The document summarizes key concepts in aerospace technologies. It discusses major contributors to the field like the Wright Brothers, Goddard, and others. It then explains basic components of aircraft like wings, engines, and control surfaces. It describes different types of propulsion systems including turboprops, turbojets, and ramjets. It also discusses multi-stage and liquid-fueled rockets. In summary, the document provides an overview of aerospace technologies, contributions to the field, and basic technical components of aircraft and rockets.

1. AEROSPACE TECHNOLOGIES
-THE TECHNICALITIES INVOLVED

2. Table of contents
Sr.
No. Contents Slide No.
1 Key person and their major contributions 3&4
2 What is Aerospace? 5&6
3 Basic Technicalities 7-31
4 Multi-stage and liquid fuelled rockets 32-35
5 References and inspirations 36

3. Key Persons and their major contribution on Aerospace
Technologies.
1) Otto Lilienthal -
3) Octave Chanute -
Designed and developed Wings for the glider which is one of
the most vital parts in aviation for lift.
Developed the first self propelled aircraft which
enabled manual control over various parameters
such as roll,lift, drag and pitch
Applied Trussing system in order calculate the structural
strength of aircraft which was later offered to wright brothers
in which Wright brothers worked on.
2) Wilbur Wright, Orville
Wright -
4) Robert H. Goddard
-
Inventor of world’s first liquid fuelled rocket which led to
one of the major contribution in the space race and
inspiration of modern day rockets.
5) Choe Museon - Multi-stage rocket was first proposed by him

4. 6) George
Cayley -
An Medieval English Engineer and designer of first successful
Glider
7) Sergei korolev - Soviet Engineer who made for first human space flight
possible
8) Wernher Von Braun
-
Considered as the father of Rocket science and an
principal engineer of Saturn V - Rocket
9) Konstantin
Tsiolkovsky -
Soviet Rocket scientist also called as father of russian
rocketry had made an significant contribution in
Aerospace which are still used
10) Igor Sikorsky - Russian- American aviator who developed first successful
helicopter
These were some of the famous Medieval era scientists and engineers who contributed some major contributions
in aerospace which led to achieving the dream of travelling and explore the space and to walk on Moon

5. What is Aerospace?
Aerospace is the system of technology that deals with the development of aircraft
and spacecraft in order to fly in near atmosphere and in outer space.
There are great deal of technologies working together to operate, and in onboard in
order to sustain.
There are blend of numerous field from medicine, robotics, mechanical and much
more working together to sustain and achieve the motive behind the each vessel
which are set before the launch.

6. In layman's terms they deal with development of aircraft and spacecraft.
They also deals with development of Missile, and weapon systems.
Aerospace in other words is mainly the combination of 2 system of technologies
which deals with the system that flies within the atmosphere and the system that
deals with the outer space.

7. Basic Technicalities in Aircraft
In the process of studying and calculating the nature of wind and forces acting on the
aircraft, Wright brothers realized that control of aircraft is equally as important as the
propulsion system.
Vital components used in aircraft for its propulsion, control and stability
are mentioned below:
1. Propulsion system
2. Wings
3. Empennage
4. Flaps
5. Aileron
6. Spoiler
7. Fuselage
8. Landing Gear

8. Propulsion system used in aircraft
A propulsion system in an aircraft generates thrust or a push through the nozzle or
the propeller provided in an engine.
This system is an powerplant of an aircraft which gives necessary thrust to push
or to move the aircraft.
Thrust is generated by the application of Newton’s 3rd law.
For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.

9. Propulsion system used in aircraft
According to application of use ,lift ,speed ,noise ,power required and various
other criteria different types of engines are developed.
We can divide propulsion system into few categories:
1)Liquid-gas fuel system 2)Ion system
3)Nuclear system
Few liquid propelled engines are as follows:
1. Turboprop engine
2. Turbojet engine
3. Turboshaft engine
4. Turbofan

10. Turboprop engine
● Turboprop is an basic engine used in small aircraft like cessna 172.
● It gives enough thrust to the small aircraft with the help of propeller.
● Propeller needed to provide thrust is connected using gear with engine.
● This type of engine comprises of combustion chamber, containing pressurized air
and gas, turbine and compressor together runs to run the jet turbine.
● This type of engine are used for the speed below 500 knots.
● This engine converts gas stream energy into mechanical power.

11. Turbojet engine
● There are 4 main stages in this type of engine.
● Intake, compression, combustion, exhaust.
● Intake- The air gets sucked through the blade necessary for combustion to
produce power. It is responsible for much efficiency in the engine.
● Compressor- The sucked air is compressed to the high pressure and releases
continuously to maintain the flow of air into the combustion chamber. It is
driven by rear turbine.
● Combustion chamber- The mixture of pressurized air and fuel combines and
combustion occurs and this combustion is continued until the flow of mixture
is fed continuously into it.

12. ● Exhaust- The mixture of air and fuel burnt shoots out of the the engine
through nozzle provided at the rear of aircraft engine. This provides thrust
after shooting out mixture because this flow sucks more air from compressor
which tends aircraft to move forward.
● Turbines- This are provided at the rear of the engine consisting of series of
blades to absorb the energy from flow of mixture of compressed air and burnt
fuel and rotates. It works in the same way as of the windmill.
● This types of engines are used in commercial aircraft and in military aircraft.

13. Turboshaft engine
● This is a gas turbine engine that operates similar as turbojet engine.
● Unlike turbojet it does not drive propellers but instead it drives helicopters.
● This type of engines are used in helicopters.
● The only difference of turboshaft from turbojet is that it uses power much
to rotate the turbine instead of producing thrust.
● This type of engine gives propulsion by converting high speed gasses into
mechanical power.
● This mechanical power is used to rotate compressor and turbine as
turbojet engine.
● Compressor, turbine and rotor are together attached with the same shaft
as turbojet engine so that these members work together.
● Helicopters are attached through reduction gearbox to propel the aircraft
forward.

14. Turbofan engine
● This type of engine is similar to turbojet engine with the difference of massive
fan provided at the front.
● This fan provided is to suck more air even at the low speed and make it quit.
● The more which is sucked leads to the exterior of the aircraft in order to
provide more thrust with low noise being generated.
● Used in military and most of today's airliners
● This engine consists of fan at the front to suck more air, low pressure
compressor, high pressure compressor which gives pressurized air for the
combustion chamber.

15. ● Fuel and Pressurized air mixture are combusted in the combustion chamber to
provide power.
● This combusted mixture shoots out through low pressure and high pressure
turbine, this in turn provide turning effect to the turbine.
● This turning effect provided runs both low and high pressure compressor through
low and high pressure shaft and the fan provided at the front.
● This flow of pressurized fuel and air mixture provides thrust when flown through
the nozzle.
● The exterior air provided initially by the fan dampens the air vibration and gives
more thrust which reduces noise with increase in power achieved.

16. Ramjet engine
● This type of engines are used in aircraft and missile operating at
supersonic speed with M>1.
● This is most efficient when operating at Mach3 (2300 mph).
● It has no moving parts.
● The air intake is directly proportional to the speed of the aircraft.
● This type of aircraft operates in the process of compression, fuel injection,
fuel holder, combustion chamber, nozzle, exhaust.
● With the speed of aircraft the air which is being intaken is compressed.
The air speed at this section is M<1.

17. ● Fuel injection takes place further to combust in combustion
chamber with the air speed flow of M=1.
● This combusted mixture is released into the exhaust through
nozzle giving thrust having flow speed of M>1.
● These are lightest type of engine in the aircraft.
The thrust provided by the propulsion system should always
be greater than the resisting force be it drag or the weight of
the system in order to move forward.

18. WINGS
There are many types of aircraft wings available according to the application of
use, operating environment and other criteria.
The primary function of wings is to provide lift and stability against the weight and
gravity acting on the body.
Wings provide gliding effect which is necessary to glide the aircraft smoothly
swifting through the air.
Wing design has been inspired by the birds wing to fly and glide in the air.

19. Types of wings
1. Rectangular wing
2. Elliptical wing
3. Tapered wing
4. Delta wing
5. Trapezoidal wing
6. Ogive wing
7. Swept back wing
8. Forward-swept wing
9. Variable sweep wing

20. Reaction of air with the wings
This image portrays the
answer to how the air acts on
the wings and how this air is
used by wings to glide on it.
“Credit to the owner”“no copyright infringement is intended”
For educational use only
When the wing is tilted at positive direction the wind acting on the upper
side is at low pressure high velocity enabling the smooth flow, where as
wind acting on lower side will have high pressure and low velocity
enabling lift to act upon it.

21. Empennage
Empennage or rear of the aircraft also called as tail wing are provided for the
purpose of providing stability during the flight.
Following are the parts of empennage:
1. Horizontal stabiliser
2. Vertical stabilizer
3. Rudder
4. Trim Tabs
5. Elevator

22. Horizontal stabilizer
● As the name suggests stabilizer is a part of empennage and prevents
unnecessary or unstable force acting on the aircraft during the course
of flight.
● It is a fixed wing which provides stability.
● In horizontal stabilizer controls pitch by the elevator hinged to it and
provides pitch stability.
● It is also called as tail plane.

23. Vertical stabilizer
● Vertical stabilizer prevents forces from side to side swinging.
● It stabilizes unnecessary yaw.
● This is mounted perpendicular to the horizontal stabilizer.
● This part of empennage is also fixed.
● It is attached with rudder to yaw the aircraft when needed.
Rudder
● Rudder is a control surface located on the empennage.
● It controls rotation about the vertical axis of the aircraft.
● This rotation or movement in aircraft is referred to the yaw.
● This part in empennage is not fixed but its motion can be controlled according to
the yaw required.
● Attached with the vertical stabilizer or fin.

24. Trim Tabs
● It's a secondary flight control surface attached primary control surface such as
elevator and rudder
● It can help compensate for unequal weight distribution.
● Provides sufficient moment or force to move larger surface.
● It also act as a stabilizer in the act of rotation.
Elevator
● It is a primary flight control surface.
● It controls the moment along lateral axis.
● It helps to acquire required pitch while taking off, flying, and landing.
● It gives control and stabilizes unstable forces.
● Attached with horizontal stabilizer.

25. “Credit to the owner”“no copyright
infringement is intended” For educational use
only
Empennage Diagram

26. FLAPS
● This is an primary flight control surface attached with the wings.
● This helps to gain more lift even at slow speed.
● Reduces stalling speed with the given weight.
● Reduces takeoff distance.
● Can gain more lift within short time.
● Can be deflected downward upto 45 degrees.
“Credit to the owner”“no copyright
infringement is intended” For educational use
only

27. AILERON
● Aileron is responsible by which rolling motion can be acquired and navigate to
the the destination.
● It is an primary control surface by which we can can navigate.
● While developing the aircraft Wright brothers realized the need to control
every motion, so they developed twisted wing at the tip in order to rotate.
● Principle of aileron is same as that of bike to navigate.
● Aileron is located near both the extreme or the tip of the wings to generate
rolling motion.
● It is used to bank the aircraft by moving up one side of the wing and by
moving down other side of wing.

28. “Credit to the owner”“no copyright infringement is intended” For
educational use only
Working of Aileron

29. SPOILER
● It is a surface hinged at the top of the wings.
● It is used to slow down the aircraft.
● It acts as brake to slow down the aircraft while landing.
● This device is used to intentionally reduce the lift while landing.
“Credit to the owner”“no copyright infringement is
intended” For educational use only

30. FUSELAGE
● It is the body of the aircraft where all the parts come together and attached.
● Passenger and cargo are carried on the fuselage.
● It is like an hollow tube or a carrier.
● There are multiple types of fuselage according to the application
LANDING GEAR
● Located under the aircraft.
● Needed while stationed on the land for aircraft as well as spacecraft.
● Used while takeoff and landing.
● It has ability to absorb shock to certain extend while landing.

31. With the previously explained vital parts of the aircraft the structure of aircraft is
also equally important in order to absorb the shocks, various types of stresses and
force acting on the aircraft while in air, take off and landing.
This was first realized by Octave Chanute and developed a trussing system in
order to absorb shocks and do not fail.
His work was contributed to Wright brothers upon which they worked at the other
parameters needed in the aircraft.
Structure and strength of material is equally important in spacecraft and in every
object to bear the force and load acting upon it.

32. Multi-stage and liquid fuelled rocket
● Robert H. Goddard was the first person to invent liquid fuelled rocket.
● Multistage rocket was first proposed by choe museon.
● These were the vital invention which led mankind into space.
“Credit to the owner”“no copyright infringement is
intended” For educational use only

33. Multi-stage rocket
● It is a simple concept where there are more than one stage of rocket for the
launch vehicle.
● It has multiple engines and propellants according to each stage.
● This rockets and propellants are arranged one above the other or parallel
depending on the types of rocket according to the stages.
● Each of this rocket is programmed to be activated at the defined stage.
● Before the activation of each stage the previous stage rockets are separated
there by reducing the weight.
● It will reduce the fuel consumption with the separation of stage.

34. Liquid fuelled rocket
● Propellants of rocket engine are mainly composed of liquid oxygen and liquid
hydrogen.
● Liquid hydrogen is the fuel and liquid hydrogen is the oxidizer
● Oxidizer helps fuel burn
● Both these liquids are stored in separate tank above the rocket engine.
● Both are stored external to the combustion chamber.
● These liquids are transferred by respective pumps.

35. Both the concept of multi- stage and liquid fuelled rockets are used to escape the
gravity and reach the destination.
It is important for the propulsion to exert the force above the gravity, atmospheric
resistance and self weight to escape the gravity or to reach in space.

36. Reference and Inspirations
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Wright-brothers/Early-glider-experiments
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Otto-Lilienthal
https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/airplane/bgp.html
https://www.sheffield.com/2015/5-main-components-of-an-aircraft.html
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/empennages
https://www.skybrary.aero/index.php/Trim_Tab#:~:text=The%20trim%20tab%20is%
20used,either%20flight%20adjustable%20or%20fixed.
https://www.britannica.com/technology/rocket-jet-propulsion-device-and-
vehicle/Liquid-propellant-rocket-engines#ref46958

37. RESEARCHED, WRITTEN AND COMPILED
BY AARON IDICULA CHEECKAL