In general, Developing and maintaining world’s facilities to meet the future needs have developing to improve the total well-being. The standard and performance of concrete perform a critical role for most of the facilities including commercial, industrial, and residential and army, public works, and power plants. Concrete sets as the solid hydrates, and is an exothermic response, means it produces heat response goes quickly when the concrete is a hot condition. The primary reason for the concrete's strength and setting time is not the air temperature range but the particular heat range. Varying climate circumstances at a work site cold and hot, windy or relaxed, dry or moist may be considerably different from the best possible conditions believed at sufficient time a concrete mix is specified designed, or selected, or from lab circumstances in which concrete samples are saved and tested. This paper provides the results of a study performed to look at the condition of concrete in hot and cold weather in the construction industry under the climate of Afghanistan.

1. International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS) [Vol-2, Issue-12, Dec- 2016]
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Modality of Concrete in Hot and Cold weather
Mohammad Ajmal Nikjow
Postgraduate student, Construction Management and Civil Engineering, Shenyang Jianzhu University, China
Abstract— In general, Developing and maintaining
world’s facilities to meet the future needs have developing
to improve the total well-being. The standard and
performance of concrete perform a critical role for most
of the facilities including commercial, industrial, and
residential and army, public works, and power plants.
Concrete sets as the solid hydrates, and is an exothermic
response, means it produces heat response goes quickly
when the concrete is a hot condition. The primary reason
for the concrete's strength and setting time is not the air
temperature range but the particular heat range. Varying
climate circumstances at a work site cold and hot, windy
or relaxed, dry or moist may be considerably different
from the best possible conditions believed at sufficient
time a concrete mix is specified designed, or selected, or
from lab circumstances in which concrete samples are
saved and tested. This paper provides the results of a
study performed to look at the condition of concrete in hot
and cold weather in the construction industry under the
climate of Afghanistan.
Keywords— Concrete, Hot and Cold Weather,
Construction sector, Afghanistan.
I. INTRODUCTION
It is reputable that when the concrete has to be combined
and placed in either very hot or cold climate, it is
necessary to take safety measures to make sure that the
concrete is not broken or negatively suffering from the
normal varying weather circumstances.
Constructional employees faced with the situation of
warmth and cold weather in hot and cold areas in
everyday tasks. It is times of the heat and cold weather;
especiallyit understands for Construction engineers who
were working in construction industries and students
majoring Civil Engineering, during the process of
building construction using and preparation of concrete
considered as their immediate requirements.
Concrete, very hard, the rock-like object is determined by
mixing cement, aggregates (sand and gravel), and water
and in some cases additional materials, is obtained. After
adding water to aggregate and cement, cement and water
together enter the chemical interactions are exothermic. In
effect of Interactions, the adhesive material produced that
is different materials mixed and form a hard object.
Today increasing consumption of concrete in various
tasks, in all Civil Engineering societies, has been accepted,
due to having excellent properties and durable enough
and need to know more constituent materials with
technology is making concrete.
Concrete is the perfect combination substance that hot
and cold weather beyond its specified limits has negative
impacts on its properties, and high temperature cause
rapid hydration on the ambient fresh concrete and low-
speed grip and ultimate strength, as well as low
temperatures, cause freezing of the new concrete.
In all these cases, must do the appropriate steps to mixing,
pouring and processing concrete is prevented of these
defects during the using and pouring concrete. Most of
the current situation,Industrial building, institutions to
provide concrete in areas where temperatures are high and
low not prepared by technological norms, then concrete
has notgained enough resistance and cause resistance
reduced. If in the preparation of concrete in these areas be
taken into consideration and used with additional
materials, it will increase the resistant.
II. CONCRETE
Historically, Dating back to the Roman Empire (as
beginning as between 125 and 135 A.D.), the Romans had
replaced their conventional lime mortar for a new mineral
found on the slopes of Mount Vesuvius.
This new agent, bearing silica and alumina, created a kind
of cement that hardened underwater or in the air when
burned with limestone. This cement had the same
properties and essential ingredients as Portland cement,
patented in 1824 by the British Joseph Aspdin.
Thisadhesivenamed for the English Portland limestone,
an importantpart. In the 1850s, several people (such as the
French J.L. Lambert and the American Thaddeus Hyatt).
Concrete is the building materials prepared by mixing
three components aggregate (rock, sand or gravel),
cement and water. Here when cement mixed with water,
sand and gravel grains stick together sand supplies to fill
the space between gravel, stone aggregate and gravel
form in the concrete skeleton and forces acting on the
bearing primarily practical and conveying.
Cement paste is usually from 25% to 40% of total volume
of concrete. Moreover, which is actual volume of cement
between 7% to 15%, the amount of water is from 14% to
21% depending on the amount of air in concrete pro the
size of the largest real grain that is 8% of its volume.

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Since sand and gravel, constitute forms 60% to 70% of
Concrete, their choice of particular importance is minimal,
and that sand and gravel have sufficient strength of grains.
So resistant to weather conditions and must not contain
harmful substances to concrete, for a sufficient cement
paste, it is necessary that grains of sand and gravel
aggregate be non-uniform.Concrete quality largely
depends on the quality of the cement paste. In
concrete,that is well-made grains of sand and gravel
covered with cement paste, and all the space between the
grains filled with it.
The Advantages of Concrete in Construction
A. Long life:Regarding utilization, Concrete member
can diminish without bearing resistance, Long-term
endurance.
B. Fire Resistance: It takes about an hour steels with a
2.5cm Concrete cover own temperature reaches
500 °C, experience has shown Concrete buildings
covered with adequate protection against fire for
several hours and medium-intensity, only suffered
losses, but do not go down.
C. The Abundance and Availability of Materials:
The most important constituent of concrete, sand
and gravel can consider, that are readily available in
most places, for this reason, can be found in most
cases, for cheap prepared and used.
D. Plasticity: Concrete can pour in any form because
after the setting and hardening come to the desired
shape.
E. High compressive strength: in order concrete has
favorable resistance, should consumer materials the
desirable rate and ratio of water, cement is less than
0.5. They should also be care full of design and
maintenance.
Concrete Disadvantages
A. The main disadvantage of concrete is its low tensile
strength that makes the concrete cannot use in parts
under tension. Concrete shows excellent resistance
to pressure, but its tensile strength is negligible on
the contrary, the steel tensile strength and
compressive strength is almost the same, to use
concrete the building blocks used in places where
the concrete is in tension.
B. Relatively heavy concrete components.
C. Longer runtime.
III. AN OVERVIEW OF THE AFGHANISTAN
TEMPERATURE
Most of Afghanistan has a subarctic mountain climate
with dry and cold winters, except for the lowlands, which
have arid and semiarid continental climates and
temperature differences between night and day is too
much.In most regions, the climate is different from the
altitude above sea level.
Most areas of northern Afghanistan is with a height of
more than 2,400 meters above sea level. The winter is
long and sometimes lasts for six months. However, areas
where height is 1300 to 2400 meters above sea level
temperate climate, such as areas that have Kabul.
In these regions, usually one year is divided into four
separate seasons, and its annual humidity reaches up to
400mm. Areas that altitude is 900m to 1300m it has hot
summer, and humidity reaches up to 200mm. Moisture
content below a height of 900m decrease to 100mm and
its climate is warm and dry.
In Afghanistan, the highest temperature of 51°C and the
lowest temperature in Zaranj, Nimroz Province (52.2-) °C
and mostly been in the town of Ghor. Annually in the
northern Salang, the highest humidity measured
approximately 1212mm and lowest has recorded about
24mm in Zaranj, Nimroz Province.
The Effect of Temperature on Concrete
Dewatering is a chemical action is accelerated by
increasing the temperature and with coming down the
temperature and it will slow with coming down the
temperature. In the lower level from zero,the harmful
effects become more important,and the result of frost the
actual part or all of it ruined. At low temperatures the
following measures can be continued with the
construction operations:
• Can use from Aluminum cement or similar
• With the flow of electricity to steel bars concrete
can be kept warm (The amount of power
consumption to increase the temperature of one
cubic meter of concrete from zero to 25°C is
about 20 KW/h).
• All buildings can be placed inside a closed
environment and kept the place warm. (At
factory)
The Effect of Moisture on the Concrete
In dry weather by evaporation, the amount of water lost
hydration and thus cement after a while for dewatering
cannot find necessary water. Therefore dewatering
becomes slow or stops since the resistance of concrete
becomes less or will stop.
Protection and processing of concrete placed in hot
weather have most importance than doing it in cold
weather. Molds cannot be satisfactory forthermal weather
protection and accepted for processing concrete.
They should loosen after placing concrete as soon as
possible without reaching any harm. Moreover, then
poured water on the upper part of concrete to flow down
into the molds to avoid drying out the outer surfaces of
the concrete and bring action process for concrete should

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start immediately after the end of leveling surfaces and
will continue for at least 24 hours.
Terms Concrete and Concrete Placement
Concrete in cold weather:
Precautions must take when placing concrete during
winter months to ensure that it will have the strength and
durability to function properly. Processing of Concrete
work in cold weather conditions is a call that more than
three consecutive average days daily temperature should
be below 5°C. If more than half of day ambient
temperature is above 10°C, it is not the cold weather.
When the temperature at 9 Am, is less than 5°C, There is
a possibility of freezing concrete in colder areas. Two
days after the concrete, cold fresh concrete creates many
risks. The strength of concrete at temperatures lower than
(-10) degrees Celsius will stop.
Concrete problems in cold weather with quandary cold
fresh concrete are concerned. It the concrete is still not
achieved it hardens to form the mixture goes into ice
freezes. As a result, the total volume of concrete is
increased and would not take hydration and case reduced
the water mixture, setting, and hardened concrete delayed,
and a small amount of cement paste is broke due to frost.
Concrete in ColdWeather is harsh and require highly
precise work, because if the concrete water gets a freeze,
cause crumbling cement and concrete will not be hard. It
is better in cold weather as much as possible; we refrain
from pouring concrete. If need to pour the concrete in
winter days, a day that is not too cold must begin pouring
concrete from 9 Am or 10 am and finish it till 3 Pm.
If during the pouring concrete or the time of hardening
concrete face the risk of the heat sink to below zero
degrees Celsius it is better to stop processing the concrete.
If after pouring Concrete air temperature goes to below
zero degrees it is better while the temperature is below
zero when concrete must be inside the molds and concrete
should remain in longer duration inside the molds.
As previously mentioned concrete starts to freeze at a
temperature less than zero degrees and the interaction of
water to cement will not take in place and resulting in
hardening will stop.
Moreover, at the same time, internal force within the
concrete and the internal pressure which is 9% increase in
the volume of water and these forces would cause
unauthorized deformation.
At the time of thaw in positive temperature, concrete gain
its strength again but the concrete strength was less than
average and concrete adhesive with steel bars is lees, and
a compression base element is less well against external
influences, If the concrete after shedding suddenly not
freeze but long after that concrete get freeze takes the
particular resistance, In this case, negative temperature
concrete hardening process is continuing a significant role
not so easy to make the desired strength.
When concrete used in cold weather, it should protect the
design from freezing until it acquires 5% of forcesfor 3-5
days is necessary to hardening concrete (Portland cement
grade 400 and 500 and aluminum Cement) to be used.
The use of stimulants of hardening such as calcium
chloride and so also reduce the period of hardening
concrete. It will cover the concrete buildings through the
heat insulating materials sawdust, wood and pressed
boards, the thickness of thermal insulation materials
determinedthe heat capacity based on our consideration.
Alternate current electricity can prepare concrete through
electrodes and to heat up in two methods:
Surface electrodes Shaped steel beam that was placed on
the concrete surface and internal electrodes which are
placed horizontally and vertically in the concrete mixture.
The effect of an electric current passes from the concrete,
the concrete heats up and therefore it is hard quickly.
However, concrete should not be heated up higher than
60°C because those local parts will begin to dry.
Concrete in Hot Weather:
Hot weather introduces problems in mixing, placing and
curing concrete that can adversely affect the properties
and serviceability of the hardened concrete. High
temperatures accelerate the hardening of concrete. Hot
weather, when concrete decrease the quality of fresh
concrete and its hardened, Hot air vulcanization means
with or without the wind and low humidity. These factors
cause rapid evaporation of water, speed up the
dehydration of cement, decrease the fresh concrete work,
and it is hard acceleration; this can reduce the ultimate
strength of the concrete.
Also, hot weather intensifies the shrinkage of cement
paste and caused cracks in the concrete. Concrete
temperature while pouring concrete should not exceed 32°
C for conventional concrete,and massive concrete must be
15° C.
To avoid the creation of adverse effects and access to
appropriate and high strength concrete observe the
following points of the concrete planters when an
operation is required:
Water
Concrete water should not be warm, hot weather in
additional to the high grade of concrete mix, and caused
increase the water consumption which ultimately will
decrease the resistance and from the water should be quite
cold and if necessary be cooled by ice.
Cement
One of the important points in hot weather, the
temperature cement when mixing. Raising the glue
temperature will increase the Concrete grade. These will

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cause accelerated dewatering, fast hardening, increase the
need for water And ultimately will be adverse effects on
the resistance of concrete mix. Therefore under no
circumstance should the temperature of cement exceed 77°
C when mixing it.
Additives:
The use of additives in hot weather should be base on
construction norms.To reduce the risk of loss of
performance concrete and increase the time of hardening
should not be use additives that cause premature
hardening of concrete. This material in successive
concrete will avoid the creation of the cold junction in
some parts.
IV. CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
The subjects discussed conclude the temperature is a
major factor in securing the conviction of the concrete.
Likewise, hardening of concrete requires a certain
temperature and percentage humidity. As it often happens
to concrete in extreme hot and cold weather to take place
from outside the temperature range is set, afterward to
prevent concrete strength reduction is recommended the
following points:
In Cold weather:
• Water and cement ratio should not be higher
than 0.5.
• Large grain ingredients should soak in ice and
snow.
• Suppliers of fast harden or antifreeze materials
used, in cases where there is a risk of frost if it is
by the standards.
• To be determined the hours of pouring concrete
due to regional climate.
• Aggregate heated to 50 °C temperature.
• The Concrete temperature must be recorded at
least twice a day from different parts of building
to make sure enough to the maintenance status of
concrete.
In Hot weather:
• During the pouring,Concrete temperature of any
parts of concrete must not be more than 30°C.
• Maximum ambient temperature, during pouring
concrete, must be equal to 38°C. (Concrete
actions to be performed at temperatures of 24 to
38 °C).
• Concrete materials, especially aggregates should
not be under direct sunlight.
• All equipment and related equipment if possible
must be in white color and be kept in dry place.
• The time interval between preparation and
pouring the concrete in the mold should do in the
shortest time.
• Before pouring the concrete, molds erect, and the
concrete bed must spray with cold water.
• Place of pouring concrete should protect from
direct sunlight during operations.
• Concrete surface must be kept moist for 24 hours.
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