The document discusses problems that occur with the rotary kiln at Al-Kufa Cement Plant in Iraq. The main problems identified are mechanical wear, thermal wear, and chemical wear of the refractory bricks lining the kiln. Mechanical wear includes issues like convex spalling, stress cracks, spiraling, ovality, groove formation, and pinching at retaining rings. Thermal wear problems involve melting pits, lava-like coatings, and excessive thermal loads. Chemical wear issues include infiltration of alkali salts, corrosion of chrome ore, redox bursting, and hydration cracks. The document provides recommendations for improvements to address each of the identified problems and prevent damage to the rotary kiln.
Fly ash is a fine powder that is a byproduct of burning pulverized coal in electric generation power plants.
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Fly ash is a fine powder that is a byproduct of burning pulverized coal in electric generation power plants.
what is fly ash
fly ash products
coal fly ash uses
class f fly ash
fly ash class c
type f fly ash
fly ash composition
fly ash uses
applications of fly ash
advantages of fly ash
disadvantages of fly ash
properties of fly ash
chemical properties of fly ash
physical properties of fly ash
uses of fly ash
fly ash price
fly ash for sale
dangers of fly ash
fly ash in construction
fly ash composition
mechanism of fly ash
Type of Fly Ash as per American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM C618)
Type of Fly Ash as per IS Codes (IS 3812-1981)
fly ash in construction
fly ash uses
what is fly ash
fly ash for sale
fly ash price
fly ash products
ash construction inc
fly ash distributor
where to buy fly ash
fly ash for sale
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fly ash hazards
charah fly ash
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fly ash in concrete problems
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where to buy fly ash
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fly ash distributor
fly ash for sale
fly ash ppt
Cement is a building material for binding bricks, stones or aggregates.
Used for making mortar or concrete.
Cements natural and artificial.
Natural cement-burning and crushing of stones and lime.
Artificial cement-burning at high temperature and gypsum is added.
Prepared by madam rafia firdous. She is a lecturer and instructor in subject of Plain and Reinforcement concrete at University of South Asia LAHORE,PAKISTAN.
Introduction- Classification of cements - Portland Cement
Raw materials of Portland cement - Cement Manufacturing Process - Flow chart of Portland Cement manufacturing process - Cement Manufacturing Video - Mixing and Crushing
Dry Process - Wet Process - Burning Process - View of complete setup - Rotary Klin zones - Chemical Reactions -
Grinding and Packaging - Setting and hardening - Flow chart
Sequence - Chemical Reactions - Special Cement -
Cement, Cement manufacturing, Types of cementNaresh Kumar
Cement, in general, adhesive substances of all kinds, but, in a narrower sense, the binding materials used in building and civil engineering construction. Cements of this kind are finely ground powders that, when mixed with water, set to a hard mass. Setting and hardening result from hydration, which is a chemical combination of the cement compounds with water that yields submicroscopic crystals or a gel-like material with a high surface area. Because of their hydrating properties, constructional cements, which will even set and harden under water, are often called hydraulic cements. The most important of these is portland cement.
Cement is a building material for binding bricks, stones or aggregates.
Used for making mortar or concrete.
Cements natural and artificial.
Natural cement-burning and crushing of stones and lime.
Artificial cement-burning at high temperature and gypsum is added.
Prepared by madam rafia firdous. She is a lecturer and instructor in subject of Plain and Reinforcement concrete at University of South Asia LAHORE,PAKISTAN.
Introduction- Classification of cements - Portland Cement
Raw materials of Portland cement - Cement Manufacturing Process - Flow chart of Portland Cement manufacturing process - Cement Manufacturing Video - Mixing and Crushing
Dry Process - Wet Process - Burning Process - View of complete setup - Rotary Klin zones - Chemical Reactions -
Grinding and Packaging - Setting and hardening - Flow chart
Sequence - Chemical Reactions - Special Cement -
Cement, Cement manufacturing, Types of cementNaresh Kumar
Cement, in general, adhesive substances of all kinds, but, in a narrower sense, the binding materials used in building and civil engineering construction. Cements of this kind are finely ground powders that, when mixed with water, set to a hard mass. Setting and hardening result from hydration, which is a chemical combination of the cement compounds with water that yields submicroscopic crystals or a gel-like material with a high surface area. Because of their hydrating properties, constructional cements, which will even set and harden under water, are often called hydraulic cements. The most important of these is portland cement.
Revealing the weaknesses and Coping Strategies of Refractory Materials in Coo...Sylvia538613
The cooler lining faces multiple challenges and issues in the production of dry-process rotary kilns, including high temperatures, chemical erosion, material abrasion, mechanical forces, complex operating conditions, and kiln stoppage failures.
Frequent damage to the cooler lining refractory materials inevitably leads to frequent kiln stops, which not only impacts production output but also exposes the undamaged refractory bricks to rapid temperature changes, exacerbating overall lining damage.
Therefore, it is crucial to select appropriate materials and maintain the cooler lining adequately to ensure performance and extend its service life.
Infomatica, as it stands today, is a manifestation of our values, toil, and dedication towards imparting knowledge to the pupils of the society. Visit us: http://www.infomaticaacademy.com/
RESIDUAL COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF TERNARY BLENDED CONCRETE AT ELEVATED TEMPERA...Ijripublishers Ijri
The extensive use of concrete as a structural material for the high rise buildings, storage tanks, nuclear reactors and
pressure vessels increase the risk of concrete being exposed to high temperatures. This has led to a demand to improve
the understanding of the effect of temperature on concrete. The behavior of concrete exposed to high temperature is a
result of many factors including the exposed environment and constituent materials.
Concrete structures are exposed to fire when a fire accident occurs. Damage in concrete structures due to fire depends
to a great extent on the intensity and duration of fire. The distress in the concrete manifests in the form of cracking and
spalling of the concrete surface.
Thermostone in Constrication or ThermostoneNzar Braim
My aim in this report is showing the specialty of thermostone and about the
type of creation the chemical sectional and preparation then discuss about
the method and advantage of thermostone.s to improve the report we used
the Koya thermostone the rate of construction in the Kurdistan region (KRG)
has increased through the recent decade due to a wide scope of investments
in different projects and especially for residential projects, infrastructure and
others
In general, Developing and maintaining world’s facilities to meet the future needs have developing to improve the total well-being. The standard and performance of concrete perform a critical role for most of the facilities including commercial, industrial, and residential and army, public works, and power plants. Concrete sets as the solid hydrates, and is an exothermic response, means it produces heat response goes quickly when the concrete is a hot condition. The primary reason for the concrete's strength and setting time is not the air temperature range but the particular heat range. Varying climate circumstances at a work site cold and hot, windy or relaxed, dry or moist may be considerably different from the best possible conditions believed at sufficient time a concrete mix is specified designed, or selected, or from lab circumstances in which concrete samples are saved and tested. This paper provides the results of a study performed to look at the condition of concrete in hot and cold weather in the construction industry under the climate of Afghanistan.
Submission Deadline: 30th September 2022
Acceptance Notification: Within Three Days’ time period
Online Publication: Within 24 Hrs. time Period
Expected Date of Dispatch of Printed Journal: 5th October 2022
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...IAEME Publication
White layer thickness (WLT) formed and surface roughness in wire electric discharge turning (WEDT) of tungsten carbide composite has been made to model through response surface methodology (RSM). A Taguchi’s standard Design of experiments involving five input variables with three levels has been employed to establish a mathematical model between input parameters and responses. Percentage of cobalt content, spindle speed, Pulse on-time, wire feed and pulse off-time were changed during the experimental tests based on the Taguchi’s orthogonal array L27 (3^13). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the mathematical models obtained can adequately describe performance within the parameters of the factors considered. There was a good agreement between the experimental and predicted values in this study.
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
The study explores the reasons for a transgender to become entrepreneurs. In this study transgender entrepreneur was taken as independent variable and reasons to become as dependent variable. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire containing a five point Likert Scale. The study examined the data of 30 transgender entrepreneurs in Salem Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State, India. Simple Random sampling technique was used. Garrett Ranking Technique (Percentile Position, Mean Scores) was used as the analysis for the present study to identify the top 13 stimulus factors for establishment of trans entrepreneurial venture. Economic advancement of a nation is governed upon the upshot of a resolute entrepreneurial doings. The conception of entrepreneurship has stretched and materialized to the socially deflated uncharted sections of transgender community. Presently transgenders have smashed their stereotypes and are making recent headlines of achievements in various fields of our Indian society. The trans-community is gradually being observed in a new light and has been trying to achieve prospective growth in entrepreneurship. The findings of the research revealed that the optimistic changes are taking place to change affirmative societal outlook of the transgender for entrepreneurial ventureship. It also laid emphasis on other transgenders to renovate their traditional living. The paper also highlights that legislators, supervisory body should endorse an impartial canons and reforms in Tamil Nadu Transgender Welfare Board Association.
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
Since ages gender difference is always a debatable theme whether caused by nature, evolution or environment. The birth of a transgender is dreadful not only for the child but also for their parents. The pain of living in the wrong physique and treated as second class victimized citizen is outrageous and fully harboured with vicious baseless negative scruples. For so long, social exclusion had perpetuated inequality and deprivation experiencing ingrained malign stigma and besieged victims of crime or violence across their life spans. They are pushed into the murky way of life with a source of eternal disgust, bereft sexual potency and perennial fear. Although they are highly visible but very little is known about them. The common public needs to comprehend the ravaged arrogance on these insensitive souls and assist in integrating them into the mainstream by offering equal opportunity, treat with humanity and respect their dignity. Entrepreneurship in the current age is endorsing the gender fairness movement. Unstable careers and economic inadequacy had inclined one of the gender variant people called Transgender to become entrepreneurs. These tiny budding entrepreneurs resulted in economic transition by means of employment, free from the clutches of stereotype jobs, raised standard of living and handful of financial empowerment. Besides all these inhibitions, they were able to witness a platform for skill set development that ignited them to enter into entrepreneurial domain. This paper epitomizes skill sets involved in trans-entrepreneurs of Thoothukudi Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State and is a groundbreaking determination to sightsee various skills incorporated and the impact on entrepreneurship.
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONSIAEME Publication
The banking and financial services industries are experiencing increased technology penetration. Among them, the banking industry has made technological advancements to better serve the general populace. The economy focused on transforming the banking sector's system into a cashless, paperless, and faceless one. The researcher wants to evaluate the user's intention for utilising a mobile banking application. The study also examines the variables affecting the user's behaviour intention when selecting specific applications for financial transactions. The researcher employed a well-structured questionnaire and a descriptive study methodology to gather the respondents' primary data utilising the snowball sampling technique. The study includes variables like performance expectations, effort expectations, social impact, enabling circumstances, and perceived risk. Each of the aforementioned variables has a major impact on how users utilise mobile banking applications. The outcome will assist the service provider in comprehending the user's history with mobile banking applications.
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONSIAEME Publication
Technology upgradation in banking sector took the economy to view that payment mode towards online transactions using mobile applications. This system enabled connectivity between banks, Merchant and user in a convenient mode. there are various applications used for online transactions such as Google pay, Paytm, freecharge, mobikiwi, oxygen, phonepe and so on and it also includes mobile banking applications. The study aimed at evaluating the predilection of the user in adopting digital transaction. The study is descriptive in nature. The researcher used random sample techniques to collect the data. The findings reveal that mobile applications differ with the quality of service rendered by Gpay and Phonepe. The researcher suggest the Phonepe application should focus on implementing the application should be user friendly interface and Gpay on motivating the users to feel the importance of request for money and modes of payments in the application.
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINOIAEME Publication
The prototype of a voice-based ATM for visually impaired using Arduino is to help people who are blind. This uses RFID cards which contain users fingerprint encrypted on it and interacts with the users through voice commands. ATM operates when sensor detects the presence of one person in the cabin. After scanning the RFID card, it will ask to select the mode like –normal or blind. User can select the respective mode through voice input, if blind mode is selected the balance check or cash withdraw can be done through voice input. Normal mode procedure is same as the existing ATM.
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...IAEME Publication
There is increasing acceptability of emotional intelligence as a major factor in personality assessment and effective human resource management. Emotional intelligence as the ability to build capacity, empathize, co-operate, motivate and develop others cannot be divorced from both effective performance and human resource management systems. The human person is crucial in defining organizational leadership and fortunes in terms of challenges and opportunities and walking across both multinational and bilateral relationships. The growing complexity of the business world requires a great deal of self-confidence, integrity, communication, conflict and diversity management to keep the global enterprise within the paths of productivity and sustainability. Using the exploratory research design and 255 participants the result of this original study indicates strong positive correlation between emotional intelligence and effective human resource management. The paper offers suggestions on further studies between emotional intelligence and human capital development and recommends for conflict management as an integral part of effective human resource management.
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMYIAEME Publication
Our life journey, in general, is closely defined by the way we understand the meaning of why we coexist and deal with its challenges. As we develop the "inspiration economy", we could say that nearly all of the challenges we have faced are opportunities that help us to discover the rest of our journey. In this note paper, we explore how being faced with the opportunity of being a close carer for an aging parent with dementia brought intangible discoveries that changed our insight of the meaning of the rest of our life journey.
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...IAEME Publication
The main objective of this study is to analyze the impact of aspects of Organizational Culture on the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System (PMS) in the Health Care Organization at Thanjavur. Organizational Culture and PMS play a crucial role in present-day organizations in achieving their objectives. PMS needs employees’ cooperation to achieve its intended objectives. Employees' cooperation depends upon the organization’s culture. The present study uses exploratory research to examine the relationship between the Organization's culture and the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System. The study uses a Structured Questionnaire to collect the primary data. For this study, Thirty-six non-clinical employees were selected from twelve randomly selected Health Care organizations at Thanjavur. Thirty-two fully completed questionnaires were received.
Living in 21st century in itself reminds all of us the necessity of police and its administration. As more and more we are entering into the modern society and culture, the more we require the services of the so called ‘Khaki Worthy’ men i.e., the police personnel. Whether we talk of Indian police or the other nation’s police, they all have the same recognition as they have in India. But as already mentioned, their services and requirements are different after the like 26th November, 2008 incidents, where they without saving their own lives has sacrificed themselves without any hitch and without caring about their respective family members and wards. In other words, they are like our heroes and mentors who can guide us from the darkness of fear, militancy, corruption and other dark sides of life and so on. Now the question arises, if Gandhi would have been alive today, what would have been his reaction/opinion to the police and its functioning? Would he have some thing different in his mind now what he had been in his mind before the partition or would he be going to start some Satyagraha in the form of some improvement in the functioning of the police administration? Really these questions or rather night mares can come to any one’s mind, when there is too much confusion is prevailing in our minds, when there is too much corruption in the society and when the polices working is also in the questioning because of one or the other case throughout the India. It is matter of great concern that we have to thing over our administration and our practical approach because the police personals are also like us, they are part and parcel of our society and among one of us, so why we all are pin pointing towards them.
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...IAEME Publication
The goal of this study was to see how talent management affected employee retention in the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The fundamental issue was the difficulty to attract, hire, and retain talented personnel who perform well and the gap between supply and demand of talent acquisition and retaining them within the firms. The study's main goals were to determine the impact of talent management on employee retention in IT companies in Chennai, investigate talent management strategies that IT companies could use to improve talent acquisition, performance management, career planning and formulate retention strategies that the IT firms could use. The respondents were given a structured close-ended questionnaire with the 5 Point Likert Scale as part of the study's quantitative research design. The target population consisted of 289 IT professionals. The questionnaires were distributed and collected by the researcher directly. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to collect and analyse the questionnaire responses. Hypotheses that were formulated for the various areas of the study were tested using a variety of statistical tests. The key findings of the study suggested that talent management had an impact on employee retention. The studies also found that there is a clear link between the implementation of talent management and retention measures. Management should provide enough training and development for employees, clarify job responsibilities, provide adequate remuneration packages, and recognise employees for exceptional performance.
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...IAEME Publication
Globally, Millions of dollars were spent by the organizations for employing skilled Information Technology (IT) professionals. It is costly to replace unskilled employees with IT professionals possessing technical skills and competencies that aid in interconnecting the business processes. The organization’s employment tactics were forced to alter by globalization along with technological innovations as they consistently diminish to remain lean, outsource to concentrate on core competencies along with restructuring/reallocate personnel to gather efficiency. As other jobs, organizations or professions have become reasonably more appropriate in a shifting employment landscape, the above alterations trigger both involuntary as well as voluntary turnover. The employee view on jobs is also afflicted by the COVID-19 pandemic along with the employee-driven labour market. So, having effective strategies is necessary to tackle the withdrawal rate of employees. By associating Emotional Intelligence (EI) along with Talent Management (TM) in the IT industry, the rise in attrition rate was analyzed in this study. Only 303 respondents were collected out of 350 participants to whom questionnaires were distributed. From the employees of IT organizations located in Bangalore (India), the data were congregated. A simple random sampling methodology was employed to congregate data as of the respondents. Generating the hypothesis along with testing is eventuated. The effect of EI and TM along with regression analysis between TM and EI was analyzed. The outcomes indicated that employee and Organizational Performance (OP) were elevated by effective EI along with TM.
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...IAEME Publication
By implementing talent management strategy, organizations would have the option to retain their skilled professionals while additionally working on their overall performance. It is the course of appropriately utilizing the ideal individuals, setting them up for future top positions, exploring and dealing with their performance, and holding them back from leaving the organization. It is employee performance that determines the success of every organization. The firm quickly obtains an upper hand over its rivals in the event that its employees having particular skills that cannot be duplicated by the competitors. Thus, firms are centred on creating successful talent management practices and processes to deal with the unique human resources. Firms are additionally endeavouring to keep their top/key staff since on the off chance that they leave; the whole store of information leaves the firm's hands. The study's objective was to determine the impact of talent management on organizational performance among the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The study recommends that talent management limitedly affects performance. On the off chance that this talent is appropriately management and implemented properly, organizations might benefit as much as possible from their maintained assets to support development and productivity, both monetarily and non-monetarily.
A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...IAEME Publication
Banking regulations act of India, 1949 defines banking as “acceptance of deposits for the purpose of lending or investment from the public, repayment on demand or otherwise and withdrawable through cheques, drafts order or otherwise”, the major participants of the Indian financial system are commercial banks, the financial institution encompassing term lending institutions. Investments institutions, specialized financial institution and the state level development banks, non banking financial companies (NBFC) and other market intermediaries such has the stock brokers and money lenders are among the oldest of the certain variants of NBFC and the oldest market participants. The asset quality of banks is one of the most important indicators of their financial health. The Indian banking sector has been facing severe problems of increasing Non- Performing Assets (NPAs). The NPAs growth directly and indirectly affects the quality of assets and profitability of banks. It also shows the efficiency of banks credit risk management and the recovery effectiveness. NPA do not generate any income, whereas, the bank is required to make provisions for such as assets that why is a double edge weapon. This paper outlines the concept of quality of bank loans of different types like Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of selected public and private sector banks. This study is highlighting problems associated with the role of commercial bank in financing Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SME). The overall objective of the research was to assess the effect of the financing provisions existing for the setting up and operations of MSMEs in the country and to generate recommendations for more robust financing mechanisms for successful operation of the MSMEs, in turn understanding the impact of MSME loans on financial institutions due to NPA. There are many research conducted on the topic of Non- Performing Assets (NPA) Management, concerning particular bank, comparative study of public and private banks etc. In this paper the researcher is considering the aggregate data of selected public sector and private sector banks and attempts to compare the NPA of Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of public and private sector banks. The tools used in the study are average and Anova test and variance. The findings reveal that NPA is common problem for both public and private sector banks and is associated with all types of loans either that is housing loans, agriculture loans and loans to SMES. NPAs of both public and private sector banks show the increasing trend. In 2010-11 GNPA of public and private sector were at same level it was 2% but after 2010-11 it increased in many fold and at present there is GNPA in some more than 15%. It shows the dark area of Indian banking sector.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...IAEME Publication
An experiment conducted in this study found that BaSO4 changed Nylon 6's mechanical properties. By changing the weight ratios, BaSO4 was used to make Nylon 6. This Researcher looked into how hard Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites are and how well they wear. Experiments were done based on Taguchi design L9. Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites can be tested for their hardness number using a Rockwell hardness testing apparatus. On Nylon/BaSO4, the wear behavior was measured by a wear monitor, pinon-disc friction by varying reinforcement, sliding speed, and sliding distance, and the microstructure of the crack surfaces was observed by SEM. This study provides significant contributions to ultimate strength by increasing BaSO4 content up to 16% in the composites, and sliding speed contributes 72.45% to the wear rate
ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...IAEME Publication
The majority of the population in India lives in villages. The village is the back bone of the country. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Developing the rural economy is one of the key indicators towards a country’s success. Whether it be the need to look after the welfare of the farmers or invest in rural infrastructure, Governments have to ensure that rural development isn’t compromised. The economic development of our country largely depends on the progress of rural areas and the standard of living of rural masses. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Rural entrepreneurship is based on stimulating local entrepreneurial talent and the subsequent growth of indigenous enterprises. It recognizes opportunity in the rural areas and accelerates a unique blend of resources either inside or outside of agriculture. Rural entrepreneurship brings an economic value to the rural sector by creating new methods of production, new markets, new products and generate employment opportunities thereby ensuring continuous rural development. Social Entrepreneurship has the direct and primary objective of serving the society along with the earning profits. So, social entrepreneurship is different from the economic entrepreneurship as its basic objective is not to earn profits but for providing innovative solutions to meet the society needs which are not taken care by majority of the entrepreneurs as they are in the business for profit making as a sole objective. So, the Social Entrepreneurs have the huge growth potential particularly in the developing countries like India where we have huge societal disparities in terms of the financial positions of the population. Still 22 percent of the Indian population is below the poverty line and also there is disparity among the rural & urban population in terms of families living under BPL. 25.7 percent of the rural population & 13.7 percent of the urban population is under BPL which clearly shows the disparity of the poor people in the rural and urban areas. The need to develop social entrepreneurship in agriculture is dictated by a large number of social problems. Such problems include low living standards, unemployment, and social tension. The reasons that led to the emergence of the practice of social entrepreneurship are the above factors. The research problem lays upon disclosing the importance of role of social entrepreneurship in rural development of India. The paper the tendencies of social entrepreneurship in India, to present successful examples of such business for providing recommendations how to improve situation in rural areas in terms of social entrepreneurship development. Indian government has made some steps towards development of social enterprises, social entrepreneurship, and social in- novation, but a lot remains to be improved.
OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...IAEME Publication
Distribution system is a critical link between the electric power distributor and the consumers. Most of the distribution networks commonly used by the electric utility is the radial distribution network. However in this type of network, it has technical issues such as enormous power losses which affect the quality of the supply. Nowadays, the introduction of Distributed Generation (DG) units in the system help improve and support the voltage profile of the network as well as the performance of the system components through power loss mitigation. In this study network reconfiguration was done using two meta-heuristic algorithms Particle Swarm Optimization and Gravitational Search Algorithm (PSO-GSA) to enhance power quality and voltage profile in the system when simultaneously applied with the DG units. Backward/Forward Sweep Method was used in the load flow analysis and simulated using the MATLAB program. Five cases were considered in the Reconfiguration based on the contribution of DG units. The proposed method was tested using IEEE 33 bus system. Based on the results, there was a voltage profile improvement in the system from 0.9038 p.u. to 0.9594 p.u.. The integration of DG in the network also reduced power losses from 210.98 kW to 69.3963 kW. Simulated results are drawn to show the performance of each case.
APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...IAEME Publication
Manufacturing industries have witnessed an outburst in productivity. For productivity improvement manufacturing industries are taking various initiatives by using lean tools and techniques. However, in different manufacturing industries, frugal approach is applied in product design and services as a tool for improvement. Frugal approach contributed to prove less is more and seems indirectly contributing to improve productivity. Hence, there is need to understand status of frugal approach application in manufacturing industries. All manufacturing industries are trying hard and putting continuous efforts for competitive existence. For productivity improvements, manufacturing industries are coming up with different effective and efficient solutions in manufacturing processes and operations. To overcome current challenges, manufacturing industries have started using frugal approach in product design and services. For this study, methodology adopted with both primary and secondary sources of data. For primary source interview and observation technique is used and for secondary source review has done based on available literatures in website, printed magazines, manual etc. An attempt has made for understanding application of frugal approach with the study of manufacturing industry project. Manufacturing industry selected for this project study is Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd. This paper will help researcher to find the connections between the two concepts productivity improvement and frugal approach. This paper will help to understand significance of frugal approach for productivity improvement in manufacturing industry. This will also help to understand current scenario of frugal approach in manufacturing industry. In manufacturing industries various process are involved to deliver the final product. In the process of converting input in to output through manufacturing process productivity plays very critical role. Hence this study will help to evolve status of frugal approach in productivity improvement programme. The notion of frugal can be viewed as an approach towards productivity improvement in manufacturing industries.
A MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENTIAEME Publication
In this paper, we investigated a queuing model of fuzzy environment-based a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) and study its performance under realistic conditions. It applies a nonagonal fuzzy number to analyse the relevant performance of a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS). Based on the sub interval average ranking method for nonagonal fuzzy number, we convert fuzzy number to crisp one. Numerical results reveal that the efficiency of this method. Intuitively, the fuzzy environment adapts well to a multiple channel queuing models (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) are very well.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
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Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
2. Prof. Dr. Mohammed Mosleh Salman and Asmaa Mahdi Ali
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 1011 editor@iaeme.com
Inside the kiln,calcium oxide reacts with silica, alumina, and ferrous oxide to form the
silicates (C3S, C2S), aluminates (C3A), and ferrites (C4AF) respectively, which are the main
constituent of the clinker. This clinker is then ground in a ball mill together with gypsum and
other additives to produce cement. Fuels are required to generate thermal energy during the
process of calcination in the preheater-precalciner tower and during the clinkerization process
in the kiln [3-4].
Figure 1 Cement Manufacturing Process
Magnesia bricks must be stored in ventilated and dry rooms with protection against weather
conditions as they are sensitive to hydration and can be damaged if stored improperly. The
lining failed due to the hydration of magnesia caused by an unexpected source of water.
Hydration of magnesia (MgO) in refractory material occurs when the material comes into
contact with humid air, water, or steam. This exposure can occur during storage, construction,
or operation. The optimal conditions for this hydration occur when water is present at 40°C to
120°C. This process is characterized by the transformation of magnesia into magnesia
hydroxide according to this reaction [5-6]:
MgO + H2O Mg (OH)2 (1)
The rate of the reaction depends on temperature, the magnesia content of the brick, and
pressure (if water is present in the vapor phase). The hydration rate with liquid water is slow,
but as soon as the water penetrates as steam the hydration becomes faster. Hydration of
magnesia to magnesium hydroxide (consist of powder) results in an increase in volume of the
bricks due to density change up to 115% [7]. Figure 2 shows how extensive hydration leads to
crack formation in the bricks and can subsequently lead to disintegration of the whole brick.
3. The Problems of Rotary Kiln of Cement and Their Remedies
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 1012 editor@iaeme.com
Figure 2 Hydrated Magnesite Bricks After One Month Of Service.
Magnesia hydroxide decomposes thermally at approximately 330°C, and the last traces of
water are expelled at higher temperatures to yield MgO as shownin the reaction [5]:
Mg (OH)2 MgO + H2O (2)
Although the reaction is reversible, the damage to the bricks in the form of cracks has
already taken place. Reversing this reaction will therefore result in more porous bricks, which
will lead to an increased and deeper molten material penetration.The most important steps need
to be considered to avoid or reduce the possibility of magnesia bricks hydration are [8]:
1) Magnesia bricks must be transported in a container to protect the material against
moisture.
2) Magnesia bricks should be stored inside storage rooms where it is dry, free of frost,
ventilated, and with a temperature between 10°C and 30°C.
3) Bricks may not be stored for more than four weeks prior to installation and preheating.
4) Lining should be protected against moisture during installation and preheating.
Corrosion of the rotary kiln shell behind the refractory lining has become an increasingly
serious problem for cement industry as it acts silently and reduces the shell thickness to below
critical structural and mechanical limits of stability of kiln shell. Understanding the factors
influencing the kiln shell corrosion and its formation mechanism is the best way to inhibit it.
Corrosion of kiln shell behind the refractory is influenced by a number of factors such as
composition of the metallic shell and its environment, temperature of the shell, cleanliness or
roughness of the shell surface, its contact with other materials and severe process conditions.
The main reason of shell corrosion can be attributed to alternate oxidation at high temperature
and acidic reaction at low temperatures when the kiln is stopped for repairs [9, 10].
The corrosion phenomenon takes place mainly due to presence of oxides, chlorides and
sulphide at high temperature. The reactions inside the kiln are different from reactions on the
kiln shell surface since both the temperature and atmosphere are different. One of the most
important reactions in the lining is the oxygen consumption where SO2 consumes oxygen and
condenses as SO3 :
2SO2 (g) + O2 = 2SO3 (↓) (3)
4. Prof. Dr. Mohammed Mosleh Salman and Asmaa Mahdi Ali
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 1013 editor@iaeme.com
The SO3 formed condenses as calcium or magnesium salts. The result can be that an
oxidizing environment inside the kiln turns into a reducing environmentat the kiln shell [11].
2. EXPERIMENTAL WORK:
2.1. Factors Affecting the Performance of Brick in Rotary Kiln:
This research aims to study the problems of Al- Kufa Cement Plant in Iraq, where field visits
were implemented during 2016 to Al-Kufa Cement plant in Iraq to view the rotary kiln of
cement manufacturing. One of the problems identified in Cement Rotary Kiln is bricks that
must be used in buildings. Where there are two purposes for the use of bricks:
1. For the purpose of protecting the kiln structure from high heat.
2. Reduce the amount of heat lost through the furnace body.
As the areas of the kiln are divided according to the temperature of the furnace and areas
of chemical reactions.
One of the problems identified in cement rotary kiln is bricks that must be used in buildings
according to a particular specification. The most impottant problems that appear during the use
of the rotary kiln were
2.1.1. Mechanical Wear
1. Convex spalling
a. Phenomena: Convex spalling in longitudinal direction of bricks, so called cobble-
stones.
b. Reasons: 1- Insufficient clearance in the expansion joints. 2-No installation of
cardboard spacers
3- Frequent stoppages of operation after cardboard spacers burnt off.
c. Symptoms: Axial pressure produced by dilation causing spalling.
2. Concentric Stress Cracks
a. Phenomena: Concentric stress cracks in 3-5cm depth around the circumference.
b.Reasons: Steel plates oxidize and react with the bricks forming a monolithic horizon of
magnesioferrite with volume increase.
c. Symptoms: Cracks in reaction zone of steel plate-lined bricks and key bricks.
3. Spiralling:
a. Phenomena: Spiralling , tilting and edging. Cold face wear from rubbing against the
kiln shell
b.Reasons: 1- Loose installation 2- Increased kiln shell ovality 3-Expansion and
contraction due to frequent kiln stoppages. 4- Changing coating formation 5-Deformations in
the kiln shell
c.Symptoms: Lining displacements due to relative movements.
4. Ovality:
a. Phenomena: Deep outbreaks of single bricks.Spallings here and there in between
completely perfect brick sections.
5. The Problems of Rotary Kiln of Cement and Their Remedies
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 1014 editor@iaeme.com
b. Reasons: 1- Used tyre shoes increase the clearance leading to excessive ovality.
2-Limit for Ω-value maximum 1/10 of kiln diameter, e.g. 0.5% for 5m diameter kiln.
c. Symptoms: Kiln shell ovality in tyre area (squeeze and release) during each rotation
shear stressing the brick heads.
5. Formation of Grooves
a. Phenomena: Parallel grooves 2-4 bricks wide of deep spalling appearing along the kiln
axis.
b. Reasons: 1- Keyline with excessive tightness. 2-Damage to the key bricks by jack
hammer.
3- More than one metal shim per joint.
c. Symptoms: Orientated premature wear channels within sound lining.
6. Pinch at Retaining Rings:
a. Phenomena: Collapse of bricks rings against retaining ring and outlet segment from
pinch spalling.
b. Reasons: 1-Thrust and oscillations generate shear cracks and grinding
2- Flexing kiln outlet or ovality accelerate the damage.
c. Symptoms: Horizontal cuts and cracks of bricks at the upper edge of retaining rings and
Trans passing nose ring segment.
2.1.2. Thermal Wear:
1. Concave Melting Pits:
a. Phenomena: Concave wear, so-called duck nesting (looking like eutectic melting of
alumina bricks).
b. Reasons: 1-Coating-free operation of standard grade bricks with moderate
refractoriness.
2- Flame impingement on the lining.
c. Symptoms: Overheating of bricks weakens the brick structure at hot face.
2. Lava-Like Coating:
a. Phenomena: Lava-like coating solidly connected with the bricks and cracks behind the
densified surface. Falling coating takes off densified brick heads.
b. Reasons: Overheating of clinker with formation of increased liquid clinker phase
infiltrating the hot face, e.g. peaks of ferritic phase during production of SRC.
c.Symptoms: Overheating of clinker with densification at the hot face of bricks and change
of mechanical properties.
3. Excessive Thermal Load:
a. Phenomena: Change from uniform brick matrix with round grain to periclase needles
of a brittle structure.
b. Reasons: 1- Overheating above 1700°C without liquid phase.
2- Thermotacticrecrystallisation.
6. Prof. Dr. Mohammed Mosleh Salman and Asmaa Mahdi Ali
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 1015 editor@iaeme.com
c. Symptoms: Structural fatigue of high quality bricks at coating free operation due to high
temperature.
4. Thermal Shock:
a. Phenomena: Spilt –like spallings in 2-3cm layers.
b. Reasons: 1- Quick heating up. 2- Sudden cooling down. 3-Coating losses.
c. Symptoms: Sudden changes in temperature produce thermal tensions causing horizontal
cracks.
2.1.3. Chemical Wear:
1. Infiltration Of Alkali Salts:
a. Phenomena: A cut through the brick shows infilitration horizons and the inner kiln shell
is attacked by corrosion.
b. Reasons: Deposits of mainly K2SO4 in lower transition zone and burning zone, along
with KCI in the upper transition zone.
c. Symptoms: Gaseous alkali salt compounds migrate into the bricks, filling the brick
pores, condensating and solidifying them.
2. Corrosion of Chrome Ore:
a. Phenomena: Yellow-green discoloration and brittle surface with crack
b. Reasons: 1-With free (K, Na)2O formation of (K, Na)2CrO4
2- Loosening of the brick structure by dissolving of the chrome ore
c. Symptoms: With excessive alkalis the chrome ore attacked and corroded and toxic
hexavalent alkali chromates are formed.
3. Redox Bursting:
a. Phenomena: Bleaching of dark brown magnesia-chromite bricks to cappuccino colour
and bursting of the structure. Carbon deposits in the joints and on the kiln shell.
b. Reasons: Temporarily reducing atmosphere due to:
1-Insufficient combustion. 2-Use of fuels rich in ashes 3-Course grain coal or petcoke
4- Use of substitute fuels
c. Symptoms: Repeated change from oxidizing to reducing atmosphere, so-called Redox
causes voloume change between trivalent (red) and bivalent (green) iron.
4. Hydration Cracks:
a. Phenomena: Spider web cracks from the surface into the bricks and in extreme cases,
disintegration.
b. Reasons: MgO reacts with water to Brucite Mg (OH)2 under volume increase.
c. Symptoms: CaO and MgO are sensitive to humidity. Magnetite bricks are by far less
sensitive than dolomite bricks but should be protected against seawater, rain and humid air.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
If such types of damage below are recognized, the kiln must be shut down. Kiln problems have
to be avoided by taking appropriate measures of improvement:
7. The Problems of Rotary Kiln of Cement and Their Remedies
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 1016 editor@iaeme.com
3.1. Mechanical Wear
a. Convex Spalling:
Improvements:
1- Insertion of cardboard spacers according to installation drawings.
2- Use of bricks with preattached cardboard.
b. Concentric Stress Cracks:
Improvements:
Lining without steel plates:
Mortar lining 2-Clench lining of PERILEX, ALMAG and REFRAMAG
c. Spiralling:
Improvements:
1- Uniform kiln operation 2-Repair of bulged kiln shell
3- Ovality control 4-Proper and tight installation with staggered joints
d. Ovality:
Improvements:
1-Permanent monitoring of migration. 2- REFFRA shell test control
3- Insertion of new spacers. 4-Beast flexible lining with PERILEX 80 mortar
e. Formation of Grooves:
Improvements:
1-Correct insertion of key bricks 2-Insert liners uniformly in the whole joint.
3- Only one steel plate per joint. 4- Use REFRA shim driver with jack hammer.
f. Pinch At Retaining Rings:
Improvements:
1- Stiff kiln shell. 2-No nose-shaped bricks.
3- Use retaining rings 50x180mm with full brick on top KRONEX 87, ALMAG 85.
3.2. Thermal Wear:
a. Concave Melting Pits:
Improvements:
1-Adjustment of burner. 2-Limits for silica modulus SM< 2.6
3- Bricks with coating ability PERILE or FERROMAG.
4- Premium grade ALMAG for coating –free operation.
b. Lava-Like Coating:
Improvements:
1-Avoid burning conditions with increased liquid phase LPh <26%
8. Prof. Dr. Mohammed Mosleh Salman and Asmaa Mahdi Ali
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 1017 editor@iaeme.com
2-Uniform operation conditions
3-Best possible homogeneity
4-Use refractories with high flexibility PERILEX or high thermo-chemical resistance
MAGNUM, ALMAGSLC
c. Excessive Thermal Load
Improvements:
1-Uniform and continuous operation conditions
2. Use of magnesia-zirconium bricks with balanced elastification: MAGNUM or
ALMAGSLC with large crystals and fused spinel.
d. Thermal shock
Improvements:
1-Rational heating-up with 50°C/h 2-Slowly cooling down
3-Uniform operating conditions 4-Stable coating
5-Use optimally elastified brick with thermal shock resistance of minimum 80.
3.3. Chemical Wear:
a. Infiltration of Alkali Salts:
Improvements:
1-Reduce alkali salt content 2-Balance alkali/ sulphate ratio in a range of 0.8-1.2
3-Use bricks with improved flexibility REFRAMAG 85, ALMAG A1
4-Use REFRACOAT for protection of kiln shell.
b. Corrosion of Chrome Ore:
Improvements:
1-Reduce alkali or balance alkali/ sulphate ratio
2-Use chrome ore-free bricks: FERROMAG 90 or REFRAMAG 85.
c. Redox Bursting:
Improvements:
1-Minimum of 1.5% of O2 for complete combustion.
2-coal fineness (maximum reside 50% on 90 micron mesh of volatile content)
3-Use chrome ore-free bricks with low iron content: REFRMAG 85 or ALMAG.
d. Hydration Cracks:
Improvements:
1-Dry storage under roof
2-Recommended storage time 6 months in subtropical climate. 3-Ventilated storage of wet
package 4- Maximum ignition loss of humid bricks 0.3% 5- Use REFRACK seaworthy packing
double pre-shrunk plastic covering.
9. The Problems of Rotary Kiln of Cement and Their Remedies
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 1018 editor@iaeme.com
4. CONCLUSIONS
Based on the above findings and discussion, the following conclusions can be drawn:
1. The main variables that affect the performance of bricks are:
a. The nature of the primary materials involved in the process of production.
b. Type and specifications of cement to be produced.
2. Corrosive wear as a result of chemical reaction of charge reagents with refractory
materials during operation.
3. Stable kiln operation such as uniform feed rate, chemical composition and fineness of
raw meal and a well-designed combustion system.
4. Lower kiln system velocities and dust loads
5. Lower volatile cycles attained by:
a. Choice of raw materials
b. Minimize < 20 µ material in raw meal.
6. The coating can protect the refractories and prolong its service life. Therefore, it is
essential for the refractories used in the burning zone to form coating. An acceptable coating
thickness from the viewpoint of solid flow along the kiln and refractory protection.
7. The flame should not be let to flatten in the lining of the rotary kiln even for a short
peried of time, due to its destructive effect on the lining.
8. No procedures taken on the flame unless the burning zone is stable; neither hot nor should
cold that means the production of clinker not be brittle due to a high temperature or a yellow
clinker at a low temperature.
REFERENCES
[1] Soumaya Ibrahimi and Mohamed Bagané “The Effect Of Raw Material’s Fineness And
Lime Saturation Factor On Clinker’s Grindability And Energy Effeciency In The Gabes
Cement Industry, Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science and , Technology
(JMEST) ISSN: 3159-0040 Vol. 2, No. 11, 2015 , PP.25-30.
[2] Jacek Szczerba, “Chemical corrosion of basic refractories by cement kiln materials”
Journal of Ceramics International Vol.18, 2010 pp1877–1885.
[3] Azad Rahman, M.G. Rasul, and S. Sharma" Cement Kiln Process Modeling to Achieve
Energy Efficiency by Utilizing Agricultural Biomass as Alternative Fuels"
[4] School of Engineering and Technology, Australia, chapter 9, 2016, pp.197-225.
[5] Fasil Alemayehu and Omprakash Sahu “Minimization of variation in clinker
quality”Journal of Advances in Materials. Vol. 2, No. 2, 2013, pp. 23-28.
[6] TRL Krosaki , "Development Of Magnesia-Spinel Brick For Transition Zone In Cement"
INDIA,Proceedings of the Unified International Technical Conference on Refractories
(UNITECR 2013), pp.1-7.
[7] Guoxiang Yin"High Performance Iron-Rich Magnesia-Spinel Composite For Burning
Zone Of Cement Rotary Kiln" School of materials Science and Engineering, University of
Science and Technology Beijing,China, Advanced Materials Research , ISSN: 1662-8985,
Vols. 476, 2012,, pp 1915-1919.
[8] Makoto Ohno, Hitoshi Toda, Kozo Tokunaga and Yoshio Mizuno, “Development Of
Magnesia-Spinel Brick For Transition Zone In Cement Rotary Kilns Under The Vastly
Increasing Use Of Waste” Japan, the Unified International Technical Conference on
Refractories, American Ceramic Society,2014 , PP.1-3.
10. Prof. Dr. Mohammed Mosleh Salman and Asmaa Mahdi Ali
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 1019 editor@iaeme.com
[9] B.Gerald, M.T.Homas,"Magnesia-BricksAn InnovativeBurnt Basic Refractory",
inProceedingsofUNITECR’99, Osaka, Japan, 2009, pp. 201–203.
[10] Recio Dominguez and J. Gómez-Millán “Build-up formation and corrosion of monolithic
refractories in cement kiln” Journal of the European Ceramic Society 27 February 2010,
pp.1879–1885.
[11] Sara Serena, M. Antonia Sainz and Angel Caballero, “Corrosion Behavior Of
MgO/CaZrO3 Refractory Matrix By Clinker” Spain, Journal of the European Ceramic
Society, Vol 24, 2004, pp. 2399–2406.
[12] Fasil Alemayehu and Omprakash Sahu “Minimization of variation in clinker
quality”Journal of Advances in Materials. Vol. 2, No. 2, 2013, pp. 23-28.