UNIT 1 OF MATERIALTESTING AND EVALUTION BTECH CIVIL SEM 4.
TOPIC TO BE COVERD.
CEMENT
TYPES OF CEMENT
PROPERTIES OF CEMENT
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
USES OF CEMENT
vedio link
https://youtu.be/0a71XEIeEeA
Cement is a building material for binding bricks, stones or aggregates.
Used for making mortar or concrete.
Cements natural and artificial.
Natural cement-burning and crushing of stones and lime.
Artificial cement-burning at high temperature and gypsum is added.
This slideset was prepared as a student group assignment, for a class on-Introduction to Construction Materials. The facts shown and data used are most relevant to the Indian Context. Prepared by- K. Hari Chandana, Sukirti Sah, Tanya Talwar, Rana Sarkar, Akriti Srivastava, Jitendriya Meher, Anshuman Abhisek Mishra : 1st Sem B. Arch, School of Planning & Architecture, Bhopal, MP, India
Heat of Hydration in Raft Foundation and Thick Walls, Modeling the heat of hydration by the use of IQ-drum technology considering the weather and materials in Saudi Arabia. Prepared by Khaldoon Slaiai (Concrete Research Manager at Saudi Readymix Concrete Company)
The presentation is descriptive about the basics of cement and cement industry in india and abroad. this was our project in 1st year of B.arch from school of planning and architecture, bhopal, india.
UNIT 1 OF MATERIALTESTING AND EVALUTION BTECH CIVIL SEM 4.
TOPIC TO BE COVERD.
CEMENT
TYPES OF CEMENT
PROPERTIES OF CEMENT
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
USES OF CEMENT
vedio link
https://youtu.be/0a71XEIeEeA
Cement is a building material for binding bricks, stones or aggregates.
Used for making mortar or concrete.
Cements natural and artificial.
Natural cement-burning and crushing of stones and lime.
Artificial cement-burning at high temperature and gypsum is added.
This slideset was prepared as a student group assignment, for a class on-Introduction to Construction Materials. The facts shown and data used are most relevant to the Indian Context. Prepared by- K. Hari Chandana, Sukirti Sah, Tanya Talwar, Rana Sarkar, Akriti Srivastava, Jitendriya Meher, Anshuman Abhisek Mishra : 1st Sem B. Arch, School of Planning & Architecture, Bhopal, MP, India
Heat of Hydration in Raft Foundation and Thick Walls, Modeling the heat of hydration by the use of IQ-drum technology considering the weather and materials in Saudi Arabia. Prepared by Khaldoon Slaiai (Concrete Research Manager at Saudi Readymix Concrete Company)
The presentation is descriptive about the basics of cement and cement industry in india and abroad. this was our project in 1st year of B.arch from school of planning and architecture, bhopal, india.
Cement is a very important material in building construction.
Although the terms cement and concrete often are used interchangeably, cement is actually an ingredient of concrete.
Aggregates: Review of types; sampling and testing; effects on properties of concrete, production of artificial aggregates.
Cements: Review of types of cements, chemical composition; properties and tests, chemical and physical process of hydration,Blended cements.Properties of fresh concrete - basics regarding fresh concrete –
mixing, workability, placement, consolidation, and curing,
segregation and bleeding
Chemical Admixtures: types and classification; actions and
interactions; usage; effects on properties of concrete
Mineral Admixtures: Flyash, ground granulated blast furnace slag,
metakaolin, rice-husk ash and
silica fume; chemical composition; physical characteristics; effects
on properties of concrete; advantages and disadvantages.
Proportioning of concrete mixtures: Factors considered in the design of mix . BIS Method, ACI method.,Properties of hardened concrete: Strength- compressive tensile
and flexure - Elastic properties - Modulus of elasticity - Creep-
factors affecting creep, effect of creep - shrinkage- factors affecting
shrinkage, plastic shrinkage, drying shrinkage, autogeneous
shrinkage, carbonation shrinkage ,Durability of concrete: Durability concept; factors affecting,
reinforcement corrosion; fire resistance; frost damage; sulfate
attack; alkali silica reaction; concrete in sea water, statistical quality
control, acceptance criteria as per BIS code.
Non-destructive testing of concrete: Surface Hardness, Ultrasonic,
Penetration resistance, Pull-out test, chemical testing for chloride
and carbonation- core cutting - measuring reinforcement cover
Special concretes - Lightweight concrete- description of various
types -High strength concrete - Self compacting concrete -Roller
compacted concrete – Ready mixed concrete – Fibre reinforced
concrete - polymer concrete
Special processes and technology for particular types of
structure - Sprayed concrete; underwater concrete, mass concrete;
slip form construction, Prefabrication technology
Damian Trevor is well known as a respected founder of Team Sun Construction Company which is based in Rancho Mirage, California.
According to Damian Trevor -
Homogeneous and perfect mixture of portland cement concrete and water gives strength and durability. Water quality must be good for that. Curing is also must homogeneous.
Cement is topic;like and give credit for my free work
cement
cement and its types
Manufacturing of cement
uses of cement
wet process
dry process
portland cement
raw materials used in cement
field tests for cement
Cement is a very important material in building construction.
Although the terms cement and concrete often are used interchangeably, cement is actually an ingredient of concrete.
Aggregates: Review of types; sampling and testing; effects on properties of concrete, production of artificial aggregates.
Cements: Review of types of cements, chemical composition; properties and tests, chemical and physical process of hydration,Blended cements.Properties of fresh concrete - basics regarding fresh concrete –
mixing, workability, placement, consolidation, and curing,
segregation and bleeding
Chemical Admixtures: types and classification; actions and
interactions; usage; effects on properties of concrete
Mineral Admixtures: Flyash, ground granulated blast furnace slag,
metakaolin, rice-husk ash and
silica fume; chemical composition; physical characteristics; effects
on properties of concrete; advantages and disadvantages.
Proportioning of concrete mixtures: Factors considered in the design of mix . BIS Method, ACI method.,Properties of hardened concrete: Strength- compressive tensile
and flexure - Elastic properties - Modulus of elasticity - Creep-
factors affecting creep, effect of creep - shrinkage- factors affecting
shrinkage, plastic shrinkage, drying shrinkage, autogeneous
shrinkage, carbonation shrinkage ,Durability of concrete: Durability concept; factors affecting,
reinforcement corrosion; fire resistance; frost damage; sulfate
attack; alkali silica reaction; concrete in sea water, statistical quality
control, acceptance criteria as per BIS code.
Non-destructive testing of concrete: Surface Hardness, Ultrasonic,
Penetration resistance, Pull-out test, chemical testing for chloride
and carbonation- core cutting - measuring reinforcement cover
Special concretes - Lightweight concrete- description of various
types -High strength concrete - Self compacting concrete -Roller
compacted concrete – Ready mixed concrete – Fibre reinforced
concrete - polymer concrete
Special processes and technology for particular types of
structure - Sprayed concrete; underwater concrete, mass concrete;
slip form construction, Prefabrication technology
Damian Trevor is well known as a respected founder of Team Sun Construction Company which is based in Rancho Mirage, California.
According to Damian Trevor -
Homogeneous and perfect mixture of portland cement concrete and water gives strength and durability. Water quality must be good for that. Curing is also must homogeneous.
Cement is topic;like and give credit for my free work
cement
cement and its types
Manufacturing of cement
uses of cement
wet process
dry process
portland cement
raw materials used in cement
field tests for cement
cement manufacturing process pdf
manufacturing of cement process
dry process of cement manufacturing
process of making cement
wet process of cement manufacturing
types of cement
production of cement
manufacturing process of portland cement
cement production process description pdf
manufacture of cement
cement making process pdf
cement production process flow diagram
cement production process
cement manufacturing process ppt
cement manufacturing process flow chart
what is concrete made of
The following file contains contents regarding Evaporation. Different methods to measure evaporations.
Primarily three methods are mentioned to measure Evaporation, that is Empirical Methods, Analytical Methods, and By using Evaporimeter or Pan.
Building Foundations, Soil Survey, Types of FoundationsAsmarudDin
A very brief and clear introduction to Foundation and its types along with soil investigation are provided. After studying you will be able to understand different types of Foundations and footings. Also various methods and techniques for soil investigation along with various types of soil according to the Building code of Pakistan.
Site Selection, Orientation and Ventilation Of BuildingAsmarudDin
The pdf file contains detailed information about Site selection, Orientation and Ventilation of a Building. After studying thoroughly you will grasp the concept behind the Site selection, Orientation and Ventilation of Building.
The Presentation contains a detailed description of buildings, their types, and various components of buildings. After studying you will be able to understand the Standard definition of buildings, classification of buildings on a different basis, and also components of buildings.
GIS & REMOTE sensing is very important for engineering. They are used widely for solutions to Real-world problems and also help in planning for the future.
In case of civil engineering it is in almost all disciplines of civil engineering .eg.
1. In transportation engineering used in finding best possible route
2. In earthquake engineering it is used to find the focus of the earthquake.
3. While making a survey it is very useful and RS is the heart of Aerial Surveying because without remote sensing Aerial surveying is incomplete.
4. Most importantly GIS helps us in disaster management.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
3. University Of Engineering And Technology Peshawar, Pakistan
CE-125
Concrete Technology
Instructed By: Dr Khan Shahzada
Presented By: Asmar-Ud-Din
Semester: 2nd
Department Of: Civil Engineering
Registration No: 19PWCIV5272
4. DEFINATION:
“Concrete is the most common construction material which is the
composition of binding material i.e. cement or lime, aggregates( fine and
course), and water. In concrete mixture the water and binding materials
mix with each other to form paste which on solidification binds the fine
and course aggregates.”
The word concrete is of Latin origin and Roman were first to use this
word based on Hydraulic cement, which is the material that hardens
under water.
CONCRETE
5. The most popular artificial material on earth isn’t steel, plastic or
aluminum it is concrete. When we think of concrete, we usually
picture white pavements, swimming pools, and building foundations.
In fact the most widely used material on our planet earth after water
is concrete. Ton for ton, human use more concrete today than steel,
wood, plastics, aluminum combined.
CONCRETE CONTINUED
6. CONSTITUENTS OF CONCRETE:
Main constituents of concrete are
Cement
Fine and coarse aggregates
Water
Sometime apart from the above constituents Admixtures are also
added to the mixture
CONCRETE CONTINUED
7. COMPOSITION OF CONSTITUENTS:
Typical composition of constituents of concrete by volume are
Cement 7-15%
Water 14-21%
Aggregates (fine and coarse) 60-80%
Admixtures may or may not be added to the concrete
CONCRETE CONTINUED
8. PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE:
A good Concrete should be
Strong
Durable
Hard
Impervious (water proofing)
Fire resistant
Economical
CONCRETE CONTINUED
9. USES OF CONCRETE:
Concrete is used in
Dams
Tunnels
Runways
Highways
Sidewalks
Canals
Airports
Mines
Bridges
Manholes
Nuclear installations
CONCRETE CONTINUED
“God know it better when to send you
what you exactly want”
So, trust in God and do your best
10. STEEL VERSUS CONCRETE:
In USA concrete consumption is 5 times by the weight of steel
In other countries the concrete consumption is 10 times by the weight
of steel
In Pakistan the concrete consumption is more than 100 times by the
weight of steel
More than 1ton/year/person of concrete is used and no such
tremendous material is consumed by humans except water
CONCRETE CONTINUED
11. DEFINATION:
“Cement is the most common construction material which is used as a
binding material in concrete. Cement is mixed with water to form paste
which after getting hard binds the ingredients of concrete with each
other.”
Cement is normally called ordinary Portland cement because when it
harden gives resemblance to the Portland stone from the isle of
Portland
CEMENT
12. COMPOUNDS OF CEMENT:
Compounds of ordinary Portland cement are
CEMENT CONTINUED
Compounds Percentage
Calcium oxide(Cao) 60-67
Silica(Sio2) 17-25
Alumina(Al2O3) 3-8
Iron(Fe2O3) 0.5-6.0
Gypsum(CaSO4.2H2O) 2-4
13. MANUFACTURING OF CEMENT:
Cement is manufactured by two methods
1. Dry process method
2. Wet process method
We will discuss both the methods of cement manufacturing in detail.
CEMENT CONTINUED
14. DRY PROCESS METHOD:
Following steps to be followed for the dry manufacturing of cement
1. Firstly we have to collect the calcareous(containing calcium carbonate like
LIMESTONE) and argillaceous(containing clay or clay like minerals)
materials from the quarries.
2. The obtained materials from the quarries have to crushed into small
stones.
3. After crushing they are mixed in desired proportion and fed into the kiln
for burning at temperature of about 1400°C.
4. After burning clinkers are formed.
5.When clinkers are formed then we have to cool down the temperature of
clinkers with an addition of some amount of Gypsum, controls the setting time
of cement, and grind the clinkers into fine powder
6.This fine powder after grinding the clinker is CEMENT which is ready to use
CEMENT CONTINUED
15. CEMENT CONTINUED
In order to get more clarity to the concept of dry process method we have
to look at the chart
THE GRINDED FINE POWDER IS CEMENT READY TO USE
GRINDING THE CLINKERS
COOLING AND GYPSUM ADDITION AFTER FORMATION OF CLINKERS
BURNING THE GRINDED MIXTURE AT KILN AT CLINKERING TEMPERATURE
I.E. 1400°C
GRINDING AND MIXING OF THE MATERIALS
COLLECTION OF CALCARIOUS AND ARGILLACIOUS MATERIALS FROM QUARRIES
17. WET PROCESS METHOD:
Following are the steps which are involve in the wet process method for cement
manufacturing
Like the dry process the argillaceous and calcareous materials are mixed to each
other with and addition to some quantity of water and fed into a ball mill, a rotating
cylinder having hardened steel ball.
The ball mill rotate and steel balls inside the mill pulverize the raw materials to
form solution known as SLURRY.
The slurry is then passed into storage tanks named as SILOS where the final
proportioning of cement is done.
Due to this step involved in wet process we say that material proportioning is done
in better way in wet process than in dry process.
After rectifying the proportion in silos they are passed into rotary kiln burning.
CEMENT CONTINUED
19. ROTARY KILN:
Rotary kiln is the steel tube lined inside the bricks which is 90-120
meter’s long and the diameter is about 2.5-3.5 meter’s
CEMENT CONTINUED
20. Slurry on passing the kiln loss all the moisture and form lumps or
nodules.
The nodules are then passed into rising temperature zone and finally
burnt at higher temperature of about 1400°C.
On this burning temperature they form clinkers.
Finally the grinding of the clinkers result into cement
CEMENT CONTINUED
21. SETTING TIME OF CEMENT:
Two important setting time of cement are
Initial setting time
Final setting time
We will discuss both in detail
CEMENT CONTINUED
22. INITIAL SETTING TIME OF CEMENT:
“The time after mixing of water with cement at which cement paste,
concrete or mortar can no longer be properly mixed, finished or
compacted is known as initial setting time.”
OR
“The time elapsed between the moment when water is added to the
cement to the time when it starts losing its plasticity.”
Experimentally we can say that initial setting time is the time elapsed
between the moment when water is added to the cement to the time
when vicat plunger penetrates up to 5mm from the bottom.
CEMENT CONTINUED
23. FINAL SETTING TIME:
“The time at which the cement, mortar or concrete gain sufficient
strength and hardness.”
OR
“The time elapsed between the moment when water is added to the
cement to the time when it completely lost its plasticity.”
Experimentally we can say that final setting time is the time elapsed
between the moment when water is added to the cement to the time
when circular attachment fails to make an impression
CEMENT CONTINUED
25. HYDRATION OF CEMENT:
“When water reacts with cement the reaction is called hydration of
cement”.
The hydration reaction of cement is an exothermic.
The amount of heat evolved in joules per gram of cement upon
complete hydration at a given temperature is called heat of hydration
CEMENT CONTINUED
26. TYPES OF CEMENT:
On the basis of the materials used in manufacturing of cement we have
different types of cement for different purposes.
Here we have to discuss each type in detail with its uses
Ordinary Portland cement(OPC)
Rapid hardening Portland cement(R.H.C)
Low heat Portland cement
CEMENT CONTINUED
27. 1. ORDINARY PORTLAND CEMENT(OPC)(Type-I):
OPC is the most common type of cement used in construction work.
This is general type of cement and should be used in areas of
construction where no special properties of cement are required. OPC is
not to be used in areas of construction with an exposure to sulphate.
2. RAPID HARDENING PORTLAND CEMENT(Type-III):
Rapid hardening Portland cement is also called high early strength
cement because it produce strength early as compare to OPC. The early
strength development is due to high contents of C3S , sometimes
increases up to 70%, and also due to very fine grinding of the clinkers
during manufacturing of cement in plant.
CEMENT CONTINUED
28. USES:
As it is clear that main property of rapid hardening cement is that it
gain strength early, therefore it will be used in areas of construction
where early strength is required for further construction.
When framework have to remove early for reuse then we use rapid
hardening Portland cement in that area.
It is used in cold areas because of its high heat generation due to
reaction where it helps to prevent frost damages.
Due to high heat generation it should not be used in construction of
massive structure because it create cracks.
CEMENT CONTINUED
29. 3. LOW HEAT PORTLAND CEMENT (Type-IV):
As we know that due to higher contents of C3S the rapid hardening
Portland cement gain early strength.
Due to the low contents of C3S the generation of heat is low and that’s
why the strength development will get late also but the ultimate strength is
not affected.
Low heat Portland cement was first used by United Stats in large gravity
dams.
CEMENT CONTINUED
30. POZZOLONA:
Pozzolona is siliceous or siliceous and argillaceous material which itself
don’t have any cementatious properties. But in finely divided form and in
presence of moisture at normal temperature reacts with calcium
hydroxide to form compounds having cementacious properties.
e.g. Fly ash, Silica fume and Rice husk ash.
CEMENT CONTINUED
31. BRITISH CLASSIFICATION AMERICAN CLASSIFICATION
DESCRIPTION BS DESCRIPTION ASTAM
Ordinary Portland cement 12:1991 Type-I C 150-92
Rapid Hardening Portland Cement 12:1991 Type-III C 150-92
Low Heat Portland Cement 1370:1997 Type-IV C 150-92
CEMENT CONTINUED