as a sole objective. So, the Social Entrepreneurs have the huge growth potential particularly in the developing countries like India where we have huge societal disparities in terms of the financial positions of the population. Still 22 percent of the Indian population is below the poverty line and also there is disparity among the rural & urban population in terms of families living under BPL. 25.7 percent of the rural population & 13.7 percent of the urban population is under BPL which clearly shows the disparity of the poor people in the rural and urban areas. The need to develop social entrepreneurship in agriculture is dictated by a large number of social problems. Such problems include low living standards, unemployment, and social tension. The reasons that led to the emergence of the practice of social entrepreneurship are the above factors. The research problem lays upon disclosing the importance of role of social entrepreneurship in rural development of India. The paper the tendencies of social entrepreneurship in India, to present successful examples of such business for providing recommendations how to improve situation in rural areas in terms of social entrepreneurship development. Indian government has made some steps towards development of social enterprises, social entrepreneurship, and social in- novation, but a lot remains to be improved.
OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...IAEME Publication
Distribution system is a critical link between the electric power distributor and the consumers. Most of the distribution networks commonly used by the electric utility is the radial distribution network. However in this type of network, it has technical issues such as enormous power losses which affect the quality of the supply. Nowadays, the introduction of Distributed Generation (DG) units in the system help improve and support the voltage profile of the network as well as the performance of the system components through power loss mitigation. In this study network reconfiguration was done using two meta-heuristic algorithms Particle Swarm Optimization and Gravitational Search Algorithm (PSO-GSA) to enhance power quality and voltage profile in the system when simultaneously applied with the DG units. Backward/Forward Sweep Method was used in the load flow analysis and simulated using the MATLAB program. Five cases were considered in the Reconfiguration based on the contribution of DG units. The proposed method was tested using IEEE 33 bus system. Based on the results, there was a voltage profile improvement in the system from 0.9038 p.u. to 0.9594 p.u.. The integration of DG in the network also reduced power losses from 210.98 kW to 69.3963 kW. Simulated results are drawn to show the performance of each case.
APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...IAEME Publication
Manufacturing industries have witnessed an outburst in productivity. For productivity improvement manufacturing industries are taking various initiatives by using lean tools and techniques. However, in different manufacturing industries, frugal approach is applied in product design and services as a tool for improvement. Frugal approach contributed to prove less is more and seems indirectly contributing to improve productivity. Hence, there is need to understand status of frugal approach application in manufacturing industries. All manufacturing industries are trying hard and putting continuous efforts for competitive existence. For productivity improvements, manufacturing industries are coming up with different effective and efficient solutions in manufacturing processes and operations. To overcome current challenges, manufacturing industries have started using frugal approach in product design and services. For this study, methodology adopted with both primary and secondary sources of data. For primary source interview and observation technique is used and for secondary source review has done based on available literatures in website, printed magazines, manual etc. An attempt has made for understanding application of frugal approach with the study of manufacturing industry project. Manufacturing industry selected for this project study is Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd. This paper will help researcher to find the connections between the two concepts productivity improvement and frugal approach. This paper will help to understand significance of frugal approach for productivity improvement in manufacturing industry. This will also help to understand current scenario of frugal approach in manufacturing industry. In manufacturing industries various process are involved to deliver the final product. In the process of converting input in to output through manufacturing process productivity plays very critical role. Hence this study will help to evolve status of frugal approach in productivity improvement programme. The notion of frugal can be viewed as an approach towards productivity improvement in manufacturing industries.
A MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENTIAEME Publication
In this paper, we investigated a queuing model of fuzzy environment-based a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) and study its performance under realistic conditions. It applies a nonagonal fuzzy number to analyse the relevant performance of a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS). Based on the sub interval average ranking method for nonagonal fuzzy number, we convert fuzzy number to crisp one. Numerical results reveal that the efficiency of this method. Intuitively, the fuzzy environment adapts well to a multiple channel queuing models (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) are very well.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
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2. Breaking The Sound Barrier with Air Breathing Jet Engine
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 155 editor@iaeme.com
INTRODUCTION
A jet engine is a machine which produces thrust by jet propulsion according to the
newton’s law of motion. A jet engine has many types like turbojet, turbofan,
turboprop, ramjet and scramjet. Turbojet engine are air breathing engine jet engine
which are widely used in aircrafts. Jets are also referred as an internal combustion air
breathing engine or a duct engine. Jet engines works on “Brayton cycle”
A jet engine contains and a propelling nozzle. The gas turbine consists of an inlet,
compressor and a turbine. The air comes from the inlet then compressed by the
compressor heated by the fuel combustion in the combustion chamber and then
expands through the turbine, then expanded in the propelling nozzle so; it is
accelerated at a very high speed and provides the required thrust .Turbojet engines are
widely used in aircraft then replaced by turboprop engines because they consume less
fuel. Turboprop engines where not proved efficient at high speed so they are replaced
by more efficient, less fuel Consuming, more quitter turbofan engines but we find that
turbojet engines are still used in cruise missile due to their high exhaust velocity and
simplicity. A turbojet engine consist of five parts namely inlet, compressor,
combustion chamber, turbine, nozzle.
T & S DIADRAM OF JET ENGINE
INLET: An inlet is required for the smooth incoming of air to the compressor blades.
A special intake is provided to minimize any flow losses when the compressor is
accelerating the air through the intake at zero. The air enter into engine must be
subsonic, regardless the speed of air craft itself.
COMPRESSOR: The compressor is driven by the turbine; it rotates at high speed
adding energy to the airflow. Compressor the air increases its temperature and
pressure. The smaller the compressor faster it turns. In case of large engine such as
GE-90-115 fan rotates about 2500 RPM where in smaller helicopter engine
compressor rotates about 50000 RPM. Early engine has pressure ratio 5:1
improvement such as dividing the compressor into two parts separately, using
variable blade angle the pressure ratio improves to 15:1 or more, compressor used are
typically axial or centrifugal.
COMBUSTION CHAMBER: The combustion chamber of a turbojet engine is
different from a piston engine, for piston engine there is an increase in pressure as the
fuel burns. In case of turbojet engine the air and fuel mixture burns in the combustion
chamber and pass through the turbine in a continuous flowing process with no
increase in the pressure instead there is small loss in pressure. Less than 25% of the
air is typically used in combustion as an overall lean mixture is required keeping
within the turbine limits.
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TURBINES: Hot gases leaving the combustor expand through the turbine. Material
used for turbine were able to face high stress and temperature ,the blades of the
turbine are provide with internal cooling passages air comes from the compressor is
passed through these to keep the metal temperature within limits . The turbine is
largely an impulse and rotates because of the impact of hot gases stream. Energy is
transferred from the turbine to the compressor through shafts, the power is developed
by the turbine drives the compressor as well as accessories like fuel, oil and hydraulic
pumps.
NOZZLE: After the turbine the gas expands through the exhaust nozzle producing a
high velocity jet. In a convergent nozzle the ducting narrows progressively to the
throat. The nozzle pressure on a turbojet id high enough at higher thrust setting to
cause the nozzle choke , if a convergent –divergent nozzle is fitted the divergent
(increasing flow area) section allows the gases to reach supersonic speed within the
divergent section , additional thrust is generated by the higher resulting exhaust
velocity .
JET ENGINE PERFORMANCE
The net thrust (Fn) of a turbojet is given by:-
Fn = (M air + M fuel) Ve - M air V
Where,
M air = the mass rate air flow through the engine.
M fuel = the mass rate of fuel flow entering the engine.
Ve = Velocity of the jet (less than sonic)
V = Velocity of the aircraft.
(M air + M fuel) Ve = the nozzle gross thrust (Fg)
M air V = the ram drag of the intake air.
The above equation applies only for air breathing jet engine if the velocity of the
jet from a jet engine is equal to sonic velocity the engine‘s nozzle is said to be
chocked . If the nozzle is chocked the pressure at the nozzle exit is greater than
atmospheric pressure. The velocity of the jet (Ve) must exceeds the true airspeed of
the aircraft (V) if there is to be a net forward thrust on the aircraft, the (Ve) can be
calculated thermodynamically based on a adiabatic expansion. Jet thrust can be
increased by injecting additional fluids and it is then called wet thrust. Early engines
and some current non afterburning engine use water to increase thrust .Water is
injected at the compressing air which permits an increase in pressure for higher
burning, a 10% to 30% additional thrust can be gained. There is improvement is done
in the turbojet engine , turbojet engine are provided with an additional fan then it
becomes turbofan jet engine due to this fan the air intake increases by 75% and the
engine becomes more fuel efficient and produce less noise , pressure ratio in
combustion reaches to chamber 44:1 .
4. Breaking The Sound Barrier with Air Breathing Jet Engine
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 157 editor@iaeme.com
T & S DIAGRAM OF JET ENGINE USING AFTERBURNER
Afterburner are used to burn the left fuel in the combustion chamber, afterburner are
similar to the reheat device it increases the velocity and efficiency.
OBJECTIVE
The main objective of this paper is to represent the methods through which we
increase the performance and efficiency of a turbojet engine and study about the
structure and materials used in the turbojet engine to withstand with such high
temperature and pressure without deformation of parts.
The key feature of the fifth generation fighter aircraft is stealth technology so, the
key feature for the sixth generation fighter aircraft and missiles will be hypersonic
speed and the fighter aircraft are able to fly more than Mach 5. Using the scramjet we
are to achieve hypersonic speed with some modification.
LITERATURE REVIEW
First jet propulsion system device was developed in Egypt name aeolipile this device
directed steam power through two nozzles to cause a sphere to spin. Dr Hans van
ohain and sir frank whittle are both recognized as being co-inventor of jet engine ,
each worked separately and knew nothing about other’s work. Hans von ohain is
considered the designer of the first operational turbojet engine. Frank whittle was the
first to register a patent for the turbojet engine in 1930. Hans von ohain was granted
patent for engine in 1936. Hans von ohain patented a jet propulsion engine similar in
concept that of sir frank whittle but different in internal arrangement in1934. However
Hans von ohain’s jet was the first to fly in 1939but frank whittle jet flew in 1941.
Hans von ohain joined Ernst Heinkel in 1936 and continued with the development of
his concept of jet propulsion and proposed a new propulsion system called the
Heinkel He178. Now, days the world’s largest aircraft jet engine is GE 90-115B
produced the maximum thrust of 569 KN.
METALLURGY
Turbine compressor blades in aircraft jet engine woks in extreme conditions under
large temperature gradient and high mechanical forces, it must have to satisfy the
safety factors during its operational life and fulfil correctness of shape in order to
satisfy the requirement of engine efficiency. The number of blades in the modern
aircraft jet engines is in many pieces and simultaneously the blades are responsible for
the correct running of jet engine, failure of one blade. Basic factor which assure the
required operational properties of blade are shape and high precision of blades and
also proper material used for the production. Only nickel based super alloy are
unusual class of metallic material with an exceptional combination of high
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temperature strength, toughness and resistance to degradation in corrosive and
oxidizing environment they can tolerate an average temperature of 1050 Celsius with
occasional hot spot near air foils tips to the temperature as high as 1200 Celsius. At
such temperature most of the metals starts melting but nickel based super alloy
maintain its mechanical and physical properties , nickel based super alloy typically
constitute of 40%-50% of the total weight of the aircraft jet engine .
Nickel based super alloy have high yield and ultimate tensile strength , with yield
strength often in the range of 900 – 1300 mpa and ultimate tensile strength of 1200 –
1600 mpa at room temperature. Exceptional combination of strength of strength,
toughness and crack growth resistance can be achieved in these materials through
multiple stages of wrought processing. Face cantered cubic structure (FCC) nickel is
the major super alloy constituent many alloy contains up to 40% of weight of the
combination of five to ten elements , the elements typically alloyed with nickel to
form super alloy, the nickel aluminium system is the binary basis of super alloy
composition .
TYPICAL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SUPER ALLOY
Property
Density = 7.7 – 9.0 g/cm3
Melting Temperature = 1320 – 1450 Celsius
Elastic Modulus = Room temperature : 210 GPA , 800 Celsius :160GPA
Thermal Expansion = 8 - 18
Thermal Conductivity = Room temperature : 11 W/mk , 800 Celsius : 22 W/mk
NOISE REDUCTION TECHINEQUES
Engine noise is one of the major contributors to the overall sound. The noise
reduction mainly comes from the combination of changes to the engine cycle
parameters and low noise design features. Turbofans are commonly used due to its
high efficiency and low noise. Noise reduction can be achieved through two methods
such as fan noise reduction and jet noise reduction.
FAN NOISE REDUCTION: Fan noise is closely associated with the rotational tip
speed and fan pressure ratio, the easiest way to reduce the fan noise is to reduce the
tip speed and pressure ratio, which causes increase in engine diameter, the rotational
tip speed is just under Mach 1 to reduce shock associated noise, advantage of
reducing fan tip speed and pressure ratio is the number of noise sources are reduced.
A scarf inlet can be used to reduced inlet fan noise by redirecting the forward radiated
sound away from the people, one main reason for noise production is unsteady aero
dynamical forces forward swept fans help to reduce noise related shocks by delaying
the onset of multiple pure tones fan sweep design near the tip to reduce aero
dynamical losses related with shocks, additional mass flow can be achieved through
the fan. Swept stators are found to reduce noise by Increasing the phase change from
hub to tip of the unsteady aerodynamic producing the sound and by increasing the
effective distance from the fan to stator. Variable area nozzle have used as a way to
reduce jet noise by lowering the jet exit velocity and also by controlling the incidence
angle of flow near the rotor and stator.
6. Breaking The Sound Barrier with Air Breathing Jet Engine
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 159 editor@iaeme.com
Another technique is to be used to increase the acoustic treatment area over the tip
of the rotor. A honey comb material with porous or felt metal sheets to provide
maximum insertion losses around the desired target frequency, it is known that bulk
material provide better noise reduction over a range of frequencies but bulk or porous
material is not for the harsh environment of the engine. So, metal foam named
“Heynas 25” is invented which provide favourable bulk linear properties and it can
withstand with the range of temperature for either the core or fan ducts.
JET NOISE REDUCTION: Jet noise reduction can be achieved by lowering the jet
exhaust velocity. Newer engines using engine cycle to extract energy from the core
and reduce the mixed velocity of the core and fan. It is highly desirable to reduce
noise without changing the engine cycle, Chevron nozzles that are used or noise
reduction, their principal of operation is that as the hot air from the engine core mixes
with cooler air blowing through the engine fan the shaped edges serve to smooth the
mixing, which reduce the noise creating turbulence, Chevron nozzles have shown
reduction in jet noise about 2.5 EPN dB without changing the engine cycle the thrust
loss was shown to be less than 0.50%.
COMPARSION WITH ROCKETS
Rocket and jet engines both are reaction engines, both produce thrust for their
movement, according to the newton’s law of motion. Jet engine is Air Breathing
Engine (ABE) and rockets are Non Air Breathing Engine (NABE), this gives ability
to the rockets to work in atmosphere as well as in vacuum rockets carry their own
oxygen for combustion , jet engines are limited to the atmosphere because they uses
atmospheric oxygen for their combustion . Jet engines uses liquid fuel and having a
very high endurance as rockets uses liquid and solid both s fuel but they have low
endurance. Jet engines are having very complex structure they require many parts and
they are very high efficient but rockets having simple structure and low efficiency.
IMPROVEMENT
Employs active cooling so parts of the engine should not melt or deformed.
Designing of better material and super alloys which withstand at very high
temperature and maintain its strength.
Smart structure and materials where used which changes their shape and properties
during flight
HYPERSONIC SPEED
In aero dynamics hypersonic speed is refer to the speed of Mach 5 and above, “High”
hypersonic speed refers to the any number from Mach 10 to 25 and re-entry speed as
anything greater than 25. To achieve hypersonic speed we have to make an engine
which is able to reach the speed of more than Mach 5. Scramjet is the only engine
which having the design and properties to do so, Scramjet (Supersonic Combustion
ramjet) is a variant of ramjet in which combustion take place at supersonic airflow.
This allows scramjet to operate efficiently at extremely high speed, theoretically the
top speed of the scramjet is between Mach 12(8400 mph, 1400km/hr.) and Mach
24(1600 mph, 25000km/hr.), Scramjet engine is a type of jet engine relies on
combustion of fuel and oxidizer to produce thrust. Scramjet are designed to operate at
high speed were turbojet is no longer useful , around Mach 3 or Mach 4 turbojet
machinery is no longer useful and ram style compression is more preferred, ramjet fill
the gap between turbojet engine and scramjet engine. Scramjet are having very simple
7. Sumit Kumar
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 160 editor@iaeme.com
design and having no rotating parts scramjet are very similar to ramjet the difference
between both is , in scramjet the combustion take place at supersonic but in ramjet
combustion take place at subsonic speed ,very few scramjet have ever been built such
as X-15 in 2010.
Initial propulsion required is important a scramjet cannot produce efficient thrust
unless boosted to high speed around Mach 5, turbojet engines are heavy and cannot
exceeds the limit of Mach 2 to 5 so another propulsion system is required, which
having its own structure, system and fuel supply such as rockets. We can use first
stage of droppable solid rocket booster which having very simple structure. Fuel is the
another factor for hypersonic vehicle, an important advantage of air breathing engine
its does not have to carry oxidizer like rockets so it require only one fuel tank and
capacity of payload increases . scramjet needed more fuel to deal with aero dynamical
drag, liquid hydrogen as fuel has much low density it require bigger fuel tank and give
even more that drag so we have to find a fuel which having higher density, the
scramjet engine require active cooling we can use low temperature fuel for its cooling
as used in rocket engine for cooling of nozzles.
CONCLUSION
Through these techniques we can make our jet engine more efficient and quieter,
these techniques we can improve the metallurgy of jet engine which give them the
ability and strength to such high temperature and pressure. Hypersonic speed will be
the key feature for sixth generation of fighter aircraft through this speed the aircraft
can able to reach any point one the earth in less than half an hour .Hypersonic
technology is today’s burning topic so there is a great requirement of research to make
reliable, efficient scramjet and Hypersonic vehicle.
REFERENCES
[1] Tersa M. Pollock, Sammy Tin, Nickel-Based superalloys for advance turbine
engines: - Chemistry, Microstructure and properties, Journal of propulsion and
power 22(2) March – April 2006.
[2] Dennis L. Huff, Noise reduction technologies for turbofan engine, September
(2007).
[3] F. Liu and WA. Surigano, Turbojet and turbofan performance increases through
turbine burner, Journal of propulsion and power. 17(3) May- June 2011
[4] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/jet engine.
[5] Yousif Khudhair Abbas. Effects of Sunlight Intensity on Turbo Jet Engine of
Aircraft, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 5(3),
2014, pp. 31 - 39.
[6] Rana Adil Abdul-Nabe and Dr. Mohammad Tariq, Thermal Analysis of A Gas
Turbine Cycle For A Turbojet Engine, International Journal of Advanced
Research in Engineering & Technology, 5(10), 2014, pp. 21-33.