The document summarizes the history and workings of jet engines. It describes how early inventors in the 18th and 19th centuries theorized and experimented with jet propulsion using steam engines. Frank Whittle designed the first turbojet engine in the 1930s, which was then used to power the world's first turbojet-powered flight by the German Heinkel He 178 aircraft. The document then explains the basic components and functioning of a turbojet engine, including the diffuser, compressor, combustor, turbine, and nozzle. It describes how air is compressed, mixed with fuel, ignited, and expelled through the nozzle to generate thrust according to Newton's third law of motion.

1. Jet Engine
Presented by: Tejas Nandavadekar

2. History of Jet Engines
• Sir Isaac Newton in the 18th century was the first to
theorize that
a rearward-channeled explosion could propel a machine
forward at a great rate of speed. This theory was based
on his third law of motion.
As the hot air blasts backwards through the nozzle the
plane moves forward.
• Henri Giffard built an airship which was powered by the
first aircraft engine,
a three-horse power steam engine. It was very heavy, too
heavy to fly.

3. • In 1874, Felix de Temple, built a monoplane that flew just a short
hop
down a hill with the help of a coal fired steam engine.
• In 1903, the Wright Brothers flew, "The Flyer", with a 12 horse
power gas powered engine.
• From 1903, the year of the Wright Brothers first flight,
to the late 1930s the gas powered reciprocating internal-
combustion engine
with a propeller was the sole means used to propel aircraft.
• It was Frank Whittle, a British pilot, who designed the first
turbo jet engine in 1930.The first Whittle engine successfully
flew in April, 1937.
This engine featured a multistage compressor, and a
combustion chamber, a single stage turbine and a nozzle.

4. • The first jet airplane to successfully use this type of engine
was the
German Heinkel He 178 invented by Hans Von Ohain.
It was the world's first turbojet powered flight.

5. What is jet propulsion?
Jet propulsion is thrust produced by
passing a jet of matter
(typically air or water ) in the opposite
direction to the direction of motion .By
Newton’s third law of motion ,the
moving body is propelled in the
opposite direction of jet.

6. Jet Engine
A jet engine is a reaction
engine that discharges a
fast
moving jet of fluid to
generate thrust by jet
propulsion and in
accordance with
Newton’s law of motion

7. Jet Engine
Air stream jet
engine
Self contained jet
engine
Indirect
reaction
Direct reaction
Propeller
Turbo
prob
Turbo fan
Turbo
jet
Athodyd
Ram jet Pulse jet
Rocket
Solid
propellant
Liquid
propellant

8. Turbo Jet Engine
Working principle
Jet engines are also called as gas turbines. The engine
sucks air in at the front with a fan. A compressor raises
the pressure of the air. The compressed air is then
sprayed with fuel and an electric spark lights the mixture.
The burning gases expand and blast out through the
nozzle, at the back of the engine. As the jets of gas
shoot backward, the engine and the aircraft are thrust
forward.

9. Major components
•Diffuser
•Compressor
•Combustor
•Gas turbine
•Nozzle

11. Diffuser
The Diffuser is a low
pressure circular vent
that is responsible for
converting the kinetic
energy of the
atmospheric air into a
static pressure rise. The
pressure of the
atmospheric air is high
thus this air flows into
the vent where it gets
reduced in volume thus
increasing its pressure.
This intake air is then fed
to the compressor.

12. Compressor
The compressor found in Turbo Jet engines are usually
rotary compressors.
The air intake from the diffuser is fed to the inlet of the
rotary axial or centrifugal compressor where the air gets
compressed in various stages and reaches a high
pressure.

13. The air-fuel feed nozzle mixes the
compressed air with the jet fuel. The fuel is
mixed with a specific air-fuel ratio. This
injector nozzle injects fuel at a constant
rate in the combustion chamber where it is
burned to form high pressure exhaust.
Air-Fuel feed nozzle

14. Combustor
This is a chamber where the air-fuel mixture is burned
with the help of flame stabilizers. The flame stabilizers
keep a constant flame ignited in the combustion chamber
to continuously burn the fuel and also ensure that the
flame does not go out. The chamber consists of two fuel
injector nozzles and the flame stabilizer.
The exhaust created in the combustion chamber is
passed to the Mechanical Turbine.

16. Mechanical Turbine
The mechanical turbine consists of a rotary element having
fan blades. The high pressure exhaust from the combustion
chamber strikes the fans of the turbine causing it to rotate.
This striking causes the exhaust to expand and lose its
pressure.
The turbine is responsible for driving the axial compressor.
The exhaust from the turbine blades is further passed to
the exhaust nozzle.

17. Exhaust Nozzle
The exhaust nozzle further expands the turbine blade
exhaust and is responsible for the thrust of the airplane.
The exhaust nozzle produce enough thrust to drive the
plane forward. The exhaust leaves the nozzle with a
velocity larger than the flight velocity.

18. Some of the advantages and disadvantages of the Turbo Jet
Engines
•There are no reciprocating parts and therefore the engine is free
from unbalanced forces.
•The jet propulsion engine has a small frontal area and a better
aerodynamic shape.
•The speeds of the jet engine is not limited by the propeller
hence high speeds can be obtained.
•The continuous combustion gives continuous thrust.
•At higher speeds the turbo jet has higher propulsive efficiency.
The Engine also has some disadvantages like it is less efficient
particularly at speeds less than 600kmph.Also at take off and
climb the thrust available is low.

19. Question??

20. Thank you